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PubMed1961

Investigation into the problem of insecticide sorption by soils.

In view of the importance of the problem of insecticide sorption by certain soils, and its possible implications for mosquito control, an investigation was carried out on the influence of some factors governing sorption.In experiments with thin layers of homogenized soil/insecticide mixtures, in which no diffusion took place, changes in relative humidity had a pronounced influence on the effectiveness of the insecticide, a 10% increase in humidity doubling the toxicity. Further experiments using DDT labelled with (14)C showed that the effect of humidity was the only factor influencing toxicity.Studies with (14)C DDT and bio-assay determination of non-labelled DDT and dieldrin showed that movement of the insecticide in the soil was blocked at both very high and very low humidity, and that inward migration was found only at intermediate humidities. It was also observed that the migration of water in the soil caused the insecticide to move in the same direction.As at a high relative humidity the inward migration of the insecticide is blocked, and as the initial loss in effectiveness by sorption is counterbalanced by the greater availability of the remaining toxicant, the application of the usual field dosage of dieldrin (0.5 g/m(2)) remained effective for a considerable period. This would suggest that sorption might well be a problem in the field only when humidity is low. In work on means of reducing sorption under dry conditions, encouraging results were obtained with wettable powders based on ground solidified melts of dieldrin and certain resins.

Insecticides↗
PubMed1961

Susceptibility tests in Trinidad with Anopheles aquasalis Curry, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann, using the standard WHO mosquito adult test kit.

Malaria, yellow fever and filariasis eradication programmes in many parts of the world have in recent years become largely dependent on the use of DDT, dieldrin, gamma-BHC and organophosphorus insecticides. It is of vital importance for the success of such programmes, often costly when undertaken on a nation-wide basis, that the insecticides being used are effective against the vectors of these diseases.During 1958 and 1959, susceptibility tests carried out in Trinidad using the standard World Health Organization mosquito adult test kit revealed that Anopheles aquasalis, the main vector of malaria in the coastal districts of Trinidad, was susceptible to DDT, moderately resistant to gamma-BHC, and highly resistant to dieldrin.Tests with Aëdes aegypti, the vector of yellow fever, showed that the species was highly resistant to DDT, though susceptible to dieldrin and gamma-BHC. Aëdes aegypti from Kingston, Jamaica, gave similar results.Culex pipiens fatigans, the vector of filaria parasites, was found to be highly resistant to DDT, gamma-BHC and dieldrin.

Aedes↗
PubMed1962

The susceptibility of Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann larvae to insecticides in Malaya.

The levels of susceptibility of C. p. fatigans larvae from four different localities in Malaya to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, fenthion, diazinon and Sevin have been studied; their toxicity was: diazinon > fenthion > malathion > dieldrin > DDT > Sevin.Larvae from different localities showed a wide range of susceptibility to the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, dieldrin (40x) and DDT (10x), but the organophosphorus compounds and the carbamate compound, Sevin, gave consistent results from all localities. One strain from a rural area (Lamir) was the most susceptible to all insecticides and has been used as a reference strain for related studies on the development of resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of pesticides on the release of histamine, chemotactic factors and leukotrienes from rat mast cells and human basophils].

The influence of pesticides on mediator release from rat peritoneal mast cells and human basophiles was studied. Mediators from mast cells and basophils are important factors in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Release of histamine from rat mast cells and human basophils is demonstrated by stimulation with dieldrin, DDT, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxid and biphenyl. This pesticide-induced histamine secretion is dose-dependent and requires Ca2+. In contrast, incubation with gamma-HCH, HCB and carbaryl produces no significant histamine release. Additive histamine secretion results from simultaneous stimulation of rat mast cells with pesticides and anaphylatoxin C5a. Further, secretion of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors from rat mast cells is induced during incubation with dieldrin, biphenyl and heptachlorepoxid. It is also demonstrated that pesticides can stimulate the generation of lipidmediators. Biphenyl, gamma-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxid, DDT and dieldrin cause the release of leukotriene C4 from rat mast cells. The possible role of these in vitro results is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Toxicity of insecticides to tsetse flies.

New insecticides have been evaluated for toxicity to tsetse flies and compared with organochlorine compounds currently in use. The most toxic compounds and their estimated median lethal doses in nanograms per fly by topical application in solution to teneral Glossina austeni were: resmethrin 4, fenthion 8, dieldrin 10, propoxur 12, chlorfenvinphos 12, tetrachlorvinphos 20, and dichlorvos 20. There was little variation in the susceptibility of teneral male and female flies, young fed flies, and fed stud males with all the compounds tested (dieldrin, resmethrin, tetrachlorvinphos, bromophos, and propoxur) and increased tolerance in old fed pregnant flies occurred only with dieldrin and resmethrin. There was also little variation in the susceptibility of teneral flies of the two species G. austeni and G. morsitans. In contact toxicity tests with water dispersible powder deposits on plywood, propoxur was highly active initially but lost its effectiveness after only a few weeks, whereas tetrachlorvinphos was less active initially but more persistent.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Resistance of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) to insecticides in Egypt.

Housefly resistance to DDT and lindane in Egypt was first reported 17 years ago, yet these insecticides continue to be used.The present degree of housefly resistance to DDT and lindane was found to be high, and cross-resistance to dieldrin was discovered. An analysis of dieldrin resistance was made, and it was found that a single selection with dieldrin at a high selection pressure resulted in a homozygous resistant strain. The strains were found to be still susceptible to organophosphates and carbamates, some of which could be chosen for housefly control in Egypt.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Insecticide-resistance in Culex pipiens fatigans.

The three main subspecies of the Culex pipiens complex-pipiens, fatigans and molestus-have similar "normal" levels of susceptibility to insecticides. C. p. fatigans larvae resemble those of anopheline mosquitos in sensitivity to dieldrin, but are more resistant to DDT; the adults are unusually resistant to chlorinated insecticides, but do not differ greatly from other species of mosquito in susceptibility to organophosphorus compounds.There is evidence of conversion of DDT to DDE in C. p. fatigans and other mosquitos, but this may well not be the only cause of resistance. Dieldrin-resistance in C. p. fatigans involves cross-resistance to HCH, but at a considerably lower level; the mechanism of resistance is still obscure. Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides has been observed; the cross-resistance to diazinon indicates that the mechanism is not solely one of carboxy-esterase detoxication.Mechanisms of inheritance of resistance have been investigated. The most recent results indicate the monofactorial inheritance of resistance by a single pair of nearly dominant genes on chromosome 2 for DDT-resistance and by a single pair of genes on chromosome 3 with intermediate dominance for HCH dieldrin-resistance.

Africa↗
PubMed1977

Organochlorine insecticide residues in field soils of the Kitakyushu district--Japan 1970-74.

Residues of organochlorine insecticides were monitored in field soils of the Kitakyushu District, Japan, from 1970 to 1974, before and after the insecticides were banned from agricultural fields. The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of BHC reached maximum levels in 1970 and 1971, then decreased rapidly during 1972 and 1974. Among BHC isomers, beta-BHC had highest mean levels and was therefore thought to be the most persistent of the isomers in field soils. Residues of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin peaked in 1970 and/or 1971, and then decreased yearly. The percentage of sites which had aldrin contamination have decreased; those with dieldrin contamination have increased. Mean values of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and sigmaDDT declined more slowly than did BHC and cyclodienes. Values of DDT and its related compounds were higher than were those of BHC, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin. The residues of p,p'-DDE were most frequently detected of the DDT compounds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1981

Organochlorine residues and mortality of herons.

Since 1966, 72 herons found dead or moribund in the field have been analyzed for organochlorine chemicals. In addition, 36 herons were obtained through systematic collections, and carcasses were analyzed to determine sublethal exposure to organochlorines. Brains of birds found dead or moribund were analyzed to determine whether the birds had died of organochlorine poisoning. Residues of DDE were found most frequently (96 of 105 carcasses analyzed), PCBs were second (detected in 90 carcasses), and dieldrin and TDE (detected in 37 and 35 carcasses, respectively) were about equal as third and fourth most frequent. Endrin, mirex, toxaphene, and HCB were found least often (8, 9, 9, and 9 carcasses, respectively). At least one organochlorine was found in each carcass, except for six heron chicks found dead in a Maryland heronry. DDE and PCBs were present in highest concentrations; they exceeded 100 ppm in two birds each. Organochlorine concentrations were almost always higher in adult herons than in immature birds. All birds that had hazardous or lethal concentrations in the brain were adults, and most were great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Dieldrin was the chemical most often considered responsible for death. Herons died of suspected DDT and dieldrin poisoning years after the chemicals were banned in the United States. More than 20 percent of the herons found dead or moribund had lethal or hazardous concentrations of organochlorines in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of 1992-1993 dietary intake of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Fukuoka, Japan.

To estimate Japanese daily intakes of organochlorine pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDTs), dieldrin (aldrin), heptachlor-epoxide (heptachlor), and hexachlorobenzenes (HCBs) from foods, fish, fish products, meat, eggs, milk, and milk products were analyzed as major sources of these pesticides in the diet. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) per person were 0.56 microgram for total HCH, 0.20 microgram for gamma-HCH, 0.09 microgram for dieldrin, 1.42 micrograms for total DDT, and 0.15 microgram for HCB. Similarly, daily intakes of organophosphorus pesticides such as malathion and chlorpyrifosmethyl were estimated by analyzing wheat and wheat products as major contributing foods. EDIs of malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl were 0.22 and 0.24 microgram, respectively. Daily intakes of total HCH, dieldrin, and total DDT in fiscal year 1992-1993 decreased 29, 44, and 40%, respectively, but gamma-HCH intake increased 167%, in comparison with results of total diet studies for fiscal years 1980-1984. It was also shown that increase in gamma-HCH intake was due to recent increase in consumption of imported meat and meat products. Malathion intake did not change significantly. This method, which estimates EDIs based on concentrations of pollutants in main foods and statistical data of food consumption from the Japanese National Nutrition Survey, is considered to be sufficiently accurate for use as a simplified total diet study.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Susceptibility status of two species of Japanese encephalitis vectors to insecticides in the Thar desert, district Bikaner (Rajasthan).

Susceptibility tests were conducted on the adults of two species of Japanese encephalitis vectors viz., Culex pseudovishnui and C. tritaeniorhynchus against diagnostic doses of DDT, dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and permethrin at different exposure duration. C. pseudovishnui was found susceptible to permethrin and resistant to dieldrin and propoxur while C. tritaeniorhynchus was found susceptible to permethrin and resistant to DDT, dieldrin, fenitrothion and propoxur. A verification, however, was required with other insecticides for both the species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Insecticide susceptibility status of some anophelines in district Bikaner, Rajasthan.

Insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on the adults of four anopheline species namely. Anopheles annularis, An. culicifacies, An. stephensi and An. subpictus against the diagnostic doses of six insecticides, viz. DDT (4.0%), dieldrin (0.4%), malathion (5.0%). fenitrothion (1.0%), propoxur (0.1%) and permethrin (0.25%) in District Bikaner (Rajasthan). A time dependent effect has been observed with each insecticide. All the four species were found resistant to DDT and dieldrin and susceptible to fenitrothion and permethrin. An culicifacies and An. subpictus showed susceptibility to malathion, while further verification for the other two species was required. However, with propoxur An. annularis showed resistance, whereas for other three species further studies are required. DDT and dieldrin, the two organochlorines, were found least effective as compared to organophosphates and carbamates.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia punjabaensis (Diptera:Psychodidae) to some insecticides in district Bikaner (Rajasthan).

Susceptibility tests were carried out on the females of two species of sandflies viz. Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia punjabaensis against six insecticides viz. DDT, dieldrin (organochlorines); malathion, fenitrothion (organophosphates); propoxur (carbamate) and permethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) in district Bikaner, Rajasthan. A concentration and time dependent effect was observed with insecticides for both the species. P. papatasi was found resistant to DDT, dieldrin and propoxur while susceptible to malathion, fenitrothion and permethrin. However, S. punjabensis was found susceptible to all the insecticides tested. LC50 and LT50 value estimated for DDT and dieldrin for P. papatasi and S. punjabaensis were found to be 2.2 and 0.3% x 1 hr and 1.45 and 0.032% x 15 min. respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois, 1971-76.

Monitoring activities were initiated in 1971 to survey the occurence and levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois. Dieldrin residues were the most prevalent, and were found in 96 percent of the samples. Dieldrin also accounted for the highest average residue concentration (0.09 ppm). Only 0.3% of the samples contained illegal insecticide residues. Levels of DDT and lindane were generally declining, but those for dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide tended to remain constant.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed1963

CHLORINATED INSECTICIDES IN THE BODY FAT OF PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES.

Benzene hexachloride and dieldrin are present in the body fat of people in the general population of the United States. The mean concentration of dieldrin is 0.15 +/- 0.02 parts per million, which is in good agreement with the concentration reported for southern England. The mean concentration of benzene hexachloride is 0.20 +/- 0.04 ppm, which is considerably lower than the mean concentration reported for France. Paired analyses of DDT by gas chromatographic and colorimetric methods show that the results of the latter may give incorrectly high results when applied to human fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1962

The bionomics of salt-water Anopheles gambiae in East Africa.

Following residual spraying of houses in Pemba Island with dieldrin as part of a malaria eradication programme, Anopheles gambiae were found breeding in salt-water pools in many parts of the island. Studies were made on the bionomics of this salt-water form of the mosquito, dealing in particular with its behaviour, feeding preferences, role as a malaria vector, larval reaction to brackish water and adult susceptibility to dieldrin.The first-stage larvae of the freshwater and salt-water forms were found to exhibit a distinct difference in their reaction to 75% sea water, the former dying within 1(1/2) hours and the latter surviving 6 hours or more. It is suggested that this reaction may provide the best way of distinguishing with certainty between the two forms in East Africa.The results of precipitin tests and indoor and outdoor catches showed that, after spraying, the salt-water form was mainly exophilic with a preference for feeding on cattle. Exposure of adult to 0.4% dieldrin by the WHO test method indicated that they were still susceptible to that insecticide after two spraying cycles.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1964

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL INSECTICIDES IN EXPERIMENTAL HUTS IN MASAKA DISTRICT, UGANDA.

Observations made in Kigezi District, Uganda, had shown a great reduction in the number of Anopheles gambiae entering an experimental hut treated with DDT. The work reported in this paper confirms the phenomenon of reduced entry by A. gambiae and A. funestus in two experiments carried out in Masaka, another district of Uganda, using mud-walled huts, roofed with thatch or corrugated-iron sheets and sprayed with DDT and dieldrin. The fact that no similar reduction was observed with Mansonia (mansonioides) uniformis, a common species in the area, indicates the need to determine and take into account any reduction in the number of entering mosquitos when assessing the effect of residual insecticides. Of interest in these experiments was the finding that DDT and dieldrin produced satisfactory kills with all the local anopheline species in spite of their rapid sorption by the mud walls, an indication of the importance of thatch or metal roofs as a source of active insecticide.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

THE DEVELOPMENT AND TREND OF INSECTICIDE-RESISTANCE IN ANOPHELES ACONITUS DOENITZ AND ANOPHELES SUNDAICUS RODENWALDT.

The spread of insecticide-resistance in the two main vectors of malaria in Java, Anopheles aconitus Dönitz and A. sundaicus Rodenwaldt, has been of concern to workers in the Indonesian malaria eradication programme since DDT-resistance was first detected, in A. sundaicus, in 1954. The history of development of resistance in these two vectors has been summarized in this paper by assembling the available records in chronological order, thus facilitating reference.The picture which emerges is that of somewhat erratic occurrence of DDT-resistance in A. sundaicus and more stable, expanding areas of DDT-resistant A. aconitus. Dieldrin-resistance is more widespread than DDT-resistance in both species and preceded the onset of DDT-resistance in A. aconitus but not in A. sundaicus. These features should not be regarded as species characteristics, however, since selection pressures on the two species have been far from uniform.Malathion appears to be a promising alternative to DDT and dieldrin for the control of the two vectors in the circumstances described.

Animals↗