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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Microarray analysis of nonhuman primates: validation of experimental models in neurological disorders.

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have provided robust experimental animal models for many human-related diseases due to their similar physiologies. Nonetheless, profound differences remain in the acquisition, progression, and outcome of important diseases such as AIDS and Alzheimer's, for which the underlying basis remains obscure. We explored the utility of human high-density oligonucleotide arrays to survey the transcription profile of NHP genomes. Total RNA from prefrontal cortices of human (Homo sapiens), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), cynomolgous macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was labeled and hybridized to Affymetrix U95A GeneChip probe arrays. Corresponding data obtained previously from common chimpanzee and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) were added for comparison. Qualitative (present or not detected) and quantitative (expression level) analysis indicated that many genes known to be involved in human neurological disorders were present and regulated in NHPs. A gene involved in dopamine metabolism (catechol-O-methyltransferase) was absent in macaque and marmoset. Glutamate receptor 2 was up-regulated, and transcription-associated genes were down-regulated in NHPs compared with humans. We demonstrate that transcript profiling of NHPs could provide comparative genomic data to validate and better focus experimental animal models of human neurological disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Connections from the neocortex to the vestibular brain stem nuclei in the common marmoset.

Monosynaptic projections from the cerebral cortex to the vestibular nuclei were studied in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) by injecting fluorescent dextrans into the brain stem vestibular nuclei. The injection sites were determined by single unit vestibular responses identified later histologically. During the recordings sinewave rotation in pitch, roll or yaw or steady tilt was applied. The most notable loci of labelling were found inside the primary sensory cortex, the cortex deep down along the posterior lateral sulcus, the premotor region and the anterior cingulate cortex. From studies in other primates these cortical areas are known to process vestibular information. Their connections with the vestibular nuclei may serve as an internal feedback modulating the vestibular brain stem activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

(-)-OSU 6162 inhibits levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease.

We have studied the effects of two D2 dopamine receptor-selective compounds, (-)-OSU 6162 and raclopride, on levodopa-induced dyskinesias in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Three monkeys developed a severe parkinsonian syndrome following administration of MPTP. In response to daily levodopa treatment the animals developed reproducible and idiosyncratic peak-dose dyskinesias. Pretreatment with (-)-OSU 6162 and raclopride, in doses increased by multiples of three, both dose-dependently relieved the levodopa-induced dyskinesias. However, in contrast to when raclopride pretreatment was given, (-)-OSU 6162 pretreatment did not induce akinesia. Our investigation suggests that (-)-OSU 6162 may be useful an an adjuvant treatment to levodopa in advanced Parkinson's disease to selectively combat levodopa-induced dyskinesias without affecting the antiparkinsonian response.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The maturation and aging of the vertebrae of marmosets.

This study deals with the growth, maturation, and age changes to the cartilaginous end-plates of vertebrae from marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) varying in age from birth to 10 years. The cartilaginous end-plate is divided into an inner growth layer and an outer articular zone that abuts against the intervertebral disc. The growth cartilage gradually narrows and disappears by 1 year of age, when the animal reaches physical maturity. The articular cartilage undergoes changes in collagen and ground substance that leads to its calcification. There was a progressive resorption of the calcified articular cartilage beginning at 3 years of age and continuing throughout the aging period. In the vertebrae of 8- and 10-year-old animals, only a thin layer of calcified cartilage separates the disc from the underlying bone.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

The ecology and evolution of patience in two New World monkeys.

Decision making often involves choosing between small, short-term rewards and large, long-term rewards. All animals, humans included, discount future rewards--the present value of delayed rewards is viewed as less than the value of immediate rewards. Despite its ubiquity, there exists considerable but unexplained variation between species in their capacity to wait for rewards--that is, to exert patience or self-control. Using two closely related primates--common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)--we uncover a variable that may explain differences in how species discount future rewards. Both species faced a self-control paradigm in which individuals chose between taking an immediate small reward and waiting a variable amount of time for a large reward. Under these conditions, marmosets waited significantly longer for food than tamarins. This difference cannot be explained by life history, social behaviour or brain size. It can, however, be explained by feeding ecology: marmosets rely on gum, a food product acquired by waiting for exudate to flow from trees, whereas tamarins feed on insects, a food product requiring impulsive action. Foraging ecology, therefore, may provide a selective pressure for the evolution of self-control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Pregnancy weight gain: marmoset and tamarin dads show it too.

Paternal behaviour is critical for the survival of offspring in many monogamous species. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) fathers spend as much or more time caring for infants than mothers. Expectant males of both species showed significant increases in weight across the pregnancy whereas control males did not (five consecutive months for marmoset males and six months for cotton-top tamarin males). Expectant fathers might be preparing for the energetic cost of fatherhood by gaining weight during their mate's pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The vaccine potential of cell surface glycoproteins from Trypanosoma cruzi.

An experimental Trypanosoma cruzi 90 kDa cell surface glycoprotein (GP90) vaccine, previously shown to be protective in mice is similarly effective in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Protection in the mouse is completely dependent on the adjuvant saponin and immunological studies confirm that GP90 is intrisically poorly immunogenic. Both specific antibody and cell mediated immunity are potentiated strongly by saponin and the resulting protective immunity is long lasting (six months). It is effective against the naturally infective, insect-metacyclic, form and a range of heterologous T. cruzi strains including a low mouse passage human isolate. Sterile immunity (that is, complete elimination of parasites) was not however, achieved. Evidence is presented that the levels of tissue damage associated with acute infection, as measured by production of auto anti-tissue immunoglobulins, are significantly reduced in GP90-immunized mice. These and other results are discussed in terms of the desired characteristics for vaccine use of T. cruzi antigens.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

Embryonic stem cell lines of nonhuman primates.

Human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have opened great potential and expectation for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Monkey and human ES cell lines, which are very similar to each other, have been established from monkey blastocysts and surplus human blastocysts from fertility clinics. Nonhuman primate ES cell lines provide important research tools for basic and applicative research. Firstly, they provide wider aspects of investigation of the regulative mechanisms of stem cells and cell differentiation among primate species. Secondly, their usage does not need clearance or permission from the regulative rules in many countries that are associated with the ethical aspects of human ES cells, although human and nonhuman embryos and fetuses are very similar to each other. Lastly and most importantly, they are indispensable for animal models of cell therapy to test effectiveness, safety, and immunological reaction of the allogenic transplantation in a setting similar to the treatment of human diseases. So far, ES cell lines have been established from rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), using blastocysts produced naturally or by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). These cell lines seem to have very similar characteristics. They express alkaline phosphatase activity and stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4 and, in most cases, SSEA-3. Their pluripotency was confirmed by the formation of embryoid bodies and differentiation into various cell types in culture and also by the formation of teratomas that contained many types of differentiated tissues including derivatives of three germ layers after transplantation into the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. The noneffectiveness of the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signal makes culture of primate and human ES cell lines prone to undergo spontaneous differentiation and thus it is difficult to maintain these stem cell colonies. Also, these ES cells are more susceptible to various stresses, causing difficulty with subculturing using enzymatic treatment and cloning from single cells. However, with various improvements in culture methods, it is now possible to maintain stable colonies of monkey ES cells using a serum-free medium and subculturing with trypsin treatment. Under such conditions, cynomolgus monkey ES cell lines can be maintained in an undifferentiated state with a normal karyotype and pluripotency even after prolonged periods of culture over 1 year. Such progress should facilitate many aspects of stem cell research using both nonhuman primate and human ES cell lines.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

fMRI of generalized absence status epilepticus in conscious marmoset monkeys reveals corticothalamic activation.

PURPOSE: A nonhuman primate model of generalized absence status epilepticus was developed for use in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments to elucidate the brain mechanisms underlying this disorder. METHODS: Adult male marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) were treated with gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) to induce prolonged absence seizures, and the resulting spike-wave discharges (SWDs) were analyzed to determine the similarity to the 3-Hz SWDs that characterize the disorder. In addition, blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI was measured at 4.7 Tesla after absence seizure induction with GBL. RESULTS: Electroencephalographic recordings during imaging showed 3-Hz SWDs typical of human absence seizures. This synchronized EEG pattern started within 15 to 20 min of drug administration and persisted for >60 min. In addition, pretreatment with the antiepileptic drug, ethosuximide (ESM), blocked the behavioral and EEG changes caused by GBL. Changes in BOLD signal intensity in the thalamus and sensorimotor cortex correlated with the onset of 3-Hz SWDs. The change in BOLD signal intensity was bilateral but heterogeneous, affecting some brain areas more than others. No significant negative BOLD changes were seen. CONCLUSIONS: The BOLD fMRI data obtained in this marmoset monkey model of absence status epilepticus shows activation within the thalamus and cortex.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parallel organization of somatosensory cortical areas I and II for tactile processing.

1. The two principal tactile processing areas in the cerebral cortex, somatosensory areas I and II, receive direct projections from the thalamus and, as well, are linked through intracortical reciprocal connections. Tactile information may therefore be conveyed to SII, for example, over either a direct path from the thalamus or an indirect, or serial, path from the thalamus via SI. 2. Reports in recent years that tactile responsiveness within the hand area of SII was abolished by surgical ablation of the hand area of the postcentral, or SI area of the cortex in the macaque and marmoset monkeys indicated that a serial processing scheme may operate at least in primates. However, as the surgical ablation is clearly irreversible and precludes examination of individual SII neurons in both the control and test circumstances, that is, when SI is intact and when it is inactivated, we have examined in the cat, the rabbit and the marmoset monkey the behaviour of SII neurons before, during and after the selective, rapidly-reversible inactivation of SI by means of localized cooling. 3. The results demonstrate that in the cat and rabbit, SII responsiveness is never abolished and infrequently affected by SI inactivation and that tactile inputs to SII therefore traverse a direct path from thalamus, organized in parallel with that to SI. In the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), in contrast to earlier studies based on ablation of SI we found that with reversible inactivation of SI, SII responsiveness was unaffected in 25% of neurons and, although reduced in the remainder, was rarely abolished (< 10% of SII neurons). 4. The results indicate that there is substantial direct thalamic input to SII, even in this simian primate, and therefore necessitate revision of the hypothesis that tactile processing at the thalamocortical level in simian primates is based on a strict serial scheme in which tactile information is conveyed from the thalamus to SI and thence to SII.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evidence that blue-on cells are part of the third geniculocortical pathway in primates.

Colour vision in primates is mediated by cone opponent ganglion cells in the retina, whose axons project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the visual thalamus. It has long been assumed that cone opponent ganglion cells project to the parvocellular layers of the geniculate. Here, we examine the role of a third subdivision of the geniculocortical pathway: the interlaminar or koniocellular geniculate relay cells. We made extracellular recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus, a New World monkey in which the interlaminar cells are well segregated from the parvocellular layers. We found that one group of colour opponent cells, the blue-on cells, was largely segregated to the interlaminar zone. This segregation was common to dichromatic ('red-green colour-blind') and trichromatic marmosets. The result calls into question the traditional notion that all colour information passes through the parvocellular division of the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Immunoautoradiographic analysis of NMDA receptor subunits and associated postsynaptic density proteins in the brain of dyskinetic MPTP-treated common marmosets.

l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease may result from aberrant glutamatergic stimulation of the striatum due to synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex or striatum as a consequence of adaptation of striatal output pathways. This might result from changes in NMDA receptor subunit or NMDA receptor associated postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffold protein expression. Using immunoautoradiography the expression levels of NR1 and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor and the postsynaptic density scaffold proteins, PSD-95, PSD-93, and neurofilament light (NFL) were examined in normal common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned animals that exhibited high or low levels of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Brains from MPTP-lesioned animals that were not primed for l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia were not included in this study. No alterations in the NR1 NMDA receptor subunit were observed. The NR2B NMDA receptor subunit was increased in caudal caudate nucleus and putamen, hippocampus, cingulate motor area (CMA), supplementary motor area (SMA) and dorsal primary motor cortex (dMI) of highly dyskinetic MPTP-lesioned marmosets, but not in animals with low levels of dyskinesia. PSD-93 was decreased in the globus pallidus of marmosets with high and low levels of dyskinesia and increased in the CMA, SMA and dMI of highly dyskinetic marmosets. PSD-95 was increased in the SMA of highly dyskinetic marmosets, but not in animals with low dyskinesia. NFL expression was elevated in the SMA and dorsal and ventral MI of highly dyskinetic marmosets. These results suggest that l-DOPA treatment of MPTP-lesioned marmosets can affect glutamatergic systems and indicate that altered NMDA receptor function may relate to dyskinesia.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1991

[3H]harman binding experiments. II: Regional and subcellular distribution of specific [3H]harman binding and monoamine oxidase subtypes A and B activity in marmoset and rat.

[3H]Harman (1-[3H]methyl-beta-carboline) was used in a novel radioligand binding assay to label selectively and with high affinity monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A. The concentration of the enzyme was determined in six CNS regions of the primate species marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and of the rat: hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, striatum, and spinal cord. The specific [3H]harman binding in the CNS of the marmoset reveals the same pharmacological profile and other characteristics (affinity, saturability, and reversibility) as in the CNS of the rat. The regional distribution of the [3H]harman binding density (Bmax) in the CNS exhibits a distinct pattern in the marmoset and the rat and a 35 (hypothalamus) to 75% (hippocampus) lower Bmax in the marmoset than in the rat. The Bmax values of [3H]harman binding in the CNS of the marmoset and the rat combined as well as those from visceral organs of the rat (liver, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, and kidney) correlated positively and highly significantly with the respective Vmax values of specific MAO activity of the A type but not of the B type, determined with kynuramine as the substrate. In subcellular fractionation experiments with rat cerebral cortex, the highest [3H]harman binding density (Bmax) and MAO-A activity (Vmax) were detected in mitochondrial fractions and severalfold lower values in the synaptosomal membrane fraction. In conclusion, we suggest that [3H]harman binding is a biochemical tool as a selective marker to quantify MAO-A in the CNS of different mammalian species as well as in extraneuronal tissues.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral and histopathological analysis of domoic Acid administration in marmosets.

PURPOSE: To induce status epilepticus (SE) followed by the subsequent onset of spontaneous recurrent seizures, thus characterizing a new model of temporal lobe epilepsy in a nonhuman primate. METHODS: Male and female marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) (n = 18), ages between 2 and 8 years, were injected with domoic acid (0.5-4 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline, and behaviorally assessed with regard to the presence of acutely induced seizures and for < or = 6 months for spontaneous seizures. Injection of doses ranging from 3.5 to 4 mg/kg either did not induce SE or resulted in fatal SE. Even a 5-min SE duration (SE blockade resulting from diazepam injection) proved lethal to marmosets within 1 h of domoate administration, regardless of intensive care and monitoring of the animals. Animals injected with doses ranging from 0.5 to 3 mg/kg that developed only a few minor convulsive signs were allowed a 6-month survival period for the assessment of spontaneous epileptic events. At the end of the experiment, 6-month period, or acute intoxication associated with SE induction, animals were deeply anesthetized and had their brains subjected to histologic processing for Nissl and delta-FosB. RESULTS: For the animals injected with domoate that did not develop SE (i.e., those that survived), we could not detect any behavioral signs of spontaneous epileptic seizures in the 6-month observation period, and only minor indications of neuropathologic changes (i.e., neuronal death) over Nissl-stained sections, as well as some small changes in the staining for delta-FosB in a few of the animals. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic administration of domoic acid to marmosets is not effective for the generation of a model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Administration of domoic acid at doses that do not lead to SE also did not lead to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy or clear-cut behavioral changes over a 6-month period.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nonsurgical uterine stage preimplantation embryo collection from the common marmoset.

A nonsurgical technique for the recovery of uterine stage preimplantation embryos was developed for the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In 54 flush attempts, using 19 different animals, 54 morphologically normal embryos, seven unfertilized oocytes or degenerate embryos, and five empty zonae pellucidae were recovered, giving a recovery rate of 1.0 embryo per flush or 1.2 ovulation products per flush. Because the ovarian cycles of common marmosets can be synchronized with prostaglandin PGF2 alpha, multiple marmosets can be flushed in a short period, providing age-matched embryos for controlled experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Tumors of the respiratory tract observed at the German Primate Center, 1978-1994.

Eight spontaneous pulmonary tumors (four bronchiolar tubular adenomas, two bronchiolar adenocarcinomas, two squamous-cell carcinomas) occurred in a total of 54 adult tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) of the GPC colonies between 1978 and 1994. The adenomas and adenocarcinomas consisted of tubularly or trabecularly arranged cuboidal to cylindrical cells interspersed with some PAS-positive goblet cells, thus resembling the epithelial lining of respiratory bronchioles of tree shrews. The two squamous-cell carcinomas probably originated from the pulmonary alveoles. Three more pulmonary tumors (one small-cell carcinoma, one bronchial adenoma, one squamous-cell carcinoma) developed in 409 adult callitrichids of the GPC colonies during the same period, and one more bronchial adenoma was observed in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) of another colony located in Göttingen. With regard to the adenomas and squamous-cell carcinomas, a similar cellular origin with the three shrews is assumed. The small-cell carcinoma possibly developed from the bronchial epithelium, provided a pathogenesis parallel to that of human small-cell carcinoma is suggested. Four of the tree shrew pulmonary adenomas/adenocarcinomas and the small-cell Ca were macroscopically visible as yellowish-grey nodules of 1 mm x 1 mm to 15 mm x 15 mm diameter, predominantly involving the main lobes (2 x right main lobes, 2 x left main lobes, 1 x all lobes). The pulmonary tumors of the other animals were below macroscopical detectability.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Gastrointestinal tumors observed in nonhuman primates at the German primate center.

Twenty-six gastrointestinal tumors were observed in twenty-three nonhuman primates during routine necropsies at the German Primate Center, Göttingen. The majority (15 cases) were colorectal mucoid adenocarcinomas in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), which in two animals were associated with gastric adenomas. Three cases of small intestinal mucoid adenocarcinomas occurred in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). One colonic leiomyoma was observed in a dwarf galago (Galagoides demidovii) and another one in a cotton top tamarin. Singular findings were a tubular adeno-carcinoma of the ileo-caecal valve in a saddle-backed tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) and a lymphosarcoma of jejunum, ileum, and colon in another saddle-backed tamarin. Multiple tubular adeno-carcinomas of the colonic diverticles occurred in an aged rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The findings are discussed in comparison to the situation in man.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Callitrichid nutrition and food sensitivity.

Captive callitrichids are prone to developing intestinal problems. Their captive and natural diets differ enormously, and diet has been suggested to play a major role in wasting marmoset syndrome. Proteins in wheat, soy and milk are included in callitrichid diets of most colonies and have been linked to an immune reaction in Saguinus oedipus and Callithrix jacchus. In the present study of 23 males and females of the two species, wheat protein was tested but soy and milk products were excluded. One group had wheat and the other had rice in their diet. Blood samples and biopsies from the colon were taken. Results showed changes in the colon and an immune reaction to gliadin, a wheat protein related to coeliac disease in humans. A further immune reaction was also observed. Suggestions for further study and exclusion of cereal in the diet of these small, New World primates are discussed.

Animals↗