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PubMed2002

Comparison of peritumoral and subareolar injection of Tc99m sulphur colloid and blue-dye for detection of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The new trend in diagnosis of the lymph node is sentinel node biopsy. This method has become increasingly accepted as a minimally invasive alternative to routine axillary dissection. Although the results of numerous studies have shown that sentinel node biopsy can accurately determine the axillary nodal status, the identification rates and false-negative rates have been variable. The sentinel lymph node is defined as the first node in the lymphatic basin that receives the primary lymphatic flow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between September 1998 and August 2002 123 patients with primary operative breast cancer without clinical palpable axillary lymph nodes were enrolled in the study. There were two groups of patients according to sentinel node identification technique: 51 patients (Group I) received parenchymal, peritumoral injection of 1.0 ml of 16 MBq Tc(99m)-radiolabelled sulphur colloid and single intradermal injection of blue-dye over the tumour. The next 72 patients (Group II) received intradermal, periareolar one-site injection of 0.5 ml of 16 MBq Tc(99m)-radiolabelled sulphur colloid and blue-dye. RESULTS: Sentinel lymph node was found in 41 (80.4%) cases in Group I and in 67 (93.0%) cases in Group II (p = 0.028). The localisation of the axillary lymph node as a "hot spot" visualised by lymphoscintigraphy was successful in 39/51 (76.5%) cases in Group I and 67/72 (93.0%) in Group II, p = 0.004). In both groups the success of sentinel node identification in the axillary region by lymphoscintigraphy was connected with sentinel lymph node finding during surgery (Group I: p < 0.001, Group II: p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that intradermal, periareolar one-site injection of Tc(99m)-radiolabelled sulphur colloid and blue-dye is superior to peritumoral 4-sites injections Tc(99m)-radiolabelled sulphur colloid and single intradermal injection of blue-dye over the tumour in sentinel lymph node identification.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Value of fine needle aspiration cytology of the breast, with an emphasis on the cytodiagnosis of colloid carcinoma.

The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic evaluation of 6,941 lesions of the breast was reviewed, with an emphasis on the cytodiagnosis of colloid carcinoma. The most common benign breast diseases in this series were fibroadenomas, cysts and fibrocystic conditions. All cases with an FNA diagnosis of suspicious were biopsied; a number of these were found to be carcinoma of the breast. In cases with an FNA diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast, a plan of management was immediately adopted on the basis of that diagnosis. Thirteen cases of colloid (mucinous) carcinoma of the breast were diagnosed by FNA cytology; in all, the cytodiagnosis was confirmed by the subsequent histologic diagnosis. The distinctive cytologic criteria that may be useful for making an FNA diagnosis of colloid carcinoma of the breast are discussed, and the FNA differences between the pure and mixed types of colloid carcinoma are noted.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1991

[The colloid osmotic pressure of blood. Physiology, measuring technique and pre-analytic factors of influence].

Since the fundamental work of Starling the central of colloid osmotic pressure for maintaining volume homoeostasis and for transcapillary fluid exchange has been well known. To treat an intravasal volume deficit colloidal plasma substitution solutions are able to secure a sufficient colloid osmotic pressure. The last one can be measured by oncometry. Therefore an individual therapy is possible. This review describes the physiologic function, measurement techniques and important influencing parameters and disturbing factors which may be taken into consideration when colloid osmotic pressure is determined.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1991

A scanning electron microscopic morphological and semi-quantitative evaluation of rat stomach treated with colloidal bismuth subcitrate and alcohol.

Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to study the effect of absolute alcohol on the normal morphology of the rat stomach, together with the gastroprotective actions of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Studies on normal gastric morphology revealed that the major portion of the stomach was covered by a protective coating of mucus. However, there was considerable variation in the integrity of the mucosal surface of the control animals, with the loss of surface epithelial cells in some regions which may account for the variation in response to necrotising agents. The long-term administration of the gastrocytoprotective agent colloidal bismuth subcitrate resulted in a marked improvement in normal gastric integrity, compared with control tissue samples. The administration of absolute alcohol was associated with an excessive production of mucus and caused extensive damage to the gastric mucosa of control animals, resulting in destruction of the surface epithelial cells and exposure of the reticular framework. However, there was evidence that repair of this damage was underway by four hours after ethanol treatment, with a significant degree of recovery from damage occurring by 24 hours after treatment. In contrast, treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate prior to the administration of alcohol resulted in a significant reduction in the degree of damage induced by alcohol administration, suggesting that colloidal bismuth subcitrate has the ability to protect the stomach from the erosive action of alcohol.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Colloid cysts of the third ventricle: correlation of MR and CT findings with histology and chemical analysis.

Eight patients with colloid cysts of the third ventricle were examined with CT and MR. In six, surgical resection was performed and the material was subjected to histologic evaluation; the concentrations of trace elements were determined by particle-induced X-ray emission. Stereotaxic aspiration was performed in two. The investigation showed that colloid cysts are often iso- or hypodense relative to brain on CT (5/8), but sometimes have a center of increased density. Increased density did not correlate with increased concentration of calcium or other metals but did not correlate with high cholesterol content. Colloid cysts appear more heterogeneous on MR (6/8) than on CT (3/8), despite a homogeneous appearance at histology. High signal on short TR/TE sequences is correlated with a high cholesterol content. A marked shortening of the T2 relaxation time is often noticed in the central part of the cyst. Analysis of trace elements showed that this phenomenon is not related to the presence of metals with paramagnetic effects. Our analysis of the contents of colloid cysts does not support the theory that differing metallic concentrations are responsible for differences in MR signal intensity or CT density. We did find that increased CT density and high MR signal correlated with high cholesterol content.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Colloid cysts of the third cerebral ventricle. Computed x-ray tomography, MRI and stereotaxic puncture. Apropos of 9 cases].

The authors report their experience with Colloid Cysts of the third ventricle (9 cases treated between 1983 and 1989). Eight of them were punctured using stereotactic approach; five cysts were completely evacuated and the patients are free of recurrence. In three cases, tapping was impossible or the cyst insufficiently evacuated and the patients were secondary operated on (open microsurgical approach). The last case was directly operated on. Colloid cysts cured by stereotactic puncture were all hypo or iso-dense at C.T. scan and had a diameter of more than 1 cm. All these cases have had a M.R.I. exploration and the image of the cyst was always the same increased T1 and T2 signal. Unfortunately, we did not have the opportunity to realize M.R.I. in colloid cysts of a small size and hyperdense at C.T. scan. These results can help to the indication of a stereotactic puncture at the first attempt in some well defined colloid cysts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A morphologic and morphometric study of cells from colloid carcinoma of the breast obtained by fine needle aspiration. Distinction from other breast lesions.

Morphologic and morphometric studies were carried out on eight cases of pure and mixed colloid carcinoma of the breast initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Key morphologic features included (1) cellular smears, (2) single cells, loose aggregates and cohesive groups of cells bathed in a mucinous background, (3) single cells displaying nuclear eccentricity and (4) little variation in nuclear size or shape, with bland-to-accentuated chromatin and rare nucleoli. These morphologic features are compared with those observed in pregnancy adenoma, lobular carcinoma, fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. A morphometric study employing the major and minor axes of the nucleus, its axis product and axis ratio was also performed. Statistical treatment confirmed that the nuclear axis product (a size factor) distinguished colloid carcinoma from the other breast lesions, except the small-cell type of ductal carcinoma. Furthermore, the nuclear axis ratio (a shape factor) discriminates pregnancy adenoma and small-cell ductal carcinoma from the other breast lesions studied. By combining morphologic and morphometric criteria, one can specifically separate colloid carcinoma from the other breast lesions when examining smears obtained by FNA. Since colloid carcinoma is usually composed of cells with a relatively benign-appearing cytomorphology, the importance of recognizing this entity in fine needle aspirates is emphasized.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1988

[Stereotaxic diagnosis and treatment of colloid cysts of the 3d ventricle. Apropos of 7 cases].

The clinical and anatomical results of the treatment of 7 colloid cysts of third ventricle by stereotaxic aspiration are reported. A history of increased intracranial pressure was reported in all patients (4 females aged of 12, 16, 28, 38 years; 3 males aged of 36, 54, 59 years). A ventricular shunting device has been inserted in 4 patients. Pre-operative clinical findings were: signs of increased intracranial pressure (1 case), isolated memory disturbances (3 cases); motor weakness, memory disturbances and psychomotor slowness (2 cases); 1 of the 2 last cases had also thymic disturbances. Clinical examination was normal in 1 patient. CT-Scan revealed 5 hyperdense lesions, 3 with slight enhancement; 1 hypodensity encircled by an hyperdense ring without enhancement, 1 not enhancing isohypodensity. 6 colloid cysts were between the Foramens of Monro, 1 in the posterior third ventricle. Cyst volume ranged from 1.8 to 6.3 cc. (m: 3.4). Biventricular hydrocephalus was present in all but 1 patient. Stereotaxic aspiration of the cyst performed according to Talairach's system resulted in a release of C.S.F. circulation in all cases. 3 colloid cysts were aspirated completely, 4 were reduced to 3%, 11%, 12%, 33% of the initial volume. Post-operatively 2 patients presented with a transient meningeal reaction, 1 with a transient "myoclonic" syndrome. In 1 "completely aspirated" case a control CT-Scan showed, 5 years later, a small hyperdensity corresponding to 4% of the initial cyst volume. All patients lead a normal and useful life (Follow-up: 8-78 months, m: 45). Neurological examination is normal in 6 cases and shows a pre-existent facial asymmetry in 1. Ours results suggest that stereotaxic investigation should be the first safe procedure in order to achieve both diagnosis and treatment of colloid cysts of third ventricle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Comparison on the pulmonary effects of rapid infusion of a crystalloid and a colloid solution.

The cardio-pulmonary effects of a rapid infusion of a crystalloid (Ringer's lactate) and a colloid solution (Dextran 40) were compared in healthy dogs. The colloid solution produced a long lasting volume expansion and hemodilution. The improved circulation in this group was reflected in an increased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. The ventilation/perfusion ratios were reduced and the pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly lower in the colloid group in comparison both to the crystalloid group as well as to the control animals. The total oxygen consumption increased slightly in the colloid group but decreased in the crystalloid group. The postmortem extravascular lung water content did not differ in the groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Determination of the relative iodine concentration in the lumens of thyroid follicles of normal and neotenic Triturus helveticus, and evaluation of the halogen content of the thyroid colloid. Electron microprobe study (author's transl)].

The stable, bound iodine in the thyroid colloid of Triturus helveticus has been studied with the electron microprobe. Some animals show a normal development. Others are accidentally neotenic due to certain ecological conditions. The values of punctate iodine concentrations (CPI) have been computed and expressed in relative units (counts/s). The mean CPI per lumen is very variable from one follicle to another in the same thyroid section. During normal development, the mean CPI per animal is generally higher in metamorphosing individuals than in larvae. During development with neoteny, the mean CPI per animal attains high values if the larval state is maintained in its totality; the CPI decreases in partially metamorphosed animals, but increases again after metamorphosis. The amount of halogen contained in the thyroid colloid has been computed in relative units (colloid iodine pool). Throughout normal development, the pool remains small if the animals have not attained the adult state. In increases considerably in entirely larval neotenic newts, decreases during metamorphosis but increases afterwards. In totally neotenic newts, the thyroid gland receives only a low hypophyseal stimulation and reacts as the thyroid gland of various hypophysectomized Urodeles. Our results pose the problem as to whether TSH regulates the transepithelial iodine flows, which permit the expansion of the colloid iodine pool, when this hormone is secreted at a very low levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The physical and chemical characteristics of sulphur colloids.

The characteristics of sulphur colloids have been investigated using colloids labelled with 35S as well as with 99mTc. The results support a model in which technetium is incorporated in the body of the particle rather than on its surface. Elemental sulphur on the surface of the particle is susceptible to attack both by sulphide ions and by protein and other materials containing --SH groups. The ready conversion of sulphur to soluble polysulphides means that sulphur colloid particles undergo conspicuous changes in diameter, both while standing in a closed vial, and on injection into body fluids. This behaviour casts doubts on the value of routine particle-size measurement as a quality control procedure.

Colloids↗
PubMed1991

Colloidal gold as a permanent marker of cells.

We have demonstrated that colloidal gold-labelled serum proteins are taken up by a number of cells in cultures established from the postnatal rodent neopallium. The colloidal gold enters and remains within secondary lysosomes over extended periods of time and, as well, persists after the subculture of these cells. The cell types that readily take up the label in our culture system are type-1 astrocytes, glial precursor cells and macrophages, whereas, only a small number of oligodendrocytes take up the label. The use of serum proteins to introduce colloidal gold into cells therefore seems to be a convenient and easy way to permanently mark cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Light microscopic localization of silver-enhanced liposome-entrapped colloidal gold in mouse tissues.

Silver-enhanced liposome-entrapped colloidal gold was developed for light microscopic localization of liposomes. Preparation of colloidal gold entrapped in liposomes was achieved by a modified method of Hong, et al. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 732, 320-323). In this report, a gold chloride/citrate solution of low pH (3.4) was used to inhibit the formation of gold granules during the liposome preparation. The diameter of most liposomes ranged from 80 to 100 nm. Following liposome preparation, the pH was adjusted to 6, and the temperature increased to 55 degrees C. The majority of the liposomes contained one to three gold particles. Liposomes were injected into mice via tail vein; 24 h later, tissues were collected. Sections were processed for silver enhancement of the gold particles and examined by light microscopy. Silver-enhanced gold particles were clearly observed in both liver and implanted tumor. Localization was confirmed by electron and fluorescence microscopy. Thus, we have shown that silver enhancement of colloidal gold liposomes is a direct and sensitive method for tracing the fate of liposomes in vivo, providing minimal background interference and a good definition of various cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of colloid size for sentinel nodes detection using radioisotope in early gastric cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between colloid size and the detection of sentinel nodes (SN) in early gastric cancer. Three size of 99mTechnetium-tin colloids (500, 100 and 50 nm) were preoperatively injected into the submucosa under endoscopic control. Lymph node metastasis and micrometastasis was examined. RI-uptake in the hottest nodes and the total RI-uptake in the hot nodes were highest in the size of 100 nm. At least one lymph node metastasis, including micrometastasis, was included in the hot nodes. RI-labeled colloid size was one of the important factors to detect SN in early gastric cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro comparison between radiolabelled colloids, biomolecules and blood cells in their ability to diagnose deep venous thrombosis.

Three radiopharmaceutical groups (colloids, specific biomolecules and blood cells) and a control group were investigated with regard to their ability to rapidly diagnose deep venous thrombosis in an experimental rabbit model. An artificial thrombus was induced in the jugular vein and the radiopharmaceuticals were injected either homolaterally or contralaterally relative to the thrombus. The accumulation of the radioactivity in the thrombus 30 min after the induction was determined in vivo from scintillation camera images. After dissection of the jugular vein, the radioactivity of the thrombus was measured in vitro. None of the investigated radiopharmaceutical groups showed any marked high thrombus uptake after contralateral injections, not even the groups that consisted of substances known to be actively involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis. The results exclude a high degree of specific interaction between the radiopharmaceuticals and the thrombus in our model. After homolateral injection only colloids and reduced 99Tcm-pertechnetate showed a high thrombus uptake, thus also excluding a specific binding to thrombus. This investigation shows that none of the specific radiopharmaceuticals had a greater ability to accumulate in the thrombus than the colloids, and it is therefore suggested that the clinical usefulness is due to other mechanisms, like circulatory changes secondary to the DVT.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gold/palladium and silver/palladium colloids as novel metallic substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

New surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, composed of gold or silver colloidal nanoparticles doped with palladium, were prepared. These novel colloids are stable and maintain a satisfactory SERS efficiency, even after long aging. The interest in doping the coinage metal nanoparticles with palladium is due to the well-known catalytic activity of this metal. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the shape and size of the metal particles. It was found that these bimetallic colloidal nanoparticles have a core-shell structure, with gold or silver coated with palladium clusters.

Coated Materials, Biocompatible↗
PubMed1981

The use of technetium-99m sulfur colloid as a marker for experimental venous thrombosis: concise communication.

The binding of technetium-99m sulfur colloid to in vivo thrombi was studied in a rat model of deep vein thrombosis. After thrombosis was induced by mechanical traumatization of a right femoral vein segment, technetium-99m sulfur colloid was injected into the peripheral veins of different experimental groups at intervals of 30 min and 1-7 days. Ratios of mean activity in traumatized right femoral vein segment to activity in control segments of left femoral vein (R/L ratios) ranged form 2.97-11.0 for all in situ venous thrombi studied. There was no relation between clot size and R/L ratios. The significant uptake ratios observed by us for venous thrombi up to 1 wk in age suggest that in vivo thrombus detection may be feasible by imaging with a gamma camera after technetium-99m sulfur colloid injection in a peripheral vein.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Washout kinetics of colloidal starch as a partial or full replacement for plasma exchange.

Colloidal starch has been used safely as a plasma expander and an erythrocyte sedimenting agent for over 25 years. However, there remains some concern in regard to the long term sequelae of the administration of large volumes of colloid starch such as would be administered if colloidal starch were used as a plasma replacement during serial plasma exchanges. We identified mathematical relations that allowed for the calculations of the theoretical circulating residual starch in a patient undergoing serial plasma exchanges and used it to model a variety of possible clinical scenarios. Following six one plasma volume exchanges, one would expect only 11, 13, 14, or 17% of the total infused starch to be remaining in the circulation. For example, in the case of a 4L exchange with full replacement, only the starch in 4.1 liters (4L x 6 exchanges x 17% = 4.1L) would be expected to remain in the circulation despite an infusion of 24 L (4L x 6 exchanges = 24L) of starch. The results suggest that relatively small amounts of starch would be expected to remain circulating relative to the large amounts infused following a series of plasma exchanges with partial or full starch replacement.

Colloids↗