Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Chlorhexidine”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Effect of chlorhexidine on multi-species biofilms.

With human saliva as an inoculum, microcosm dental plaques were grown on dental amalgam in a constant-depth film fermentor (CDFF) in the presence (suc +ve) and absence (suc -ve) of sucrose. The biofilms were then exposed to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) for 1, 5, or 60 min and the survivors enumerated. Suc +ve biofilms had higher proportions of streptococci but lower proportions of veillonellae than suc -ve biofilms. Exposure to CHG for 1 min reduced the viable count of suc -ve and suc +ve biofilms by 53% and 89% respectively. In both cases, reductions were mainly attributable to killing of streptococci and actinomyces. After 60 min of exposure, 4% of the bacteria in the suc -ve and 2% in the suc +ve biofilms remained viable. This study has shown that large numbers of bacteria in microcosm dental plaques can survive a 1-min exposure to 0.2% CHG and that even after a 60-min exposure, substantial numbers of bacteria remain viable.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine coated central venous catheters in haematological patients--a double-blind, randomised, prospective, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters (CVCs) are essential for the intensive care of patients with haematological illness. Catheter-related infections (CRI) are an important problem in modern medicine, which may lead to life-threatening situations, to prolonged hospitalisation and increased cost. In immunocompromised patients suffering from haemato-oncological diseases, CRI is a significant factor for adverse outcome. Several clinical studies have shown that CVCs coated with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine (CHSS) reduce the risk of catheter-related bacteraemia. Most studies, however, were performed on intensive care patients not suffering from chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective double-blind, randomised, controlled trial was performed to investigate the effectiveness of CHSS-coated catheters in haemato-oncological patients. A total number of 184 catheters (median duration of placement, 11 days) were inserted into 184 patients (male 115, female 69), of which 90 were antiseptically coated. After removal, all catheters were investigated for bacterial growth. MAIN RESULTS: Catheters coated with CHSS were effective in reducing the rate of significant bacterial growth on either the tip or subcutaneous segment (26%) compared to control catheters (49%). The incidence of catheter colonisation was also significantly reduced (12% coated vs 33% uncoated). Data obtained show a significant reduction of catheter colonisation in CHSS catheters. There was no significant difference in the incidence of catheter-related bacteraemia (3% coated vs 7% uncoated). However, due to the overall low rate of CRI, we could not observe a significant reduction in the incidence of catheter-related bacteraemia. CONCLUSION: Our data show that the use of CHSS catheters in patients with haematological malignancy reduces the overall risk of catheter colonisation and CRI, although the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia was similar in both groups.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗
PubMed2002

Plaque-inhibiting effect of bioadhesive mucosal tablets containing chlorhexidine in a 4-day plaque regrowth model.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Compliance in the use of daily oral antiseptics can probably be enhanced by prescribing easily-applied bioadhesive tablets which slowly release chlorhexidine (CHX). This could also be of use in patients with difficulties in rinsing or performing mechanical plaque control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of bioadhesive tablets containing either 30 mg or 40 mg of CHX to inhibit de novo plaque formation. METHOD: In this single, examiner-blinded, crossover study, 22 volunteers between 21 and 25 years of age refrained from oral hygiene for 4 days. Bioadhesive mucosal tablets containing 30 mg or 40 mg of CHX were applied in the canine region. Rinses with a 0.2% CHX solution and placebo tablets served as controls. Plaque regrowth was evaluated with the Quigley-Hein Index modification of Turesky and by an automatic image analysis system (AIA) using slides of stained plaque. Rinsing and application of the tablets were done under supervision twice daily. RESULTS: According to the plaque index, plaque regrowth was significantly inhibited by CHX rinses ( P<0.001) and by tablets with 40 mg of CHX ( P<0.02) for all teeth and surfaces. Placebo tablets and 30-mg CHX tablets had no plaque-inhibiting effect. For taste, the subjects preferred the placebo and the 30-mg tablets more than the rinses and 40-mg tablets. In 3/22 of the subjects, superficial mucosal lesions were found at the side of application of the 40-mg tablets. Using the AIA system for evaluation of plaque regrowth, similar results for plaque inhibition were found. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that bioadhesive mucosal tablets containing 40 mg of CHX can inhibit plaque regrowth as well as 0.2% CHX rinses. However, unpleasant taste and superficial mucosal lesions are local side effects to be considered.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed2003

Susceptibility of planktonic versus attached Streptococcus sanguinis cells to chlorhexidine.

The effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the viability of Streptococcus sanguinis was investigated in a preclinical biofilm model separately on cells in the planktonic or attached life form. Saliva-coated human enamel and glass slides were exposed to the streptococci suspended in sterile saliva for 30 min and 60 min in the flow chamber system. The CHX exposition was performed in two parts: pretreatment of the planktonic bacteria before their attachment to enamel or glass, and treatment of bacteria already attached to enamel. The susceptibility measured by vitality percentages was determined by fluorescence microscopy using vital/dead cells. After CHX pretreatment of planktonic cells, the mean values of the vitality percentages after adhesion were 14-18% (enamel) and 24-25% (glass). In contrast, the mean vitality percentages of untreated attached streptococci reached 70-75% (enamel) and 68% (glass). The vitality percentages of CHX-exposed bacteria dropped markedly to 2-5%, whereas those of untreated attached cells remained at 65-66%. The exposure of initially attached streptococci to CHX resulted in greater reduction of bacterial viability than with the planktonic counterparts. This preclinical biofilm model allows the investigation of various bacterial life forms and can furthermore be used to select efficient antiplaque therapeutics which might be beneficial for clinical plaque control.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2007

In vitro comparison of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine on the long-term proliferation and functional activity of human alveolar bone cells.

This work reports the behaviour of osteoblastic human alveolar bone cells (first subculture) in the presence of chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PI). Short contact (2 min) of 24-h cultures with CHX, at 0.12 and 0.2%, and PI, at 5 and 10%, caused cell death within minutes; contact with 1% PI resulted in loss of the elongated characteristic cell shape. Cell adhesion was adversely affected at concentrations higher than 5 x 10(-5)% CHX or 0.05% PI. Long-term exposure to CHX at 10(-5) and 10(-4)% or PI at 10(-4)% had little effect on cell growth and caused an induction in the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Concentrations of CHX and PI similar and higher than, respectively, 5 x 10(-4)% or 0.05% caused dose-dependent deleterious effects. CHX affected mainly the cell growth, whereas the effects of PI were observed mostly in ALP production and matrix mineralization. Considering the levels of CHX and PI used routinely in the oral cavity, results suggest that CHX has a higher cytotoxicity profile than PI. This observation might have some clinical relevance regarding the potential utility of PI in the prevention of alveolar osteitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Clinical controlled study on plaque and gingivitis reduction under long-term use of low-dose chlorhexidine solutions in a population exhibiting good oral hygiene.

The aim of this randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, blind clinical study was to examine the dental plaque and the gingivitis inhibitory effects of two low-dose 0.06% chlorhexidine (CHX) preparations in comparison to a commercially available 0.1% CHX solution, an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (ASF) solution and a water control as an adjunct to the daily mechanical oral-hygiene measures. After prophylaxis, 81 medical students performed their tooth cleaning and were asked to rinse for 30 s, according to the instructions given by the manufacturers with the assigned amount of the following solutions: once daily 10 ml ASF 250 ppm or twice daily each 10 ml CHX 0.06% with fluoride, 10 ml CHX 0.06% without fluoride, 15 ml CHX 0.1% or 100 ml tap water. The plaque index (PlI), the gingival index (GI) and the discoloration index (DI) were taken at day -14 and months (M) 0, 1, 2, 3 and 6. In this study group with good oral hygiene, all test products led to a reduction of the PlI scores when used as supplements to the usual mechanical hygiene measures. At M3 subjects using both the 0.1% as well as the 0.06% CHX showed significantly less plaque accumulation than those using ASF. In the GI a significant difference between the control and 0.1 % CHX was found at M3 and at M6. If a further decrease in the GI is wanted, a minimum concentration of 0.1% CHX for long-term use in association with habitual cleaning is needed, which, however, should be limited to special patients. If maintaining clinical health is the goal, the other solutions are a good alternative to 0.1% CHX because they exhibit less staining.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Investigation of an outbreak of wound infections due to Alcaligenes xylosoxidans transmitted by chlorhexidine in a burns unit.

Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, an environmental gram-negative bacillus, was isolated within a 1-month period from six patients in a pediatric burns unit. Twelve isolates were studied, one from each of the six patients (five from wound cultures and one from a blood culture) and one from each of six contaminated atomizers containing chlorhexidine diluted to 600 mg/l. The biochemical and susceptibility patterns of all the isolates were similar, and their DNA enzyme restriction patterns were identical. The epidemic strain of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans was probably introduced into the atomizers during handling of the diluted solution, which failed to eliminate it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Release of chlorhexidine digluconate and flexural properties of glass fibre reinforced provisional fixed partial denture polymer.

The objective of this study was to determine the flexural properties and the release of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) of CHX laced unidirectional E-glass fibre reinforced provisional fixed partial denture polymer. Bar shaped test specimens (3.3 x 10.0 x 65.0 mm) were fabricated from provisional fixed partial denture polymer (mixture of poly[ethylmethacrylate] powder and n-poly[butyl methacrylate] monomer liquid) with E-glass fibre reinforcements. Poly(methyl methacrylate) preimpregnated continuous unidirectional glass fibre reinforcement was laced with CHX. The glass fibre reinforcements were incorporated into the polymer and the polymerised to the form of test specimens. In addition test specimens without CHX in glass fibre reinforcement were made for comparison. Control specimens did not contain glass fibres in the test specimens. Flexural strength and modulus of test specimens (n = 6) was tested with three-point bending test after storing the specimens dry or in water (two weeks). Released CHX was determined with high performance liquid chromatography during 180 days water immersion. In dry conditions, the flexural strength and the modulus of the polymer was 43 MPa and 1.7 GPa, and with glass fibre reinforcement 96 MPa and 3.5 GPa. With the reinforcement laced with CHX, the strength was 92 MPa and the modulus was 3.2 GPa. The water storage of test specimens did not weaken the reinforced polymer. The majority of the CHX released from the glass fibre reinforced polymer during the first days of storage in water. Flexural properties of provisional fixed partial denture polymer were increased using glass fibre reinforcement. The fibre reinforcement that was laced with CHX resulted in similar reinforcing effect.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1986

Effects of chlorhexidine gluconate in drinking water on dental caries and oral microorganisms in the Syrian hamster.

Hamsters infected with Streptococcus sobrinus (formerly Streptococcus mutans) strain 6715-1119 were given high-sucrose diet 2000. After 5 days, they were presented with 0.05 or 0.1 per cent w/v chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) continuously in their drinking water, which was well-tolerated. Compared to infected but untreated controls, their caries scores were less by 84 and 97 per cent respectively after 42 days. Coronal dental plaque deposits were reduced in a dose-related fashion. Culture plates of oral swabs showed reductions in Strep. sobrinus and total streptococci after 10 and 35 days of CHX. Hamster oral streptococci were more sensitive to CHX than were lactobacilli but neither was completely eliminated. The incidence of stained tooth deposits after 0.1 per cent CHX was slightly but not significantly greater than in controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Chlorhexidine rinse in prevention of dental caries in patients following radiation therapy.

Patients who receive cancer radiotherapy, which compromises salivary gland function, may develop xerostomia. These patients are at increased risk to develop rampant dental caries. Streptococcus mutans and species of lactobacillus have been associated with dental caries. Quantitative counts of these organisms demonstrated high caries risk in 85% of patients studied. The use of chlorhexidine rinse to reduce the counts of S. mutans and lactobacillus was studied. A modest reduction in S. mutans was seen, but little effect was demonstrated on lactobacillus counts. Caries activity was shown to be related to lactobacillus count.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effect of chlorhexidine on the in vitro and in vivo herpes simplex virus infection.

Several investigations have recently shown that chlorhexidine (CHX) has antiviral activity, and they have indicated possible clinical use of CHX for the control of intraoral herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. In the present study, we have evaluated the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CHX against type 1 HSV (HSV-1) infection. CHX moderately, but significantly, inhibited the replication and cytolytic activity of HSV-1 in Vero cell monolayers. When 0.2% CHX was applied topically onto the HSV-1 infected forehead skin of mice, the development of viral lesions and the viral titers in the skin and trigeminal ganglia were also moderately reduced. These data indicate that CHX oral rinse may be beneficial for the control of intraoral HSV-1 infection in certain patients, and warrants further controlled clinical study.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

In vitro effect of chlorhexidine and amikacin on oral gram-negative bacilli from bone marrow transplant recipients.

Prophylactic use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinses has been shown to benefit the oral health status of bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunosuppressed persons and to reduce systemic complications of oral origin. However, a problem that often emerges with these patients is oropharyngeal and lower respiratory tract colonization by opportunistic aerobic or facultative gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Trends in four studies indicated that CHX rinses may predispose these persons to oral colonization by GNB such as the enterobacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae. Since GNB are generally susceptible to broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotics such as amikacin, the in vitro sensitivities of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli ATCC reference strains and K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae oral clinical isolates to combinations of CHX and amikacin were determined by means of a disk diffusion sensitivity assay on Mueller-Hinton agar. The amikacin minimum inhibitory concentrations for all GNB tested were much lower (less than or equal to 4.69 to less than or equal to 9.37 micrograms/ml) than those for CHX (less than or equal to 18.75 to less than or equal to 300 micrograms/ml), and combinations of CHX and amikacin gave larger growth inhibition zones than CHX alone. No antibacterial antagonism between CHX and amikacin was found, and their solubilities were compatible. Therefore use of topical amikacin in conjunction with CHX rinses may reduce oral colonization by GNB in severely immunocompromised patient populations.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1991

Oral Candida albicans in bone marrow transplant patients given chlorhexidine rinses: occurrence and susceptibilities to the agent.

The tongue and buccal mucosa of 26 bone marrow transplant recipients given three 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) oral rinses daily for 8 weeks were sampled weekly for oral Candida albicans. Putative C. albicans colony-forming units on selective bismuth sulfite glucose glycine yeast agar plates were identified with the API 20C system. The CHX minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oral C. albicans isolates obtained at all 8 sample weeks was determined with a microbroth dilution sensitivity assay. The CHX MIC range for yeast isolates selected randomly at all sample weeks was up to 2.5 to up to 20 micrograms/ml (mean MIC less than or equal to 8.5 micrograms/ml). The CHX MIC range for isolates at week 1 was less than or equal to 5 to less than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml (mean MIC less than or equal to 7.9 micrograms/ml) compared with less than or equal to 2.5 to less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml at week 8 (mean MIC less than or equal to 8.8 micrograms/ml). Therefore the persistence of oral C. albicans in bone marrow transplant recipients using CHX rinses was due neither to low CHX susceptibilities nor to the development of resistance to the agent.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of intra-alveolar chlorhexidine dressings after removal of impacted mandibular third molars.

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) has been investigated for its possible benefit in the prevention of alveolar osteitis complicating third molar removal. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, 70 randomly selected healthy patients were subjected to uncomplicated mandibular third molar removal followed by CHX-gelatin sponge and saline solution-gelatin sponge intra-alveolar dressings. Each patient was followed for 6 days for postoperative discomfort and complications, and scored accordingly. The results demonstrated that patients receiving 0.2% CHX intra-alveolar dressings exhibited a significant reduction in postoperative discomfort and complications when compared with saline solution-treated control sites (p less than 0.005). Further, this phenomenon was not found to be related to patient factors including age, sex, and race, nor did any correlation exist between treated or control sites, and surgical factors including performing surgeon, surgeon's dominant hand, time of surgery, surgical site, and difficulty of the removal. These findings warrant further studies concerning the apparent clinical benefit of postextraction intra-alveolar CHX dressings for the reduction of postoperative alveolar osteitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Total body bathing with 'Hibiscrub' (chlorhexidine) in surgical patients: a controlled trial.

Total body bathing with 'Hibiscrub' (chlorhexidine-detergent) solution was compared with non-medicated soap in 224 patients admitted for surgery. Some 9.6 per cent of patients were found to be nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus on admission but 17.3 per cent were colonized at some time during their inpatient stay. Skin colonization by Staph, aureus was only seen in four patients (2 per cent), three were cleared by 'Hibiscrub' bathing but carriage persisted in the other patient who used non-medicated soap. A greater reduction in the total bacterial count on the skin and in the perianal region was seen in patients using 'Hibiscrub'. An increase in the bacterial count was frequently seen in patients using non-medicated soap. Postoperative staphylococcal wound infection occurred in nine patients (4-0 per cent) but nasal or skin carriage was only present in two patients. Although there was no difference in the rates of infection using 'Hibiscrub' or ordinary soap, pre-operative bathing with 'Hibiscrub' may be beneficial as there is a greater reduction in the total bacterial count. The use of non-medicated soap is of dubious value and may even increase the numbers of bacteria on the skin.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology and control of staphylococcal pyoderma among newborn infants: evaluation of a method for routine cord care with 4 per cent chlorhexidine-detergent solution.

The incidence and types of staphylococcal purulent lesions were prospectively studied among 3602 newborn infants. During an epidemic of post-discharge pyoderma, 87 per cent of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates from lesions could be traced to the nursery. The risk of post-discharge disease was related to the degree of staphylococcal skin colonization in the nursery. A method for routine cord care in the nursery with 4 per cent chlorhexidine-detergent solution was evaluated and proved to be effective in reducing staphylococcal colonization in the nursery as well as purulent skin disease at home. The clinical effectiveness of the regimen was followed up for 19 months and a persistent low infection rate was obtained among infants in the post-discharge period.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1987

'Tegaderm' dressings prevent recolonization of chlorhexidine-treated skin.

'Tegaderm', a semi-permeable, self-adhesive dressing made of polyurethane film, applied to intact upper arm skin in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients reduced the aerobic skin flora compared to adjacent exposed skin sites. We also applied 'Tegaderm' to skin disinfected with chlorhexidine; the aerobic skin flora remained unchanged at a low level for 5 days.

Adult↗