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PubMed1986

Identification of functional Fasciola hepatica antigens in experimental infections in rabbits.

Studies done comparing the reactivity of serum from an infected rabbit at different intervals of infection with a Fasciola hepatica crude tegument extract, F. hepatica excretory-secretory (ES) products and Fh arc 2 by ELISA show that the first 2 antigen preparations offer a better sensitivity for detecting acute infection, especially in its early stages (3 weeks). The ES proteins from F. hepatica adult worms were identified by the enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB) in order to define the antigens recognized by the sera from rabbits with experimental fascioliasis. A group of 7 polypeptides with molecular weights of 23-28 Kd were the major antigens recognized. Reactivity to these antigens is maximum at 8-10 weeks of infection by EITB. As the infection progresses, reactivity to the 23-28 Kd antigens decreases but does persist through 52 weeks of infection. At least 5 other polypeptides of 120, 84, 58, 52, 39 and 33 Kd were recognized by the sera of infected rabbits from 6 to 52 weeks of infection. A different pattern was observed in parallel studies done with these same sera by immunoprecipitation of ES antigens. In addition to a 33 Kd antigen, which was detected by both techniques, a 62 Kd antigen was detected early in infection (5 weeks) and 3 major antigens of 38, 40 and 44 Kd were prominent by immunoprecipitation from 9 weeks onward. This implies the presence of multiple Fasciola antigens with serodiagnostic potential. The expression of these antigens during development and their possible role in immunity is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection of Fasciola hepatica infection in a community located in the Ecuadorian Andes.

The presence of fascioliasis was assessed in four Andean communities using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to measure antibodies against Fasciola hepatica excretion-secretion antigens. Six percent (9 out of 150) of the individuals in one community were ELISA-positive for these antibodies. Fecal samples from two of the ELISA-positive individuals contained F. hepatica ova. All of the ELISA-positive cases, except for one, were children within the ages of 9 to 12 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Schistosoma mansoni egg specific antibodies and circulating antigens: assessment of their validity in immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.

A total of 127 individuals of different age and sex; 92 from Kafr-Sendewa, Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt, in comparison to 23 cases with hydatidosis and fascioliasis as a parasitic control group, and 12 healthy control group from non-endemic area. All cases were screened by clinical examination, urine, stool, rectal snip, abdominal ultrasonographic examination and indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT). Accordingly, they were grouped into active intestinal schistosomiasis group, seropositive group by (IHAT), normal control group from the same endemic area, parasitic control group and normal control group. All cases were subjected to detection of IgG, IgM, IgG4, anti-soluble egg antigen (SEA) and anti-excretory-secretory egg antigen (ESEA) by ELISA tests; and circulating egg antigens by double-sandwich ELISA techniques. The results showed that IgG4 anti-SEA is the best diagnostic test, as it gave the best diagnostic efficacy (90%). Also, it is a good screening test which can be used in endemic area as it gave significant difference between the active intestinal schistosomiasis cases with each of the endemic control group (P < 0.001) and the seropositive cases (P < 0.05). Other valid diagnostic egg specific antibodies tests were IgM anti-SEA and IgG anti-SEA as their diagnostic efficacy were 80% and 76.6% respectively (P < 0.05). The diagnostic efficacy of circulating antigen detection (C.Ag) test was 70% (P < 0.05). In addition, it was the most specific test with 100% specificity. IG4-anti-ESEA gave the least cross-reaction with other parasites (17.3%). The mean optical density (OD) level of circulating antigen detection test was significantly higher in the organomegalic (hepatosplenomegaly) cases than the non-organomegalic cases (P < 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liver fluke in Great Britain: a survey of affected livers.

Over a period of 15 months data were collected from abattoirs in Great Britain on 213,082 cattle and 362,838 sheep livers to determine the distribution and prevalence of damage by Fasciola hepatica. The stock came from 8239 farms, and from livestock markets in 81 counties. 53 per cent of the farms had sent affected stock, with significant percentages in eastern as well as the western counties of England and Scotland. 21 per cent of all cattle and 7 per cent of all sheep livers examined were affected. In both species, the percentage of adult stock affected was more than double that of young stock. The condemnation rate in cattle was relatively constant throughout the year. The effects of infestation are more widely distributed than has been generally recognised. Greater emphasis should be placed on the control of chronic fascioliasis in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Recognition of antigenic components of Fasciola gigantica and their use in immunodiagnosis.

Antigenicity of the tegumental extract, excretory-secretory products and the whole somatic extract of Fasciola gigantica were evaluated to detect the most sensitive and specific antigen out of them that could be used as an immuno-diagnostic tool. Scanning electron microscopic study was carried out to have a full picture about the tegumental structure. The immunohistochemical staining technique was done using the indirect immunoperoxidase method on F. gigantica sections before and after removal of the tegument to recognize the most antigenic parts by using patients sera. Counter immunoelectrophoresis was carried out by using sera from patients with fascioliasis (positive control), patients with schistosomiasis and healthy individuals (control group). In addition, antibody response against the three types of antigens was detected as ELISA absorbance readings. The results revealed that antigens of F. gigantica that cause antibody formation in hosts are those generated and released mainly from the tegument. They were the most sensitive and specific.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Human infection by Fasciola hepatica in Venezuela: report of a geriatric case.

A new case of human infection due to Fasciola hepatica is reported in the Venezuelan parasitological literature. The patient is an 81-year-old female asymptomatic, with an eosinophilia of 21% and critrosedimentation rate of 26 mm/h and was found during a routine check up. These values were normal at the time of treatment (4 months later), as were several tests of hepatic function, blood chemistry and peripheral blood haematological values. The number of eggs of the parasite were between 90 and 130/g of facees. The patient was successfully treated with the human formulation of trielabendazole at 2 single doses of 10 mg/kg, each separated by 24 h. The same laboratory tests mentioned above did not show modifications, except for a slight increase in the cosinophil counts at 2 and 11 days and erythrosedimentation rate at 11 days post-treatment. Coproparasitological observations carried out at 12, 18, 60 and 120 days post-treatment were negative. No clinical symptoms were registered up to 2 months after treatment. The patient most probably acquired the infection at home through the ingestion of commercially available lettuce from an endemic area of bovine fascioliasis, very distant from home, and between 4 and 7 months previous to treatment. We stress the need to investigate F. hepatica infections which he been neglected, probably because of limited knowledge by health workers, lack of specific symptoms and absence of more sensitive diagnostic procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Case report: tenesmus in a cow with a liver abscess and nephritis].

A two-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow was referred to our clinic because of tenesmus and weight loss. Clinical examination revealed a moderately abnormal general behaviour and condition, thin body condition and a rectal temperature of 40.1 degrees C. Tenesmus was evident, and rumen and intestinal motility were markedly reduced. All tests for a reticular foreign body were positive. On rectal examination, a round, smooth, firm, non-painful mass with a diameter of approximately 15 cm was palpated far cranially on the right side. Abnormal haematological and biochemical findings included marked anaemia, neutrophilic leucocytosis, markedly elevated concentration of fibrinogen and mildly elevated gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity. The clotting time of the glutaraldehyde test was one minute. Ultrasonographic examination revealed abscesses involving the liver and extending caudally into the right flank region. The liver parenchyma had diffuse changes. Because of a grave prognosis, the cow was euthanized. Postmortem findings substantiated ultrasonographic results; there were abscesses, caused by Fasciola hepatica infestation, originating in the liver and extending into the right flank. As well, there was severe, bilateral, multifocal, suppurative nephritis due to thromboembolism. Based on all the findings, a diagnosis of liver abscess caused by fascioliasis and bilateral suppurative nephritis was made.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hyperendemicity of human fasciolosis in the Mantaro Valley, Peru: factors for infection with Fasciole hepatica].

A sample of 206 children (between 1 and 16 years-old) in Huertas (n = 110) and Julcán (n = 96) districts of the Mantaro Valley, Peru, were studied with a clinico-epidemiological interview, serology and fecal parasitologic tests to describe the prevalence and analyze risk factors of infection by Fasciola hepatica (Fh). Fh prevalence by fecal examinations in Huertas (H) was 28.3% and Julcán (J), 12.6%. Using serological tests, the prevalences were: for H, 36.3% and for J, 22.7%. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between Fh infection and 3 variables in H: living near small streams (OR= 4.8; P < 0.05) or farms (OR= 2.88; P < 0.05) and the habit of drinking hot herbal drinks "emolientes" (OR= 2.92; P < 0.05); and in other 3 variables in J: having a single room per house (OR= 21.0; P < 0.05), defecating in the fields (OR= 4.77; P < 0.05), history of taking antiparasitic medication in the last six months (OR= 4.61; P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis, applied to the whole set of data revealed as possible risk factors for infection with Fh: the habit of drinking "emolientes" (OR= 5.16; P < 0.05) and living near small streams (OR= 17.22; P < 0.05) or in farms (OR= 8.13; P < 0.05). According to these results one of the most important and less recognized risk factors is the habit of drinking "emolientes". Due to the clinical importance of human fascioliasis, we conclude that its presence in the Mantaro Valley is an important public health problem, effective early diagnosis would allow rapid treatment and avoidance of the serious impairment brought by chronic infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of two different enzyme immunoassays in the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infections].

In this study, the serum samples of 37 patients who were diagnosed as fascioliasis (=fasciolosis) by parasitologic, pathologic and/or radiographic methods, 51 patients who were previously infected with parasites other than Fasciola hepatica, and 31 healthy subjects, have been investigated for the presence of F. hepatica specific IgG antibodies with two different enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) methods. For this purpose, in-house DOT-ELISA and excretory-secretory (ES)-ELISA techniques have been performed by using F. hepatica ES antigens. All of the 37 fasciolosis patients found to be seropositive with ES-ELISA, while 36 were found positive with DOT-ELISA method. ES-ELISA method yielded 3 (5.9%) positive results for the patients with other parasitosis (2 toxocariasis, 1 hydatic cyst), and DOT-ELISA method gave positive results for 2 (3.9%) toxocariasis patients. In 31 healthy subjects, the seropositivity rates were detected as 3.2% and 16.1% for ES-ELISA and DOT-ELISA methods, respectively. As a result, the sensitivity and specificity of DOT-ELISA method were found as 97.3% and 93.3%, respectively, while these rates were 100% and 97.0% for ES-ELISA, respectively. The highest positive predictive value was detected for ES-ELISA (90.2%), while both of the methods showed high negative predictive values (100% for ES-ELISA, 99.1% for DOT-ELISA). In conclusion, ELISA methods would be useful especially for the laboratory diagnosis of fasciolosis, in the clinically suspected patients where the etiologic agent could not be identified.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of circulating anti-Fasciola IgA antibodies by ELISA technique using two different Fasciola antigens.

Two types of Fasciola antigens: surface tegumental (ST) and excretory-secretory (ES) products of F. gigantica worms were used for performance of ELISA technique. Results showed that, the circulating anti-Fasciola IgA antibodies were detected in 98% and 94% and the specificity of the test was 93.4% and 89.7% using ST and ES antigens, respectively. As regards ST antigen, a highly significant elevation in the level of the circulating anti-Fasciola IgA antibodies was observed according to the intensity of infection as well as in those with hepatomegaly. There was a significant direct relation between the level of circulating anti-Fasciola IgA antibodies and eosinophilia, anaemia and liver function tests of fascioliasis patients when ST antigen was used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Immunological identification of Fasciola hepatica antigens containing major human T-cell and B-cell epitopes.

Fasciola hepatica whole worm homogenate (Fhwwh) separated fractions were used in enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) to identify the antigen(s) which induces antibody formation in human fascioliasis. The immuno-reactive antigens recognized by the infected patients were 25-29 kDa and 12 kDa. Antigens were biochemically purified by model 491-prep cell fraction (BIO-RAD). The capability of the purified target antigens to induce humoral and cellular responses with cells and sera of infected patients was investigated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lymphoproliferative responses techniques. The 25-29 kDa cluster of antigen(s) were found to be more efficient in inducing lymphoproliferative response than 12 KDa, thus, it was considered as the target antigens used in the generation of human monospecific polyclonal immunopurified antibody probes (IPAb). The specificity and immunoreactivity of the IPAb with Fhwwh, F. hepatica excretory secretory products (FhESP) and S. mansoni adult worm antigen (SAWA) were evaluated by using EITB. Results showed that IPAb was immunoreactive with 25-29 and 12 kDa antigens of both Fhwwh and FhESP. It was concluded that the most immunogenic F. hepatica target antigen(s) were 25-29 and12 KDa antigens and there is a cross-reactivity between 25-29 and 12 KDa antigens in both Fhwwh and FhESP. The involvement of IPAb in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity in-vitro technique was studied. Results indicated that human neturophils were more effective in adhering to the IPAb-coated flukes at early stages of development.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

On the main reservoir host of Fasciola in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

In the present work, a total of 4180 sheep were obtained from different localities at Dakahlia Governorate. One hundred and eighty male sheep were investigated for Fasciola worms (the adult and juvenile forms) at Mansoura governmental abattoir. Four hundred grazing sheep were screened by the coprological examination from ten centers. The mean number of eggs per gm in a group of ten sheep ranged from 2.9-10.8 egg/gm. The number of worms ranged from 5-84. In the Mansoura abattoir, it was found that 37 sheep were infected (20.56%). Fasciola worms were recovered from the livers in 100%, common bile ducts in 60%, gall bladder in 80%, two sites in 50% and three sites in 40% of infected biliary tracts. According to the coprological examination, the infection rate was the highest in El-Manzalla Center (15.75) and the lowest was in Mansoura Center (3.25%). According to the prevalence and egg output results, it is concluded that sheep are the main reservoir host for fascioliasis among the edible animals in Dakahlia Governorate. However, examination of the non-edible animals and the domestic and wild rodents are ongoing and will be published soon elsewhere.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of photon beam irradiation on Lymnaea natalensis snails infected with Fasciola gigantica.

Lymnaea natalensis is the intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica in Egypt. The effect of photon beam irradiation on the ability of the laboratory reared L. natalensis to support the larval development of F. gigantica has been studied. 120 snails were divided into two groups: The control infected non irradiated group (GI) and the experimental infected irradiated group (GII). The later group was subdivided into two subgroups: GIIa: snails irradiated before infection and GIIb: snails irradiated after infection. Photon beam irradiation had non significant effect on the survival rate between the all groups at the 30th day post infection. The life span, the number of infected snails and the length of the shedding period were significantly decreased in the two irradiated subgroups than the control group. The effect was more obvious on GIIb without significant difference. The number of metacercariae significantly decreased in the 2 irradiated subgroups than the control one. Also, it was significantly decreased in GIIb when compared with GIIa. So, photon beam irradiation has a great role on retarding larval development of F. gigantica inside the snail. This opens the way to a new strategy for fascioliasis control of in Egypt.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Biology-based mapping of vector-borne parasites by geographic information systems and remote sensing.

Application of growing degree day-water budget analysis and satellite climatology to vector-borne parasites will be reviewed to demonstrate the value of using the unique thermal-hydrological preferences and limits of tolerance of individual parasite-vector systems to define the environmental niche of disease agents in the landscape by modern geospatial analysis methods. Applications of geospatial modeling will be illustrated by examples on fascioliasis, malaria, leprosy and leishmaniasis.

Aedes↗
PubMed1991

[Seasonal variations of Fasciola hepatica infection in goats in the area of Haouz (Morocco)].

The prevalence and level of infection with Fasciola hepatica were assessed monthly over a 12-month period in goats slaughtered in the Haouz area, in correlation with the dynamics of Lymnaea truncatula populations. The infection rate was high in winter (23.8%) in January), and summer (17.1% in August), and relatively low in spring and at the beginning of autumn. The infected animals had a fluke burden range of 1-48; a mean of 13 was recorded in July. Lymnaeid snails were observed in their habitat throughout the year, but were more abundant during the hot months (July and August). Snails infected with F hepatica were found in February, June, July and August; their infection rate did not exceed 3%. These data enabled us to hypothesize that the main periods for transmission of fascioliasis were spring and fall; however, potential infections during other periods of the year were possible. The susceptibility of goats to infection with F hepatica appears to be similar to that reported in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Does human distomiasis due to Fasiola gigantica exist in the delta of the Niger river in Mali? (apropos of a serological survey)].

Finding of specific anti-Fasciola antibodies in persons living in the central area of the delta of Niger shows that human fascioliasis is a reality in Mali. Fasciola gigantica, the single species affecting livestock is probably the parasite concerned. We think that this parasitic disease in humans is underestimated, obscured by schistosomiasis which is hyperendemic in the country. Complementary studies are much needed for better identification of the problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Causes of mortality in impala (Aepyceros melampus) on 20 game farms in Zimbabwe.

The most common cause of death in impala (Aepyceros melampus) herds on 20 game farms in Zimbabwe was stress or physical injury during capture. Acute fascioliasis due to Fasciola gigantica was identified as the main disease problem associated with smaller game farms and where impala had been recently introduced. Losses associated with ticks and tick-borne diseases were rare. Impala in Zimbabwe are maintained in a healthy condition on game farms where they are given supplementary feed during the dry winter.

Animals↗