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PubMed1991

Body fat distribution in relation to serum lipids and blood pressure in 38-year-old European men: the European fat distribution study.

A study on 512 38-year-old European men selected from 6 different towns was conducted. There were significant differences between the centers in averages of anthropometric variables (except for thigh circumference), serum lipids (except for LDL-cholesterol), and blood pressure. In the pooled material, body mass index (BMI) as well as waist circumference, waist/hip ratio and waist/thigh ratio and subscapular skinfold were positively correlated to serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure and negatively with HDL-cholesterol. After adjustment for BMI, waist, waist/hip, and waist/thigh were all still significantly correlated with serum triglycerides (P less than 0.001). In addition, waist/hip and waist/thigh ratio showed significant partial correlations with total cholesterol (r = 0.16, P less than 0.001, r = 0.10, P less than 0.05 respectively), and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.10, P less than 0.05, r = 0.09, P less than 0.05 respectively). In addition, waist/hip was, independently of BMI, correlated to LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.12, P less than 0.01), and waist/thigh ratio with HDL-cholesterol (r = -0.12, P less than 0.01). The partial association between waist/thigh with HDL cholesterol became insignificant after adjustment for smoking habits and physical activity. Adjustment for differences in anthropometric measurements did not explain the differences in serum lipids and blood pressure between the centers. The authors conclude that indicators of body fat distribution are associated with unfavorable risk profiles for cardiovascular disease in European men covering a large geographical and cultural variety and a wide range of body measurements and cardiovascular risk factors.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Fasting serum insulin in relation to fat distribution, serum lipid profile, and blood pressure in European women: the European Fat Distribution Study.

Samples of 38-year-old women were randomly selected from five European centers: Ede (The Netherlands), Warsaw (Poland), Gothenburg (Sweden), Verona (northern Italy), and Afragola (Naples-southern Italy). In total, 452 healthy women were studied. Anthropometric measurements were taken by one operator in each country after common training of all operators and blood parameters of all women were determined in one laboratory. Body mass index (BMI) was different among centers, mainly due to the higher values in southern Italy. Women from southern Europe had more central fat distribution than women from north European centers. Fasting serum insulin was higher in women from Poland and The Netherlands than in the other three centers. After adjustment for BMI, fasting insulin was significantly related to subscapular skinfold, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, waist circumference, and waist to thigh circumference ratio, although the partial correlations varied somewhat between the centers. In the pooled data, waist circumference showed the highest correlations with fasting serum insulin when adjusted for BMI. Fasting serum insulin showed significant partial correlations, adjusted for BMI, with lipid profile and blood pressure only in women from the two Italian centers. In the pooled data, fasting serum insulin was significantly positively correlated with serum triglycerides and total cholesterol and negatively to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL/total cholesterol, independently of BMI and waist circumference. While blood pressure was not related to insulin in the pooled women, when adjusted for BMI and waist circumference; here as well, there were some differences in relationships between the centers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Univariate and multivariate genetic analysis of subcutaneous fatness and fat distribution in early adolescence.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of the genetic and environmental contributions to variance in adipose tissue and adipose tissue distribution were carried out in early adolescents. Stature, weight, body mass index (BMI), and five subcutaneous skinfolds were measured at half-yearly intervals in 105 MZ and DZ twin pairs from 10 to 14 years. The most parsimonious model, which provided an adequate explanation for variation in the BMI, five skinfolds, and the T/E ratio, included additive genetic and specific environmental factors. Multivariate analyses of the genetic architecture of subcutaneous fat indicated a general skinfold genetic factor, an extremity skinfold genetic factor, and skinfold specific genetic factors. This implies that all skinfolds are under control of the same set of genes, that a different set of genes partly controls extremity skinfolds, and that other genes have a small skinfold specific impact. Environmental contributions included a general skinfold environmental factor and skinfold specific environmental factors. BMI is under control of the same set of genes as skinfolds and shows high genetic correlations with trunk skinfolds, which implies that nearly the same genes may influence trunk skinfolds and the BMI. All models were fairly consistent across the age range.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Body fat, fat distribution, and psychosocial factors among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, requires lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss). The relations between body mass index, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and psychosocial indicators, such as affect and stress, among 302 diabetic patients from a clinic and a neighborhood health center were analyzed. Data included stress and mood scale responses, body size (height, weight, and WHR) and potential confounders (physical activity, energy intake, and diabetes duration). In univariate analyses, body mass index was positively associated with stress and inversely associated with positive affect only in women. Multiple regression analyses indicated that stress was associated with body mass index and negative mood was associated with the WHR. The findings suggested that stress and affect may be important correlates of body fat among women with Type 2 diabetes, leading to more complications. Healthcare providers can help women with Type 2 diabetes lose weight and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by recognizing and helping them deal with these psychosocial issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Fat-free mass in relation to stature: ratios of fat-free mass to height in children, adults, and elderly subjects.

A cross-sectional relationship of fat-free mass to height expressed as a ratio (FFM:ht) is presented for 1103 people aged 6-86 y. Data are presented for 13 specific age groups by gender. By providing information for normal, healthy individuals, these data may be of comparative value for nutritionists and clinicians concerned with body composition of patients with wasting diseases. The data were collected over 20 y in our laboratory by using the same densitometric procedure. A significant increase in FFM:ht occurs during the preadolescent and adolescent years. The adolescent spurt continues for a longer period for boys than for girls, resulting in a significant gender difference beginning at approximately age 16 y and continuing throughout adulthood. A decline in FFM:ht, not statistically significant, appears to occur in men greater than 60 y of age, and a significant decline occurs among women greater than 50 y of age (alpha less than 0.01). Thus, both gender- and age-related trends that have implications for the interpretation of comparative body-composition status are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reexamination of the relationship of resting metabolic rate to fat-free mass and to the metabolically active components of fat-free mass in humans.

The ratio of resting metabolic rate (RMR) to fat-free mass (FFM) is often used to compare individuals of different body sizes. Because RMR has not been well described over the full range of FFM, a literature review was conducted among groups with a wide range of FFM. It included 31 data sets comprising a total of 1111 subjects: 118 infants and preschoolers, 323 adolescents, and 670 adults; FFM ranged from 2.8 to 106 kg. The relationship of RMR to FFM was found to be nonlinear and average slopes of the regression equations of the three groups differed significantly (P less than 0.0001). For only the youngest group did the intercept approach zero. The lower slopes of RMR on FFM, at higher measures of FFM, corresponded to relatively greater proportions of less metabolically active muscle mass and to lesser proportions of more metabolically active nonmuscle organ mass. Because the contribution of FFM to RMR is not constant, an arithmetic error is introduced when the ratio of RMR to FFM is used. Hence, alternative methods should be used to compare individuals with markedly different FFM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents.

This review examines whether the relations and metabolic parameters necessary for the development of syndrome X are present in children and whether the metabolic complications of obesity in children are explained by excess intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), or visceral fat. Despite the limited use of imaging techniques in research studies, an increasing number of studies reported on IAAT and its relation to disease risk in children and adolescents. For this article we reviewed studies that documented the early accumulation of IAAT in children and adolescents and the factors that contribute to variation in the degree of IAAT accumulation. We also reviewed studies that showed the clinical relevance of IAAT in children and adolescents through significant relations with adverse health effects including dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance in obese and nonobese children and adolescents of different ethnic groups.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imaging articular cartilage defects with 3D fat-suppressed echo planar imaging: comparison with conventional 3D fat-suppressed gradient echo sequence and correlation with histology.

PURPOSE: Our goal was to shorten examination time in articular cartilage imaging by use of a recently developed 3D multishot echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence with fat suppression (FS). We performed comparisons with 3D FS GE sequence using histology as the standard of reference. METHOD: Twenty patients with severe gonarthrosis who were scheduled for total knee replacement underwent MRI prior to surgery. Hyaline cartilage was imaged with a 3D FS EPI and a 3D FS GE sequence. Signal intensities of articular structures were measured, and contrast-to-noise (C/N) ratios were calculated. Each knee was subdivided into 10 cartilage surfaces. From a total of 188 (3D EPI sequence) and 198 (3D GE sequence) cartilage surfaces, 73 and 79 histologic specimens could be obtained and analyzed. MR grading of cartilage lesions on both sequences was based on a five grade classification scheme and compared with histologic grading. RESULTS: The 3D FS EPI sequence provided a high C/N ratio between cartilage and subchondral bone similar to that of the 3D FS GE sequence. The C/N ratio between cartilage and effusion was significantly lower on the 3D EPI sequence due to higher signal intensity of fluid. MR grading of cartilage abnormalities using 3D FS EPI and 3D GE sequence correlated well with histologic grading. 3D FS EPI sequence agreed within one grade in 69 of 73 (94.5%) histologically proven cartilage lesions and 3D FS GE sequence agreed within one grade in 76 of 79 (96.2%) lesions. The gradings were identical in 38 of 73 (52.1%) and in 46 of 79 (58.3%) cases, respectively. The difference between the sensitivities was statistically not significant. CONCLUSION: The 3D FS EPI sequence is comparable with the 3D FS GE sequence in the noninvasive evaluation of advanced cartilage abnormalities but reduces scan time by a factor of 4.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Lipoprotein lipase activity in muscle tissue influenced by fatness, fat distribution and insulin in obese females.

Obesity is associated with dyslipidaemia and increased morbidity and mortality from premature atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Particularly, hypertriglyceridaemia is a characteristic finding in patients with obesity. In addition, the elevated levels of triglycerides may be an important risk factor for development of the obesity-related complications. Lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle tissue (mLPL) has previously been found to be an important factor regulating the concentration of serum triglycerides. To describe the relationship between mLPL, triglycerides and fatness/fat distribution in more detail we have investigated these parameters under basal conditions and during insulin stimulation in 20 obese females. During hyperinsulinaemia (204 microU ml-1) for 4 h the mLPL activity decreased from 528 +/- 52 nmol FFA g-1 to 412 +/- 44 (P < 0.001). Basal mLPL was negatively correlated with serum triglycerides (r = -0.48, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). Employing multiple variance analysis it was found that both BMI and WHR were negatively correlated to mLPL, however, the impaired lipid profile (high triglyceride, low HDL-cholesterol, high FFA) could only be related to BMI and not to WHR in these obese females. However, reduced insulin-action (insulin resistance) was closely related to abdominal fatness determined by WHR both in relation to the insulin-effect on mLPL as well as for the insulin-effect on whole-body glucose metabolism (clamp-study).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1977

Do fat babies stay fat?

A total of 203 children included in a study of feeding practices and weight in infancy were reviewed four to five years later. Although in infancy 28 (14%) of the children were obese and a further 52 (26%) overweight, in childhood most were of normal weight and fatness, with only 5 (2-5%) obese and 22 (11%) overweight, Three of the five obese children were also obese as infants, but only one in nine obese infants was obese at 5 years. Weight in infancy does not necessarily indicate later body size. Tall stature of the children was probably related to their socioeconomic environment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life.

Comparison of skinfold thicknesses measured in childhood and again 15 years later in 318 male and 303 female subjects disclosed only a moderate relation between the two measurements. Where adult fatness could be predicted from combinations of skinfold thicknesses in childhood the accuracy in 95% of cases lay at the mean between +/- 8% and +/- 18% according to age and sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Direct innervation of white fat and adrenal medullary catecholamines mediate photoperiodic changes in body fat.

Seasonal adjustments in Siberian hamster adiposity are triggered by day length changes [i.e., short "winter-like" days (SDs) elicit body fat decreases vs. long "summer-like" days (LDs)]. These and other white adipose tissue (WAT) mass decreases traditionally have been ascribed to lipolysis triggered by sympathetically mediated, adrenal medullary released epinephrine; however, recent evidence suggests that direct sympathetic innervation of WAT also is important. Therefore, the contributions of WAT sympathetic innervation and adrenal medullary catecholamines to SD-induced decreases in adiposity were tested. Siberian hamsters were surgically bilaterally adrenal demedullated (ADMEDx) or sham ADMEDx, and all had one inguinal WAT (IWAT) pad sympathectomized via locally injected guanethidine, with the contralateral pad serving as a within-animal innervated control. One-half of the hamsters remained in LDs; the remainder was transferred to SDs. Guanethidine and ADMEDx abolished IWAT norepinephrine and adrenal epinephrine contents, respectively. Although sympathetic denervation or ADMEDx alone did not block SD-induced decreases in IWAT mass, their combination did. These results suggest that both adrenal catecholamines and the sympathetic innervation of WAT interact to decrease SD-induced decreased adiposity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Genetic variability affects the development of brown adipocytes in white fat but not in interscapular brown fat.

Cold exposure induces brown adipocytes in retroperitoneal fat (RP) of adult A/J mice but not in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. In contrast, induction of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 gene (Ucp1) in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) shows no strain dependence. We now show that unlike iBAT, in which Ucp1 was expressed in the fetus and continued throughout life, in RP, Ucp1 was transiently expressed between 10 and 30 days of age and then disappeared. Similar to the lack of genetic variation in the expression of Ucp1 in iBAT during cold induction of adult mice, no genetic variation in Ucp1 expression in iBAT was detected during development. In contrast, UCP1-positive multilocular adipocytes, together with corresponding increases in Ucp1 expression, appeared in RP at 10 days of age in A/J and B6 mice, but with much higher expression in A/J mice. At 20 days of age, brown adipocytes represent the major adipocyte present in RP of A/J mice. The disappearance of brown adipocytes by 30 days of age suggested that tissue remodeling occurred in RP. Genetic variability in Ucp1 expression could not be explained by variation in the expression of selective transcription factors and signaling molecules of adipogenesis. In summary, the existence of genetic variability between A/J and B6 mice during the development of brown adipocyte expression in RP, but not in iBAT, suggests that developmental mechanisms for the brown adipocyte differentiation program are different in these adipose tissues.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2006

Holiday waistline. Jolly, fit and fat: should we be singing the "Santa Too Fat Blues"?

Santa Claus's apparent weight gain, much chronicled in the popular media, raises the question of whether his jolly persona could be at risk. We investigate why Santa remains jolly, even though he is becoming obese, and what factors could be keeping him upbeat. Measures of body mass, mental health and physical activity were collected from a representative cohort of Canadian adults surveyed in 1988 and again 15 years later. Remaining sedentary was generally associated with a low jolly quotient (JQ). In addition, a "healthy weight" pattern and remaining "sedentary" was associated with higher odds of a low JQ than remaining or becoming obese (from overweight) while staying active. Although mechanisms for understanding how Santa remains active are yet to be elucidated, we have uncovered a few clues and conclude that Santa indeed remains jolly particularly because he is active, and that a GIFT (graduated intensity fitness training) is good for combating the "Santa Too Fat Blues."

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Thermal and structural behavior of milk fat. 1. Unstable species of anhydrous milk fat.

The thermal and structural behavior of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was studied by a technique that allowed simultaneous time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature (XRDT) and high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to be carried out in the same apparatus from the same sample. In this paper (the first of a series), the less stable crystalline structures made by triacylglycerols (TG) of bulk AMF after its liquid quenching down to -8 degrees C are addressed The coexistence of two lamellar structures characterized by sharp long spacing reflections corresponding to well-defined 3L (70 A) and 2L (47 A) longitudinal stackings but broad short spacing lines related to poorly ordered hexagonal (alpha) lateral packing is shown for the first time, The bilayered structure was very unstable, since it disappeared during a 20-min isothermal recording. Simultaneous DSC and X-ray monitoring of AMF heating in the range -8, +50 degrees C at a rate of 2 degrees C/min allows the same sample to be followed on the evolution of these unstable forms to more stable varieties. The 3L stacking transforms into a new 2L crystalline structure characterized by broad LS reflections corresponding to a ill-defined 2L (37 A) longitudinal stacking but a more compact orthorhombic (beta') lateral packing. A delimitation of the domains of existence of the crystalline structures resulted from the comparison of detailed analysis of the evolutions of positions, intensities, and widths of X-ray peaks as a function of temperature to microcalorimetry recording.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of body fat distribution during childhood on body fat distribution in adulthood: a two-decade follow-up study.

Development of body fat distribution was assessed in a two-decade follow-up study. The present article describes the development of various trunk/extremity ratios and gives the figures by age and sex between 1 month to 21 years. The relationship between adult and childhood skinfold (SF) ratio measurements is weak in boys and slightly better in girls. From the present and our previous study, we can select adiposity measurements in children which both are associated to pathologies and have the best correlations with adult values, i.e. the body mass index (BMI) in both sexes, trunk SF in boys and the subscapular/arm SF ratio in girls. Consequently, a boy with both high BMI and trunk SF values or a girl with both high BMI and subscapular/arm SF values have an increased risk of centralized obesity at adult age.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Relations of body fat and fat distribution to the serum lipid, apolipoprotein and insulin concentrations of Samoan men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine relations between obesity and serum concentrations of lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, triglycerides and insulin in American and Western Samoans. Associations are also described between these CHD risk factors and abdominal adiposity, and the potential mediating role of insulin in these relationships is examined. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, using a sub-sample from an observational epidemiological study of cardiovascular disease risk factors among Samoans. MEASUREMENT: Obesity is estimated by the body mass index (BMI), and fat distribution by the abdomen-hip circumference ratio (AHR). All biochemical parameters were measured in the fasted stated. SUBJECTS: The sub-sample is 178 men and 147 women who were free from hypertension, diabetes and heart disease. RESULTS: In multivariate linear regression analyses in men the BMI was positively associated with levels of total cholesterol, the total-HDL cholesterol ratio, apolipoprotein B, and the log of triglyceride and insulin concentrations, and negatively associated with HDL and HDL2 cholesterol. The quadratic term for BMI was also found to be significantly predictive of all metabolic parameters in men, except for the log of serum insulin concentrations. Among the women, in contrast, BMI levels were significantly associated only with concentrations of HDL2 cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin. In men, the associations between the AHR and the metabolic parameters were similar to those described for the BMI, but showed no indication of non-linearity. Addition of the log of insulin to these models had little effect on the relations between the AHR and the lipid parameters, with the exceptions of total cholesterol and triglycerides. As with BMI, the AHR was much les predictive of metabolic parameters in women than in men, with a significant relation existing only with the log of insulin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These cross sectional data indicate that overall and abdominal adiposity are important correlates of serum lipid parameters among Samoan men, though the associations with BMI are attenuated at higher levels. Neither anthropometric indicator has much relation with these CHD risk factors among the women, perhaps due to extremely high levels of obesity in this group.

Adult↗