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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of high-temperature stress on the growth and seed characteristics of barley and cotton.

The existence of a sensitivity gradient to a uniform high-temperature stress applied at stages during seed maturation can be demonstrated in barley. The germination of freshly harvested seed is depressed following heat stress at 7--10 days after awn emergence, but is enhanced by the same stress applied 3 weeks after awn emergence. The depression is attributed to reduced viability associated with thermal injury. The stimulation following stress at more mature stages of seed development is related to a thinner seed coat, increased permeability as evidenced by faster imbibition rate, and decreased content of water-soluble inhibitors in the seed. These effects of environmental stress during seed maturation aid in explaining differences noted in the germinability at harvest of seed produced in successive years or produced in the same year at different locations. Seed of American Cotton, var. AC 134, was stressed at 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 70 degrees, 80 degrees, and 90 degrees C for 24 or 48 h before seeding. Stresses at 50 degrees to 70 degrees C increased seedling emergence and subsequent performance of the cotton plants, but higher temperatures caused thermal injury or killed the seed.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1990

Development and regulation of three glyoxysomal enzymes during cotton seed maturation and growth.

The temporal, nonconcerted development of activities of malate synthase (MS), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and catalase (Cat) was explored in more detail in maturing and germinated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. RNA was extracted at six intervals beginning at 17 days post anthesis (DPA) through 72 hours post imbibition (HPI). In vitro translations revealed that mRNAs for each enzyme were translatable at all intervals. Enzyme activities and immunoselected proteins also were found at all intervals. Similar specific activities throughout maturation indicated that embryo cells were not accumulating inactive protein. The steady-state level of mRNAs encoding each enzyme exhibited different patterns of change during seed maturation, and each peaked at least 24 h before peak enzyme activities in germinated seeds. All three enzymes occur together as early as 17 DPA in a coordinate manner; however, the subsequent, nonconcerted increases in protein, activity, and mRNA for each enzyme indicate that developmental expression in cotton seed embryos is regulated in a noncoordinate fashion by as yet unidentified specific control mechanism(s).

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1996

Characterization and expression of chitinase and 1,3-beta-glucanase genes in cotton.

We have isolated cDNA clones representing mRNAs encoding chitinase and 1,3-beta-glucanase in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves. The chitinase clones were sequenced and found to encode a 28,806 Da protein with 71% amino acid sequence similarity to the SK2 chitinase from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The 1,3-beta-glucanase clones encoded a 37,645 Da protein with 57.6% identity to a 1,3-beta-glucanase from soybean (Glycine max). Northern blot analyses showed that chitinase mRNA is induced in plants treated with ethaphon or salicylic acid, whereas the levels of 1,3-beta-glucanase mRNA are relatively unaffected. Southern blots of cotton genomic DNA and genomic clones indicated chitinase is encoded by a small gene family of which two members, Chi 2;1 and Chi 2;2, were characterized. These genes share 97% sequence identity in their transcribed regions. The genes were found to have three exons which are 309, 154 and 550 bp long, and two introns 99 and 154 bp in length. The 5'-flanking regions of Chi 2;1 and Chi 2;2 exhibit a large degree of similarity and may contain sequences important for gene response to chemical agents and fungal attack.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Organization, inheritance and expression of acetohydroxyacid synthase genes in the cotton allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum.

The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene family of the cotton AD allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum has been cloned and characterized. We have identified six different AHAS genes from an analysis of genomic clones and Southern blots of genomic DNA. Four of the six genes are organized as tandem pairs, in which the genes are separated by only 2-3 kb. Conservation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms between G. hirsutum and A-genome and D-genome-containing diploid cottons was sufficient to assign the single genes in clones A5 and A19 to the A and D subgenomes, respectively. Each diploid genome has one tandem pair, but in these cases we could not make specific subgenomic assignments. DNA and deduced amino acid sequences were determined for the A5 and A19 genes, and an AHAS cDNA clone isolated from a leaf library. The sequence of the A19 gene matches that of the cDNA clone, while the A5 gene is 97.8% similar. The four genes comprising the tandem pairs are much less similar to the cDNA clone. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides encoded by the A5 and A19 genes are collinear with the housekeeping forms of AHAS from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus. The constitutive expression of A5 and A19 was confirmed with RNase protection assays and northern blots. We conclude that these genes encode the main housekeeping forms of AHAS in G. hirsutum. Among the four AHAS genes comprising the two tandem pairs, at least two are functional. These genes exhibit either low-level constitutive expression (one or both of the 'downstream' genes of each pair), or highly specific expression in reproductive tissue (one or both of the 'upstream' genes of each pair). The AHAS gene family of G. hirsutum is more complex than that of other plants so far examined.

Acetolactate Synthase↗
PubMed1983

Inclusion bodies in pinealocytes of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). An ultrastructural study and X-ray microanalysis.

Pinealocytes of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) often contain large (2-6 micron diameter) intracytoplasmic inclusions, the function of which is not known. These inclusions may represent nucleolus-like bodies, mineral deposits, secretory products or viral inclusions. In this study these inclusions were classified as type A, B or C inclusions based on the amount of electron-dense material interspersed within the finely granular material comprising the bulk of these inclusions. Each type of inclusion was analyzed by X-ray microanalysis and enzymatic proteinaceous digestion. X-ray microanalysis of these inclusions differed both quantitatively and semiquantitatively from that of human or gerbil pineal concretions, the latter two of which are extracellular deposits. Pronase, a proteolytic enzyme, digested the electron-dense material only after longer times of tissue exposure to this enzyme in contrast to the easily digested, finely granular matrix-like material of these inclusions. Such intrapinealocytic inclusions have only been observed in the cotton rat. Their functional significance remains unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Relationship of byssinosis to the generation of oxygen radicals by bract tissues of cotton plants.

Byssinosis is a hazardous respiratory disorder of workers in natural fiber processing industries and, in the case of cotton, is caused by exposure to respirable dust generated from leafy trash associated with raw fibers. To understand the chemical characteristics of involucral trash components that might contribute to bysinosis, we examined the human airway constricting activity and oxygen radical generating activity of dry, frost-killed cotton bracts. In response to inhalation of aerosolized bract extracts, the expiratory flow rates of human volunteers at 40% of vital capacity during partial forced expiration decreased by 3 to 32%. These values enabled us to identify two potentially byssinogenically active bract specimens, a specimen virtually inactive, and a fourth intermediately so. Using spin trapping techniques of electron spin resonance spectrometry, we found that all specimens catalyzed the generation of hydroxyl (preponderantly) and superoxide radicals from hydrogen peroxide. However, the weakest constrictor was the most potent catalyst, and vice versa. This was consistent with transition metal content of the specimens; the most potent catalyst also contained the largest amounts of those metals, suggesting a Fenton-type reaction mechanisms. Other possibilities for the inverse relationship of airway constricting (byssinogenic) activity with oxygen radical generation are discussed. We also found that neither aflatoxin nor endotoxin, contingent contaminants of bracts, catalyzed oxygen radical production from hydrogen peroxide.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1993

Occupational-type exposure tests and bronchoalveolar lavage analyses in two patients with byssinosis and two asymptomatic cotton workers.

Two workers suffering from stage III byssinosis and claiming for compensation were examined. Bronchial obstruction was present in one case. MEF25-75 values were significantly reduced and bronchial hyperreactivity was present in both subjects. Occupational-type exposure tests with cotton dust resulted in significant decreases in arterial oxygen pressure for more than 2 h and were associated with an obstructive ventilation pattern in one of the patients. Prolonged hypoxemia which is not paralleled by lung function changes is probably typical for byssinosis patients since we have never seen this in inhalative challenge tests with various environmental antigens and other occupational substances including flour dust. No specific IgE or IgG antibodies could be detected. In the two patients a hitherto unknown significant increase in CD23+ lymphocytes and granulocytosis were detected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Corresponding investigations in two cotton workers without any evidence of byssinosis revealed neither lung function changes after the exposure test nor striking BAL findings. Our results demonstrate the diagnostic value of specific challenge tests and BAL investigations in patients suffering from byssinosis, which is often difficult to diagnose.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Filamentous microfungi in raw flax and cotton for textile industry and their ciliostatic activity on tracheal organ cultures in vitro.

In a three-year experiment we studied mycobiota of 24 samples of flax and 45 samples of cotton processed in Slovak textile factories. We isolated 12.2 x 10(6) (on average) cfu of microfungi per 1 g of flax samples and 3.3 x 10(5) (on average) cfu of micromycetes per 1 g of cotton samples. We also studied the ciliostatic activity of metabolites of isolated filamentous fungi on tracheal cultures of 1-day-old chicks in vitro. Twenty-nine percent of 116 investigated chloroform extracts of metabolites of microfungi isolated from flax samples stopped the cilia movement and 25% of 195 had ciliostatic activity during 72 h of experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in vegetative tissue of cotton plants and its relation to seed infection.

Twenty-seven mature cotton bolls with Aspergillus flavus Link colonies naturally occurring on the surface of the boll or lint were collected in the field in Arizona along with their subtending stems and peduncles. Bolls inoculated through the carpel wall 30 days after anthesis were allowed to mature in the field and were collected in the same manner. The seed and stem and peduncle sections of each boll were surface-sterilized, plated on agar media and observed for A. flavus. Seventy-eight percent of the naturally contaminated bolls with A. flavus in the seed also had the fungus in the stem and peduncle, whereas only 31% of the naturally contaminated bolls with no A. flavus in the seed had the fungus in the stem or peduncle. This difference was significant (P = 0.0125), indicating a positive relationship between seed infection and stem and peduncle infection. All of the bolls inoculated through the carpel wall had A. flavus in the seed, but only 11% of the stem and peduncle sections were infected, indicating that the fungus does not readily grow downward from the boll into the supporting stem or peduncle. This unidirectional pattern of movement (upward) was further substantiated in greenhouse experiments where cotton seedlings were inoculated at the cotyledonary leaf scar with A. flavus and plants were sequentially harvested, surface sterilized and plated. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from the cotyledonary leaf scar, flower buds, developing bolls, and stem sections in the upper portion of the plant. It was never isolated from roots or stem sections below the cotyledonary node, again indicating that the fungus does not readily move downward through the plant.

Aspergillus flavus↗
PubMed1989

The efficiency of the cytobrush and cotton swab in obtaining endocervical cells in smears taken after conization of the cervix.

In a randomised study of cervical smears after conization, the efficacy of the combined wooden spatula and cytobrush was compared with that of the combined wooden spatula and cotton swab. The conization technique involved a could knife and two Sturmdorf sutures. A total of 75 women participated, 57 had smears taken with both methods. Eighteen with only one of the methods. Out of 66 taken with a wooden spatula and a cytobrush. 48 (72.7%) contained endocervical cells and 53 (80.3%) contained either endocervical or metaplastic cells. Out of 66 smears taken with a wooden spatula and a cotton swab, only 25 (37.9%) contained endocervical cells and 40 (60.6%) contained endocervical or metaplastic cells. Both differences were significant (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The combined use of a wooden spatula and cytobrush is recommended for cytological smears after conization.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1975

An investigation of the safety of cotton reentry after organophosphate application.

Twelve cotton insect scouts were monitored during an entire pesticide application season by weekly determinations of para-nitrophenol excretion and biweekly cholinesterase measurements. These data were compared to weekly reentry intervals and pesticide application rates to study the validity of a 48-hr minimum reentry interval for methyl parathion-treated cotton. Methyl parathion represented 54.2% of the total amount of pesticide used with toxaphene 35.3%, ethyl parathion 4.1%, and other 6.4%. A significant decrease in erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase was observed during initial exposure but during peak exposure the cholinesterase levels had returned to normal. The maximum mean amount of methyl and ethyl parathion absorbed by calculation from PNP excretion was 0.95 mg/24hr (n = 12). Twelve percent of all reentries were within two days and during one week 48% occurred during the first two days after pesticide application.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1991

Effects of an aqueous extract of cotton seed (Gossypium barbadense Linn.) on adult male rats.

Twenty adult male rats per group in 4 treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally at 08.00 hours with 0.1 ml of an aqueous cotton seed extract (Gossypium barbadense Linn.) (Malvaceae) in concentrations of (a) 105.25, (b) 21.21, (c) 4.65, (d) 2.325 mg ml-1 (kg body weight)-1, respectively. A fifth group (control) was given 0.1 ml of pyrogen free distilled water per rat. Five rats per treatment group were sacrificed at 2, 8, 24 and 168 hours respectively after treatment. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) showed no change. Plasma testosterone was lower (p less than 0.05) than that of control at 2 and 8 hours, with recovery by 168 hours post treatment. Plasma creatinine was raised by 2 hours, with recovery by 8 hours. Plasma urea rose gradually but persistently to a maximum of 168 hours. Plasma aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) transaminases were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that of controls throughout the study. Testicular histology showed early germ cell disorganization followed by progressive fibrosis (sperm cytoskeleton) by 24 hours. There was evidence of recovery by 168 hours. It is concluded that aqueous extract of cotton seed meal contains substances that can rapidly cause damage to testicular, liver, kidney and muscular tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of 5S and 18S-28S rDNA loci in a tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and its putative diploid ancestors.

The most widely cultivated species of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, is a disomic tetraploid (2n=4x=52). It has been proposed previously that extant A- and D-genome species are most closely related to the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the distribution of 5S and 18S-28S rDNA loci in the A-genome species G. herbaceum and G. arboreum, the D-genome species G. raimondii and G. thurberi, and the AD tetraploid G. hirsutum. High signal-to-noise, single-label FISH was used to enumerate rDNA loci, and simultaneous, dual-label FISH was used to determine the syntenic relationships of 5S rDNA loci relative to 18S-28S rDNA loci. These techniques provided greater sensitivity than our previous methods and permitted detection of six new G. hirsutum 18S-28S rDNA loci, bringing the total number of observed loci to 11. Differences in the intensity of the hybridization signal at these loci allowed us to designate them as major, intermediate, or minor 18S-28S loci. Using genomic painting with labeled A-genome DNA, five 18S-28S loci were localized to the G. hirsutum A-subgenome and six to the D-subgenome. Four of the 11 18S-28S rDNA loci in G. hirsutum could not be accounted for in its presumed diploid progenitors, as both A-genome species had three loci and both D-genome species had four. G. hirsutum has two 5S rDNA loci, both of which are syntenic to major 18S-28S rDNA loci. All four of the diploid genomes we examined contained a single 5S locus. In g. herbaceum (A1) and G. thurberi (D1), the 5S locus is syntenic to a major 18S-28S locus, but in G. arboreum (A2) and G. raimondii (D5), the proposed D-genome progenitor of G. hirsutum, the 5S loci are syntenic to minor and intermediate 18S-28S loci, respectively. The multiplicity, variation in size and site number, and lack of additivity between the tetraploid species and its putative diploid ancestors indicate that the behavior of rDNA loci in cotton is nondogmatic, and considerably more complex and dynamic than previously envisioned. The relative variability of 18S-28S rDNA loci versus 5S rDNA loci suggests that the behavior of tandem repeats can differ widely.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1988

Acute pulmonary response to cotton bract extract in monkeys: lung function and effects of mediator modifying compounds.

It is well established that cotton dust inhalation can compromise lung function in textile workers. Challenges with a water-soluble extract of cotton bract (CBE) can also induce reversible airway obstruction in healthy volunteers. We have examined the effect of inhaled CBE in nonhuman primates and have attempted to inhibit the bronchoconstrictive response with mediator modifying compounds. CBE (34 mg/ml or 100 mg/ml) was administered via IPPB for 15 minutes (15 breaths/min) in 12 intubated, anesthetized, adult male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Breath-by-breath determinations of pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), tidal volume, and breathing frequency were calculated from the transpulmonary pressure (esophageal balloon) and airflow signals and monitored for 2 hr postchallenge. Control challenges with distilled water were also performed in 3 monkeys with the greatest response from CBE. Five animals (42%) were found to respond to CBE with peak % changes in Cdyn greater than 45%. In 3 of these animals, we attempted to blunt the CBE response with chlorpheniramine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and a mast cell stabilizer lodoxamide (0.1 mg/ml aerosol). In these 3 animals the mean (+/- SD) peak % changes in Cdyn to CBE alone was -47.4 +/- 1.8. The CBE response following chlorpheneramine was -49 +/- 15.7 and following lodoxamide was -47.0 +/- 5.4. These data suggest that monkeys, like humans, can develop reproducible bronchoconstriction following an aerosol challenge with CBE. Furthermore, this bronchoconstriction in the monkey is probably not explained by the action of histamine or mediator release alone and an acute inflammatory reaction may be involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Antitumor activity of the aqueous-alcoholic extracts from unripe cotton ball of Gossypium indicum.

The present study investigated the antitumor activity of the aqueous-alcoholic extracts from unripe cotton balls of Gossypium indicum. An Exposure of murine B16 melanoma and L1210 lymphoma cells to the extracts resulted in their severe deaths in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Of the extracts, hydrophilic fractions were most efficacious for the antitumor activity and found to contain certain amounts of catechin and its derivatives. The hydrophilic extract fraction C36B2-8 had approximately 10 times more cytotoxic effects on B12 and L1210 cells than on isolated murine thymocytes. High concentrations (> 150 micrograms/ml) of C 36B3-8 mainly induced necrotic cell death. At low concentrations (< 100 micrograms/ml), however, C 36B3-8 induced not only necrosis but also apoptosis of the two tumor cell lines, which was proved by the TUNEL staining and DNA fragmentation techniques. The data indicate that certain ingredients of the cotton ball extract of G. indicum have an antitumor activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Formation, properties and antimicrobial activities of cotton xanthate-Cu(II)-homosulfamine complex.

To develop a cotton derivatives with prolonged antimicrobial activities, homosulfamine (Hs) was coupled to cotton xanthate (CX) via chelate bond in the presence of Cu(II) ion by one- and two-bath processes. In one-bath process, CX was treated with Cu(II)-Hs solution. In two-bath process, CX was treated with Cu(II) ion solution to produce CX-Cu(II) complex, which was isolated and treated in turn with Hs solution. Effects of concentration, Cu(II)/Hs ratio, and pH on the binding of Hs were investigated at 10 degrees C. In one-bath process, binding of Hs took place readily with optimum pH around 5-6. The amount of binding increased to give a maximum within 5 min and decreased slowly to establish an equilibrium within an hour. In two-bath process, binding of Hs was much lower than that of one-bath process. Release of Hs from CX-Cu(II)-Hs was investigated by batch and flow method. Antimicrobial activities of CX-Cu(II)-Hs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and it showed prolonged activity compared to that of free Hs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Xenia effect on seed and embryo size in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

The term xenia was coined to describe the effect of foreign pollen on the development and characters of the seed. To study its importance and consequences for various seed traits in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the effect of pollen genotype on seed and embryo weight was studied with seeds from 15 F1 hybrids. Cross-fertilization changed seed weight by up to 7.0% in relation to self-fertilization. Xenia effect significantly increased embryo weight of cross-fertilized seeds, by up to 14.4% in comparison to self-fertilized seeds. Seeds of some crosses had a lower hull content than corresponding selfed seeds. On average, the xenia effect was greater for embryo weight than for seed weight. However, in some crosses there was no difference between cross- and self-fertilized seeds for seed weight, embryo weight, moisture content and hull content. Positive xenia effects for seed weight and embryo weight may help us to establish uniform stands of vigorous hybrid seedlings, especially under unfavourable conditions. Also, larger seed and embryo weight, along with lower hull content, could result in higher oil yield. Therefore, careful choosing of genotypes as parents and of cross direction in the production of hybrid seed is very important in cotton.

Chimera↗
PubMed2004

Wide coverage of the tetraploid cotton genome using newly developed microsatellite markers.

Microsatellite [simple-sequence repeat (SSR)] markers were developed and positioned on the genetic map of tetraploid cotton. Three hundred and ninety-two unique microsatellite sequences, all but two containing a (CA/GT) repeat, were isolated, and the deduced primers were used to screen for polymorphism between the Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense parents of the mapping population analyzed in our laboratory. The observed rate of polymorphism was 56%. The 204 polymorphic SSRs revealed 261 segregating bands, which ultimately gave rise to 233 mapped loci. The updated status of our genetic map is now of 1,160 loci and 5,519 cM, with an average distance between two loci of 4.8 cM. The presence of a total of 466 microsatellite loci, with an average distance of 12 cM between two SSR loci, now provides wide coverage of the genome of tetraploid cotton and thus represents a powerful means for the production of a consensus map and for the effective tracking of QTLs.

Chromosome Mapping↗