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PubMed1997

Prevalence of very mild to severe dementia in Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of dementia has been estimated in several countries and a meta-analysis has shown moderate and severe dementia in people aged 65 years and older to be between 4% and 6%. The Odense study is aiming to estimate the prevalence and incidence of dementia and to identify risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 3346 persons, equivalent to 64.5% of a random sample of 5237 persons aged 65-84 years living in the municipality of Odense, Denmark, underwent a two phase diagnostic procedure including a screening with CAMCOG, the cognitive section of The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly, seven neuropsychological tests, medical examination, and CT scan. The severity of dementia was assessed by the CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating). RESULTS: The prevalence rate was 7.1%, including the very mildly demented, defined as persons rated questionably demented according to the CDR scale. The prevalence rate of very mild dementia was 2.8%. The proportion of cases with very mild dementia decreased with increasing age while the prevalence rate increased. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of very mild cases of dementia resulted in a higher prevalence rate than generally reported, and the prevalence rate increased exponentially with age which was mainly due to Alzheimer's disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Risk factors associated with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in northern Jutland, Denmark 1990-1993.

This population-based, historical, follow-up study analysed possible risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and resulting visual impairment in newborns over a period of 3 1/2 years in the County of Northern Jutland, Denmark. The study subjects were 141 infants with birth weight < or = 1500 grams and gestational age < 35 completed weeks who survived to a first eye examination at 5 weeks. The incidence of ROP (all stages) was 18%, and the frequency of severe visual impairment from ROP was 14/100,000 live births. A logistic regression analysis identified low gestational age, multiple births, continuous oxygen treatment, and male sex as risk factors for ROP. The main factor in the prevention of ROP is to prevent preterm births.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1996

Current trends in newly registered blindness in Denmark.

Current pattern of blindness (i.e. visual acuity < or = 6/60) in Denmark was studied based on 1585 application forms for new membership to the Danish Society of the Blind during 1993. Statistics on blindness are very sensitive to the definitions used. A change of blindness definition to visual acuity < 6/60 reduced the number of formally blind subjects with 32%, and by using the definition of WHO (visual acuity < 3/60) only 562 subjects (35%) would have been considered blind. The prevailing causes of blindness were age-related macular degeneration with 1132 cases (71.4%), followed by diabetic retinopathy 133 cases (8.4%), and glaucoma 80 cases (5.0%). Among the younger subjects (133 persons) aged 20-59 years diabetic retinopathy comprised 36% and lesions of the optic pathways 26%, while myopia and retinitis pigmentosa accounted for 5% each. The majority of the applicants (92%) were > or = 60 years old. In this group, age-related macular degeneration was the main cause of blindness in 78%. Figures from 1993 were compared with six similar studies on newly registered blindness from the last 35 years. The annual number of registrations was doubled during the last 25 years. The annual number of registered blind due to diabetic retinopathy fell during the 60's and 70's followed by a constant rate during the last decades. Glaucoma blindness fell with a factor two, and declined from a relative frequency of 15% among the causes of blindness to 5%. The impact of age related macular degeneration increased from 20% to 70% during the same period.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Changing threshold for cataract surgery in Denmark between 1980 and 1992. Results from the Danish Cataract Surgery Outcomes Study. II.

In Denmark the number of cataract extractions has increased 350% from 1980 to 1991. During the same period the elderly population at risk has only increased 17%, and thus cannot account for the large increase in the number of extractions. In order to investigate whether more comprehensive clinical indications could be a possible explanation, we compared pre-operative visual acuity and visual impairment in two consecutive samples of Danish cataract surgery patients obtained in 1980 (n = 73) and in 1992 (n = 290). Criteria for inclusion were similar and both samples were representative for the whole country. During the period mean pre-operative visual acuity increased from 0.04 to 0.16 in the eye enlisted for surgery (p < 0.00001). Visual functional impairment could be compared by using the same questionnaire for patient interview in 1992 as was used in 1980. In 1992 the degree of impairment was significantly less for reading, outdoor orientation and self care activities. A change in surgical threshold or clinical indications for surgery appears to be a major contributing factor to the large increase in surgical rates, even though a trend to perform second eye cataract surgery more often might also be of some importance.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The occurrence and causes of registered blindness in diabetes patients in Arhus County, Denmark.

PURPOSE: To report the occurrence of registered blindness among diabetes patients in Arhus County, Denmark during 1993-2002. METHODS: Data were obtained from a database of 7527 diabetes patients, which included all patients in the county who had been treated for or had experienced visual loss due to diabetic retinopathy since 1992. Of these, 1949 had type 1 diabetes and represented 90% of the type 1 diabetes patient population in the county, and 5459 had type 2 diabetes and represented 40% of the type 2 diabetes patient population in the county. RESULTS: The point prevalence of legal blindness was 0.6% for type 1 and 1.5% for type 2 diabetes patients at January 1st, 2003. In type 1 diabetes patients, the major cause of blindness was proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (66.2% of all blind eyes); in type 2 diabetes patients the major causes were age-related macular degeneration (21.9%), PDR (18.0%) and diabetic maculopathy (DMac) (18.5%). During 1993-2002 there was a significant decrease in the number of blind eyes secondary to PDR (p = 0.008) in type 1 diabetes patients, and a significant increase in the number of blind eyes secondary to DMac (p = 0.005) in type 2 diabetes patients. CONCLUSION: The major challenge in reducing diabetes-related blindness is related to the detection and treatment of an increased incidence of diabetic maculopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lesions of the lacrimal drainage system: a clinicopathological study of 643 biopsy specimens of the lacrimal drainage system in Denmark 1910-1999.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of histologically verified lesions of the lacrimal drainage system in Denmark between the years 1910 and 1999. Furthermore, to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the pathology diagnosis. METHODS: Retrospective review of all pathology reports from 1910 to 1999 in the files of the Eye Pathology Institute, University of Copenhagen, describing a lesion of the lacrimal drainage system. In addition, a retrospective review of all reports describing a lesion of the lacrimal drainage system from the Danish Pathology Database. All specimens were re-evaluated, except in cases with a primary diagnosis of dacryocystitis. In these cases a sample of 25% was re-evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 643 lesions were collected. Dacryocystitis was the most frequent lesion, constituting 508 cases (79%). The remaining cases were diagnosed as dacryolithiasis (62 cases; 7.9%), tumour (29 cases; 4.5%), trauma (19 cases; 3.0%), congenital malformation (nine cases; 1.4%), canaliculitis (eight cases; 1.2%) and granulomatous inflammation (eight cases; 1.2%). Seventeen tumours were malignant, of which B-cell lymphoma was the most common (six cases). In 0.6% of cases with a clinical diagnosis of dacryocystitis/lithiasis a non-suspected malignant tumour was diagnosed. Micro-organisms were uncommon in dacryocystitis (9%) but frequent in cases of dacryolithiasis (87%). CONCLUSION: Dacryocystitis was by far the most frequent lesion of the lacrimal drainage system referred for histopathological evaluation. Dacryolithiasis was often associated with micro-organisms, especially Gram positive rods. Histopathology is necessary to confirm suspected tumours, more than half of which were inflammatory lesions, and to detect tumours that sometimes masquerade as inflammation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Psychic disorders among pre-school children in a geographically delimited area of Aarhus county, Denmark.

A study was undertaken concerning prevalence of psychic disorders among 175-5 to 6-year-old, pre-school children randomly selected from the general population in the municipality of Aarhus and the island Samsø of Aarhus County, Denmark. Deviant behaviour was arbitrarily defined, with a symptom considered aberrant if it occurred in 10% or less of the children studied. Mental health of the children was assessed by (a) the number of deviant symptoms, (b) opinions of the parents and (c) the personal assessment of the author, who interviewed all the families. Thirty-five probands (20%) showed good adjustment, 113 (65%) were coping well with only minor symptoms, and 27 children (15%) were poorly adjusted. A high prevalence of psychosomatic, behavioural, and emotional symptoms was observed, some of them more frequently among boys than girls. No significant difference was found between urban and rural children. The need for psychiatric help even among supposedly normal, pre-school children is discussed and emphasized.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1977

Present status of forensic psychiatry in Denmark.

In Denmark the desire for psychiatric cooperation within the juridical system has on the whole been on the decline during the past decades. This applies both to the writing of psychiatric reports to the court, and to the sanction system. Within civil forensic psychiatry, practice is almost unchanged and unchallenged, while the demand for one form of social forensic psychiatry has been drastically reduced with the literalization of abortion and sterilization laws. The present practice of penal forensic psychiatry is described. Remarks on the future organization and research are made.

Crime↗
PubMed1979

Psychiatric examination of all eight adult males with the karyotype 46,XX diagnosed in Denmark till 1976.

Psychiatric examination has been made in all eight adult males with the karyotype 46,XX diagnosed in Denmark til 1976. Apart from emotional immaturity in most probands, no psychopathological traits were found, except in one who had neurotic symptoms. They were all of normal intelligence and socially well adjusted. All had male psychosexual orientation, but weak sexual libido and potency were found in the oldest probands. In several respects males with 46,XX differ from Klinefelter males with the karyotype 47,XXY, and the reasons for this are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

First admissions for psychiatric disorders. A comparison between the Faroe Islands and Denmark.

Historical accounts emphasize a high rate of mental morbidity in the Faroe Islands compared with Denmark. As prerequisites for a comparative investigation are now present, we have compared a 10-year period of first admission rates in both areas. We found a lower rate for the Faroes generally, in particular for women, for the age group 30-64, and also for the majority of diagnostic groups. The group manic-depressive psychosis come closest to Danish conditions, followed by reactive psychosis and alcohol and drug abuse. The greatest difference was found for the groups personal disorders, neuroses, and schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Mentally retarded admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Denmark.

Computerized register linkage and a questionnaire survey showed that the number of mentally retarded admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Denmark is rapidly increasing. This development is highly deplorable. Diagnosis and treatment are frequently complicated by the nature of the mental handicap and, especially, the often diverging clinical appearance of the psychiatric disorders in these persons. Mentally retarded with a psychiatric disorder should, in general, be treated in special institutions or outpatient clinics, by specially trained social psychiatrists and staffs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Cross-national study of perceived parental rearing behaviour in healthy subjects from Australia, Denmark, Italy, The Netherlands and Sweden: pattern and level comparisons.

Samples of healthy subjects from Australia, Denmark, Italy, The Netherlands and Sweden completed the EMBU, a Swedish questionnaire aimed at assessing the experience of parental rearing practices. For the purpose of comparison three factors - "emotional warmth", "rejection" and "overprotection" - obtained in a previous factor analytic study, have been used. The most pronounced differences occurred between the Dutch and the Swedish sample on the one hand, and the Italian and Australian sample on the other, with the Danish sample in between. Differences in perceived parental rearing should be considered when comparing personality characteristics and/or psychopathological conditions in subjects from different countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Attempted suicide in Denmark. III. Assessment of repeated suicidal behaviour.

Ninety-nine patients, randomly chosen among hospital admitted suicide attempters, were initially interviewed at the Department of Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, and then followed up for a period of about 3 years. Half of the patients repeated the attempt in the follow-up period, mostly in the first year. Ten patients committed suicide, half of them in the first 3 months after the interview, shortly after discharge from hospital. The majority of the repeaters were living alone, while those that committed suicide were mostly married women aged 50-60 years. Other characteristic features for the repeaters were previous suicidal behaviour and suicidal behaviour among relatives. Many had a psychiatric record and expressed chronic somatic complaints. Around the time of the attempt, many expressed hopelessness, isolation and suicidal ideation. Pierce's Suicide Intent Scale performed poorly due, in particular, to low specificity. Future work will focus on objective risk factors, those indicated here and others, in order to establish an up-to-date background for assessment and management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Suicide in psychiatric patients in Denmark, 1971-81. I. Demographic and diagnostic description.

Data concerning all suicide cases in Denmark with a psychiatric history (1971-81) were compiled through computer record linkage between central registers. Cases of suicide during and up to 1 year after inpatient hospitalization were investigated. 21% of the suicides took place while the patient was still hospitalized. The overall suicide rates increased slightly faster than in the population without recent psychiatric hospitalization. There were few suicides in the groups over 65 and under 25 years of age. A sharp relative increase in suicide mortality in the provincial and particularly rural populations was noted. Approximately half of the patients were psychotic, mainly with major affective disorder. The percentage of patients with neurosis or personality disorder decreased. 37% of the men and 18% of the women were diagnosed as substance abusers. Fairly consistently, approximately 10% of the suicide victims were characterized by affective reactions or no psychiatric illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Suicide in psychiatric patients in Denmark, 1971-1981. II. Hospital utilization and risk groups.

A register-based analysis was made of hospital utilization and time of suicide among psychiatric patients in Denmark. Suicidal schizophrenic patients had long hospitalizations and their suicide frequency was comparatively constant. Patients with reactive psychoses and affective reactions had more often only one hospitalization and few bed/days. Forty percent of the latter group had previously attempted suicide and only one in six was offered outpatient follow-up. The highest age-, sex-, and diagnosis-specific suicide rates were found among middle-aged and elderly men with manic-depressive or reactive psychoses, and neuroses or personality disorders. Some groups of patients with affective reactions had comparatively high suicide rates, whereas those for patients with a main diagnosis of substance abuse corresponded to the average for the whole patient population. The average suicide rates for manic-depressive women corresponded to that for all male patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Decreasing rates of first-admission diagnoses of schizophrenia among females in Denmark 1970-84.

In Denmark age-standardized rates of first-admission diagnoses of schizophrenia in females decreased significantly by 44% from 1970 to 1984. The slope of the regression line is -0.21 per 100,000 female inhabitants aged 15 years or more per year. All age groups, but especially the age group 45-54 years, contributed to the decrease in rates. Coinciding with the decrease in schizophrenia rates, an increase in age-standardized rates of borderline states in the age group 15-44 years occurred. The slope of the regression line is +0.53 per 100,000 per year. The results are compared with those in males and possible causes of the decrease are discussed. There is every probability that, as in males, part of the decrease is due to changes in diagnostic habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Increasing incidence of borderline states in Denmark from 1970-1985.

In Denmark sex and age standardized rates of first-admission diagnosis of the borderline state (301.83; ICD-8), have significantly increased during the 16 year interval 1970-85. There was no increase in the sex and age standardized rates of first-admission diagnosis of the other borderline state schizophrenia latens (295.59; ICD-8), in the same period. There was not sex difference in application of the 301.83 diagnosis, but a generation effect, the age group 15-34 especially contributed to the increase. Analysis of the geographic variation showed a five-fold relative risk of receiving the 301.83 diagnosis in the metropolitan area of Copenhagen compared with a total of three selected counties. Possible causes of the increase are discussed. There is every probability that the increase is due to change in diagnostic habits, but change in population psychiatric morbidity can not be excluded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa in Denmark from 1973 to 1987: a nationwide register study of psychiatric admission.

A nationwide register study of psychiatric admission for anorexia nervosa in Denmark yielded average incidence rates of 1.9 per 100,000 per year for females and 0.17 per 100,000 per year for males. The prevalence was 6.7 per 100,000 per year for females and 0.6 per 100,000 per year for males. The female-male ratio for first admissions was 11.8:1. The incidence of anorexia nervosa showed no trend in the general population, but an increase was found among psychiatric inpatients. This increase was explained by a reduction by one third in all psychiatric first admissions and in available psychiatric beds and augmented by an increase in readmissions of anorectic patients. Males were younger than females at first admission. Females were older at first admission from 1973 to 1977 than in later periods. Of males readmitted for non-eating disorders, more were psychotics and fewer psychopaths than among females. Age-period and age-cohort analysis of the 10- to 24-year-old females showed that only age exerted a significant independent influence on first-admission rates, whereas all 3 factors exerted significant independent influence on readmission rates. This might reflect changes in admission policy, greater diagnostic vigilance and changes in attitude towards weight, shape and fitness.

Adolescent↗