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PubMed1998

The role of a scientific society in physiology education: current and future perspectives.

As a professional society of physiologists involved in research and teaching, the American Physiological Society (APS) is "...devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and the dissemination of information in the physiological sciences." Established long-range goals for education guide the development of current and future programs at all education levels. K-12 outreach programs develop working relationships between physiologists and K-12 teachers within local communities and improve the quality of precollege science education. At the undergraduate level, APS programs foster excellence in physiology education and promote student interest in physiology careers. At the graduate level, activities promote excellence in graduate training and the professional development of students, including a focus on underrepresented groups. At each of these levels, the Society includes activities for the continuing education of its members. Looking to the future, the Society plans to expand the programs and resources offered to researchers and educators at all levels. On-line programs, resources, and communications have been initiated and will play an even more important role in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The establishment of social worker participation in rural primary health care.

This paper analyses four attempts to establish programs involving social worker participation in rural primary health care agencies. Successful programs are likely to be those in which the host physicians have been involved in program design and have specifically invited participation by social workers. The successful solicitation of such invitations will require the development of multilevel advocacy programs and effective communication strategies.

Alabama↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of the child with delayed speech or language.

Because of the relative frequency of speech/language delay, all infants and preschool children should undergo routine language screening as part of health care maintenance. Diagnostic evaluation of the child with speech or language delay should answer the following questions: What is the child's descriptive diagnosis (eg, hearing impaired, mentally retarded, DLD, etc.)? What is the child's etiologic diagnosis (eg, congenital viral infection, single gene disorder, birth asphyxia, etc.)? What is the appropriate intervention strategy (amplification, orally based speech therapy, total communication, "infant stimulation" program, etc.)? What is this child's long-term prognosis, to the extent that this is knowable? All children with speech or language delay should undergo formal audiologic testing, regardless of how well the child seems to hear in an office setting, and regardless of whether other disabilities are present which might independently explain the speech/language delay. Evaluation by a psychologist, a speech/language pathologist, or both should follow, with referral to an appropriate intervention program based upon the results of formal developmental testing. Additional medical evaluation (eg, CAT scan, EEG, karyotype), and genetic counseling must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Long-term follow-up should include an awareness that speech or language delay during the preschool years often signifies long-term developmental difficulties, warranting close follow-up of such children as they advance through the school age years.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Organization and operation of P & T Committees in the state of Florida: a survey.

To determine the structure and function of P & T Committees in Florida, a survey was initiated. Questionnaires were mailed to all 289 hospitals in the state. Topics addressed included hospital demographics (type of service provided, institution ownership, hospital size), P & T Committee structure (size of the committee, membership breakdown by specialty, chairman specialty, number of meetings per year), formulary additions (personnel authorized to request drug additions, process for adding drugs to the formulary, monitoring new drug use), and formulary systems (prevalence of therapeutic interchange programs, methods of communicating formulary changes). Overall survey response rate was 71.5%. In general, P & T Committees in Florida appear to be functioning at a relatively high level. Since there is little current information about the composition and operation of P & T Committees in hospitals around the country, it is hoped that this survey will be useful to P & T Committees that wish to upgrade or expand their activities.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1991

Achieving an effective committee through reorganization: the Ohio State University Hospital's experience.

The P & T Committee at Ohio State University (OSU) Hospitals, Columbus, is unique in that it accomplishes the bulk of its tasks through subcommittees. Four subcommittees are currently in place: a formulary subcommittee, a policy and surveillance subcommittee, an antibiotic subcommittee, and a therapeutic drug monitoring subcommittee. An advantage to this method of organization is that it allows for much more medical staff involvement in P & T Committee activities. Other unique aspects of this P & T Committee are that it is responsible for maintaining both an inpatient and outpatient formulary, and it provides decision-making services for a specialty cancer hospital. Expansion of their drug usage evaluation program, further development of their therapeutic monitoring program, and improved communication with the medical staff are future goals of this P & T Committee.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1986

Targeting consumer needs through marketing research.

The importance of marketing research in health care has increased dramatically in recent years as hospitals grapple to maintain a place in today's uncertain market. This article examines how marketing research can enhance the effectiveness of your hospital's internal and external communications by identifying programs and services considered most important by consumers.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed2002

Fighting childhood obesity with university-community partnerships.

This article describes how two Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Executive Nurse Fellows used their leadership competencies to inspire and lead change within the community to fight the growing problem of childhood obesity. A model of University-Community partnership is proposed which incorporated the core leadership competencies of the RWJ program--interpersonal and communication effectiveness; risk-taking and creativity; self-knowledge; skills in creating change; and, strategic vision. Leadership lessons learned are provided for nurses interested in leading efforts to improve the health status of communities.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Observations of noise exposure through the use of headphones by radio announcers.

This study examined the potential risk of hearing loss by commercial radio announcers. This risk is developed through the regular use of headphones. These headphones are used to monitor broadcast transmission and communication information from program producers. To our knowledge there are no published studies of the noise exposure of radio announcers. The experimental method utilised a headphone parallel to the one in use mounted on a wideband, artificial ear. A Sound Level Meter was then used to measure the sound level and then calculate the exposure level. Depending on the feedback level applied to their headphones radio announcers are exposed to potentially damaging levels of noise. Levels measured correlate with results from other studies of long-term average speech spectrum and voice level measurements.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Survey of ACCP members regarding use of computers and information processing.

A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 480 members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy to determine their opinions on various issues relating to computer technology and the future role of computers in information processing in pharmacy. Results from the 335 evaluable responses revealed nearly universal use of computers. Word processing was the most common application and IBM or compatible computers were the dominant machines. Respondents used a wide variety of generalized and specialized programs, especially electronic communication products. Computer technology is expected to have a major impact on routine aspects of pharmacy practice, although, respondents were split on its impact on more cognitively intensive functions.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
PubMed1992

[Characteristics of urgent house calls in an urban clinic].

Urgent house calls during regular clinic hours constitute a significant burden on the family physician's workload. It is the impression of the staff of this clinic that many patients use this service incorrectly, so that ordering an urgent house call often leads to a direct confrontation between the patient and his physician. During a 4-month period questionnaires were filled out by the physician before and after every visit described as "urgent" by the caller. There was a huge gap between the physician's and the patient's concept of what constitutes an urgent situation. However, in many cases the physician justified the visit. This survey emphasizes the importance of house calls and justifies them, but not always as to their urgency. As a result of this survey, we are now designing a program to improve communication when an urgent house call is ordered, in order to minimize the gap between the physician's and his patient's understanding and expectations of the necessity and urgency of the visit.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Health-seeking behavior for malaria among child and adult headed households in Rakai district, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: The number of orphans in Rakai district, Uganda is estimated to be 34,902 (OCBO, 2000) which translates into 28% of children under the age of 18 years. Young people who have been orphaned and as a result became heads of households must look after themselves and their siblings. These children are likely to be faced with several health problems and have to take crucial life decisions without parental/adult guidance. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to understand how child-headed households, Rakai district in Uganda recognize malaria, their health-seeking behavior when malaria is suspected and reasons for the type of behavior compared to the adult-headed households. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 300 households in Rakai district, Uganda, in which 8/23 (35%) of sub-counties and 150 child-headed households were included. The closest neighborhood adult-headed household to each child-headed household was selected for comparison. Individual interview was carried out with the respondents using semi-structure questionnaire. Key informant interview and focus group discussions were also conducted. RESULTS: The main findings were that the respondents in child-headed households had less knowledge on signs and symptoms of simple and severe malaria compared to adult heads of households. Respondents in child-headed households were less likely to seek health care from health facilities (OR=0.59, CI=0.36-0.97, p-value=0.028). There was no significant difference in the time lag before taking first action in the two types of households (OR=0.72, CI=0.42-1.22, p-value=0.194). The respondents in child-headed households were six times (OR=5.70,CI=2.75-11.91, p-value<0.001) more likely to use local herb for treatment of malaria than the adult heads households. Major reasons stated by the respondents for choosing where health care is sought included distance to source of health care, cheap or free treatment, availability of drugs, and quick services to patients. CONCLUSION: The respondents in child-headed households had less knowledge on signs and symptoms of simple and severe malaria and receive too little or late health care from health professionals compared to the adult heads of households probably due to lack of knowledge and money. Information Communication and Education programs should be designed and target the child-headed households and supply home packs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The importance of high-level training for nutrition scientists in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Can the African people investigate and critically analyse nutrition needs in their context, identify national or community nutrition problems, plan and evaluate nutrition programs, educate, and communicate scientific knowledge in nutrition without high-level trained staffs with a strong scientific base in human nutrition? Will they be able to tackle their nutrition problems without a sustainable organisation for long-term training and research? In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse factors that will contribute to improving human nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper also highlights an experience of institutional capacity building in Senegal, West Africa.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2002

Parallelizing a DNA simulation code for the Cray MTA-2.

The Cray MTA-2 (Multithreaded Architecture) is an unusual parallel supercomputer that promises ease of use and high performance. We describe our experience on the MTA-2 with a molecular dynamics code, SIMU-MD, that we are using to simulate the translocation of DNA through a nanopore in a silicon based ultrafast sequencer. Our sequencer is constructed using standard VLSI technology and consists of a nanopore surrounded by Field Effect Transistors (FETs). We propose to use the FETs to sense variations in charge as a DNA molecule translocates through the pore and thus differentiate between the four building block nucleotides of DNA. We were able to port SIMU-MD, a serial C code, to the MTA with only a modest effort and with good performance. Our porting process needed neither a parallelism support platform nor attention to the intimate details of parallel programming and interprocessor communication, as would have been the case with more conventional supercomputers.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

A computerized database for haemophilia patient records.

A microcomputer database system for the storage, retrieval, and statistical analysis of data associated with the treatment of haemophilia and other defects of haemostasis is described. The hardware requirements are an IBM compatible PC with both hard and floppy disc drives and a suitable printer. The system was written using Smartware II, a powerful integrated software package which incorporates database, word processor, spreadsheet and communications functions. The programs were written with flexibility in mind and can be readily adapted to accommodate the work patterns of any haemophilia centre. This system has now been operational in the Regional Haemophilia Centre at the Manchester Royal Infirmary since January 1990. Its introduction has led to a marked improvement in the efficiency of patient data handling with significant savings in staff time.

England↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Religion and spirituality: influence on health/risk behavior and cancer screening behavior of African Americans.

In spite of the diversity in the principles, expression and practice, it is believed that significant improvements can occur in the health status of African Americans if health education and outreach efforts are presented and promoted through religious, spiritual and faith-based venues. Several reports published in the peer-reviewed literature address issues related to religion, spirituality and cancer control among African Americans. This growing body of literature describes outcomes of several cancer prevention and control programs designed for and conducted within the African American faith community. However, few efforts have been undertaken to examine the influence of religion and spirituality on health/risk behavior and cancer screening practices of African Americans within the faith community. This report presents the outcomes of an exploratory study undertaken to examine the influence of religion and spirituality on the health/risk behavior and cancer screening practices of African American congregants. Data suggest a need for tailored and targeted health education, outreach and programming among the targeted group of congregants focused specifically on tobacco control, diet and nutrition, exercise and physical activity, weight management, and cancer screening. The same appears to be the case relative to the need for education, outreach and programming focused on communication with primary care providers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

HIV antibody testing in young, urban adults.

We surveyed men and women aged 21 to 34 years to determine the rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing in blacks and whites of diverse education levels in four US cities. Responses to the anonymous, mailed questionnaire were received from 90% of 777 white women, 64% of 734 black women, 79% of 677 white men, and 48% of 541 black men. The percentages reporting HIV testing for these four race-gender groups were 29%, 22%, 30%, and 38%, respectively. The percentages reporting testing that was voluntarily sought (ie, not in connection with blood donation, military service) were 16%, 14%, 18%, and 22%, respectively. In each race-gender group, roughly half of those who had not been tested said they "might have a blood test for the AIDS virus in the future". Education level was not correlated with HIV-testing frequency. Blacks were significantly less likely than whites to be aware of "a blood test that can detect the AIDS virus infection" (58% vs 77%), but blacks who knew of the test were more likely than whites to have been tested (47% vs 37%). Eleven percent of subjects reported at least one major risk factor for HIV infection. In these people, HIV testing was most common among homosexually active men (56% tested; 52% voluntarily sought), intermediate among injection drug users (40% tested; 31% voluntarily sought), and least common among the sexual partners of injection-drug users (21% tested; 11% voluntarily sought). Health education programs need to communicate the availability of, and need for, anonymous HIV testing.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1991

Population behavior change: a theory-based approach.

Behavioral science provides useful ideas about how programs of mass communication and community participation can produce synergistic influences on the lifestyles and policy decisions of populations and their representatives. Media campaigns featuring real-life behavior models and community networks mobilized to promote behavior change provide a theoretically sound paradigm for community-level activities to accelerate the diffusion of innovation in health. Illustrative case studies demonstrate how behavioral science concepts can be applied to preventing HIV infections and to promoting citizen lobbying against selected nuclear weapons systems.

Health Behavior↗