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PubMed1983

Environment and secular changes in modern man.

The secular trend of human traits has so far been investigated mostly with respect to the morphological traits, mainly stature and body weight. However, some studies of changes in the physiological and psychomotor traits have also been published. The intergenerational changes concern changes in the development rate, magnitude of traits and sequence of symptoms of development. These changes are mainly due to changes in the environmental conditions, particularly of the living conditions. Another factor--though increasingly less expressed in present-day man--consists of genetic determination (especially survival). Migrations changing the gene frequency in populations represent the third factor. In the major part of economically developed countries interpopulational changes continue; in highly industrialized countries no further acceleration of sexual maturation takes place. Some studies from India and certain African countries point to a regression of physical development in children. Since stature and body weight are positive indices of health, they are important from the epidemiological standpoint and should be closely analyzed. This paper describes the findings obtained hitherto in studies performed in Poland or resulting from an analysis of materials from various countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Genes, diet and serum lipid concentrations: lessons from ethnically diverse populations and their relevance to coronary heart disease in Asia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Asia has risen in tandem with socio-economic development and urbanization. Although all ethnic groups have been affected, some appear to be at particularly high risk. The basis of these ethnic differences remains poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS: Differing levels of risk factors for CHD have been observed between ethnic groups. Previous studies, however, may be confounded by a large ethnic variation in socio-economic status and place of residence. Few studies have taken dietary factors into account. Recent studies involving Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians living in Singapore suggest that neither dietary nor genetic factors, taken in isolation, sufficiently explain ethnic differences in serum lipid profiles. Several genetic variants in key candidate genes (apolipoprotein E, APOE, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, CETP and hepatic lipase, LIPC) have recently been found to modulate the association between dietary factors and serum lipid concentrations in these ethnic groups and in other populations. SUMMARY: To fully evaluate the differences in CHD risk between ethnic groups, environmental exposures, including dietary factors need to be carefully evaluated, and gene-environment interactions that may give rise to these differences need to be taken into account. These are critical steps in the development of targeted strategies to contain the epidemic of coronary heart disease in Asia. An understanding of the basis of these differences may also provide insights into the pathogenesis of disease that one cannot get through the examination of more homogenous populations.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survey of ACCP members regarding health economics and outcomes assessment.

A letter and a questionnaire were sent to members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) proposing the formation of a new outcomes and economics practice and research network (PRN). Members were requested to indicate their willingness to join the PRN by returning the questionnaire. More than 10% of the members (327/3007) expressed interest in joining the new PRN; the majority (309) also completed the questionnaire. They were most concerned with increasing their competence in outcomes and economics; developing, or having available, guidelines and standards for research methodologies; properly applying the methodologies to satisfy the informational needs of their institutions; and strengthening and advancing the position of clinical pharmacy.

Economics, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2003

Paying for pharmaceutical registration in developing countries.

Fees charged by drug regulatory authorities (DRAs) may be used as a policy instrument to speed up regulatory approval, to encourage retention of quality staff and to stimulate introduction of generics versus new chemical entities. Often, the cost recovery function of these registration fees is not related to the true cost of the pharmaceutical regulatory process. In this paper, we scaled new drug registration fees of various DRAs to indices of economic development - the GNP per capita and the total government health expenditure per capita. Based on our analyses of 34 countries, most DRA registration fees for new drug applications for developing/non-OECD countries are less than the current GNP/capita of that country or are about US dollars 5000 for each US dollars 1000 spent per capita on healthcare. At present, each US dollars 1000 new drug registration fee for the developing/non-OECD countries analyzed corresponds to a total pharmaceutical market share of about US dollars 85 million. Our analyses further suggest little relationship between DRA registration fees and drug approval times in developing countries. The situation is complex, however, as policy tradeoffs are important to consider. Differential registration fees, presumably designed to encourage locally produced versus imported products, may violate international trade regulations. Moreover, certain DRA registration fees may provide perverse incentives for the pharmaceutical industry. Developing countries should require that DRA registration fees be based on accurate accounting of the cost of services provided. At present levels, these fees could be increased without disincentive to the pharmaceutical industry. For new drug registration fees, our analyses suggest that developing countries could charge between 1-5 times their GNP per capita or between US dollars 17000 and US dollars 80000 for each US dollars 1000 spent per capita on healthcare.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2001

Managing a complex river catchment: a case study on the River Almond.

The River Almond catchment in the east central belt rates amongst Scotland's most polluted rivers. This paper describes how shifting forms of economic development in the catchment since the 1860s have affected river quality. A legacy of effects from past land uses has combined with the impacts associated with current land uses to present a substantial and complex management challenge. It is argued that there have been, and still are, scientific, legislative and socio-economic constraints on the abilities of managers to respond promptly to changing patterns of impacts on the river system. This response lag has tended to increase the costs of subsequent remediation, and has consequently supported a downward pressure on the quality standards that are considered 'realistic' by river managers. Conversely, advances in science, the expansion of regulatory powers and resources, and an increase in public interest in the environment has helped to clarify the extent of the management problems in the catchment, and allowed major advances in some areas of pollution management. In an attempt to overcome some of the remaining weaknesses of river management, river managers and interest groups have started to form inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary partnerships. The success of these new groupings is highly contingent, not so much on the competence of their scientific advice, but on the priority given to water protection by the land-use decision-makers involved, and the resources they are prepared to commit to funding rehabilitation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Income distribution and life expectancy: a critical appraisal.

In a series of papers published during the past decade Richard Wilkinson has advanced the view that income inequality is the key determinant of variations in average life expectancy at birth among developed countries. Yet a careful examination of the two sources of data on income distribution most often used by Wilkinson suggests that if they are analysed more appropriately they do not lend support to his claims. More recent data on income distribution is now available for several countries in the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation in the mid-1980s and for Great Britain from 1961 to 1991. The use of these data also casts doubt on the hypothesis that inequalities in the distribution of income are closely associated with variations in average life expectancy at birth among the richest nations of the world.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

[Applications and progresses of expert system on chromatography].

The expert system on chromatography has achieved great advancement in the past two decades, and is playing a more and more important role in solving analytical problems of complex samples. Research results of expert system on chromatography in authors' group are reviewed with 64 references. A brief introduction of the expert system on chromatography is presented. Applications of the expert system on chromatography are summarized in the fields of petrochemical online analysis, environmental air sample analysis, tumor diagnosis and traditional Chinese medicine analysis. The review followed the scientific foot steps in the authors' group, starting from the development of the expert system on gas chromatography, to the selection of multi-column systems in online industrial gas chromatographs in petrochemical plants, and to the employment of the new techniques in gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis to solve the practical analytical problems in the nation's scientific and economic development.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2004

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in developing countries: the case of child survival in São Paulo, Brazil.

I examined trends in socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality for the state of São Paulo, Brazil, over a 21-year period from 1970 to 1991, during which much of the mortality transition unfolded. During this time, there was a decline in inequality in under-five mortality by household wealth but a substantial increase by mother's education. Improvements in infrastructure and economic development were associated with lower levels of socioeconomic inequality in under-five mortality. Mother's education emerged as the key factor underlying socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality even as levels of education for women increased and inequality in schooling fell.

Brazil↗
PubMed1999

Hydrological and Oceanographic Considerations for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Southern Belize.

/ The objectives of this study are to: (1) characterize the meteorology and hydrology of the Maya Mountain-Marine Area Transect in southern Belize, (2) employ a simple water balance model to examine the discharge rates of seven watersheds to Port Honduras, (3) test the validity of the hydrological model, (4) explore the implications of potential landscape and hydrological alterations, and (5) examine the value of protected areas. The southern coastal portion of the study area is classified as wet tropical forest and the remainder as moist tropical forest. Rainfall is 3000-4000 mm annually. Resulting annual freshwater discharge directly into Port Honduras is calculated at 2.5 x 10(9) m3, a volume equal to the basin. During the rainy season, June-September, 84% of the annual discharge occurs, which causes the bay to become brackish. Port Honduras serves as an important nursery ground for many species of commercially important fish and shellfish. The removal of forest cover in the uplands, as a result of agriculture, aquaculture, and village development, is likely to significantly accelerate erosion. Increased erosion would reduce soil fertility in the uplands and negatively affect mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef productivity in the receiving coastal embayment. Alternatively, the conservation of an existing protected areas corridor, linking the Maya Mountains to the Caribbean Sea, is likely to enhance regional sustainable economic development. This study aims to support environmental management at the scale of the "ecoscape"-a sensible ecological unit of linked watersheds and coastal and marine environments.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem management; Coastal zone management; Belize; Hydrologyhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n2p229.html

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The value of vaccines.

Today, we have the technology to make vaccines against most infectious diseases and in theory we could free mankind from most of them. In spite of the great progress of science and technology, vaccines are an endangered species and there are increasing non-technological barriers to their development. Indeed, we have no mechanisms for developing vaccines needed only in developing countries, and in developed countries they are not a priority. Industry is walking away from vaccines and even the existing ones are in jeopardy. The reasons for the low interest in vaccines lie in the high risk and low profitability of the vaccine business. A story about the consequences that an infectious disease had on the economic development of the city of Siena in 1348 is used to show that our society is not calculating the intangible values deriving from vaccination. The failure of assigning the right value to vaccines and preventive medicine is a major risk of today's world that, having the opportunity of improving the proportion of healthy population, may have made the choice of increasing the number of chronically sick people.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1998

[Parasitic diseases and fecal hazards: diseases due to helminths].

Ascaris, trichocephalus, hookworm, necator and anguillula--all of which are human parasites--are closely linked to fecal peril and especially prevalent among populations in developing countries, where fecal hygiene is insufficient or lacking. Epidemiological surveys seeking to evaluate the frequency of the various intestinal helminths are usually intermittent, few in number, and especially difficult to compare because of the different coprological techniques used. However this may be, the respective prevalence of these worms depends on geographical, climatic, economic, and human conditions. Their effect on health is not negligible, especially on children's health and in particular when malnutrition also occurs. To fight effectively against these verminoses, education and economic development must be promoted, but the present situation of the economy in most developing countries is postponing indefinitely the fight against fecal peril especially as its control is not seen as a priority.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Imagined lives, suffering, and the work of culture: the embodied discourses of conflict in modern Tibet.

This article explores the cultural epidemiology of rlung ("loong") disorder among Tibetans living in the cities and towns of the modern Chinese state of Tibet. Rlung, glossed as air or wind, is the most important of the three humors of the classical Tibetan ethnomedical system. Considered by Tibetans to be contingent upon multiple social, emotional, and religious phenomena, rlung disorders are fertile ground for the development of etiological discourses that incorporate the social and political crises that are part of the rapidly changing Tibetan plateau. In this essay I locate rlung disorder in a confluence of Tibetan ethnomedical constructions of the mind-body-universe linkage, in which rlung stands as the chief symbolic mediator, with ethnic conflict, rapid economic development, and the localization of global debates over Tibetan suffering and human rights.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A neural network investigation of the crucial facets of urban sustainability.

This paper focuses on the concept of a sustainable city and its theoretical implications for the Italian urban system. Urban sustainability is based on positive interactions among three different urban subsystems: social, economic and physical, where social well-being coexists with economic development and environmental quality. This utopian scenario does not appear in the existing cities. The aesthetic quality of natural and man-made environment is often associated with marginality and poverty, labor market variety and urban efficiency coexisting with pollution, criminality and high settlement costs. Moreover, since each city differs institutionally, historically, culturally and economically, few attempts have been implemented to build a comparative synthetic vision of the urban sustainability in different cities. The interactions among these selected systems are complex and unpredictable and present the opportunity for a new methodology of scientific investigation: the connectionistic approach. The dual aim of this study is to: investigate the underlying relationships among the three subsystems with a set of social, economic and physical attributes of the chief towns of a Province in Italy and ; verify if this underlying structure could reproduce the heterogeneity of urban realities, allowing one to distinguish groups of cities with different assets or drawbacks in their sustainability. The Data Base (DB), composed of 43 attributes for 95 cities, was processed by Self-Reflexive Neural Networks (SRNN) (Buscema, 1995). These Networks are a useful instrument of investigation and analogic questioning of the Data Base. Once the SRNN has learned the structure of the weights from the DB, by querying the network with the maximization or minimization of specific groups of attributes, it is possible to read the related properties and to rank the cities' urban profile.

Cities↗
PubMed1989

The economics of dentistry continue to improve into the second half of the 1980's.

A review of federal agency and American Dental Association reports reveals a consistent favorable picture of dental economics into the second half of the 1980's. It's unanimous - the economics of dentistry continue to improve through the 1980s. That's the result of reports from the Internal Revenue Service, the Bureau of the Census, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), the Department of Labor and the American Dental Association. And these reports of improving economic developments forms of dental practice. But most important, projections through the year 2000 from the Health Care Financing Administration continue this favorable chorus.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1997

Influence of livestock husbandry on schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province.

An investigation was conducted in the highly endemic areas of schistosomiasis japonica in Weishan and Eryuan counties, Yunnan Province. The results are summarized as follows: 1) the number of domestic animals was increasing annually; 2) the proportion of animal husbandry gains in the total agriculture income had a yearly escalating tendency; 3) the infection rate of inhabitants was upgrading as a result of the development of and the prevalence in domestic animals in the recent decades. Owing to frequent migration of domestic animals, serious spread of infection sources and high prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica occurred. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to the control of schistosomiasis japonica in mountainous endemic regions during the course of economic development, especially in the development of domestic animals.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Slow-fast dynamics in a model of population and resource growth.

"Models of the interaction of population, the economy, and the environment often contain nonlinear functional relationships and variables that move at different speeds. These properties foster apparent unpredictabilities in system behaviour. Using a simple deterministic model of demographic, economic and environmental interactions we illustrate the usefulness of geometric singular perturbation theory in environmental population economics. In contrast to local stability analysis, the theory of slow-fast dynamics helps to gain new insights into the global behaviour of the system. In particular, the knowledge of the basins of attraction of the stationary states enables one to determine the regions of sustainable future paths of resources and population." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1997

Editorial.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Behavior↗