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PubMedDate not supplied

Participation of the tightly-bound (putative cytoskeleton-bound) polysomes in translation during germination of dormant and non-dormant cereal caryopses.

Research was done on dormant and non-dormant barley cv. Ars caryopses and triticale cv. Grado caryopses treated and non-treated with abscisic acid (ABA). During germination higher participation of populations of so-called tightly-bound polysomes (TBP) in embryos of dormant barley caryopses was observed, as well as their high metabolic activity. In embryos of triticale caryopses of which dormancy was imposed in an artificial way by ABA (100 microM), the strongest incorporation of 14C-amino acids into nascent polypeptide chains in vivo was found in population of TBP, as well as the highest participation among three of the studied fractions (free polysomes, membrane-bound polysomes and tightly-bound polysomes). These results may indicate the significant role of TBP (putative cytoskeleton-bound polysomes--CBP) in maintaining dormancy during imbibition of cereal caryopses.

Cell Fractionation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hydroxamic acids in Secale cereale L. and the relationship with their antifeedant and allelopathic properties.

Contents of the hydroxamic acids 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA), and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) in leaves and roots of 14 cultivars of rye, Secale cereale L., were determined. Dynamics of accumulation in three cultivars were evaluated. DIBOA was the main cyclic hydroxamic acid in leaves but the contents differed significantly between the cultivars. Both DIBOA and DIMBOA were present in the roots. Maximum concentration of DIBOA in leaves and DIMBOA in roots was reached between 48-54 h and 54-72 h after germination, respectively. Antifeedant activity of DIBOA towards the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and the feeding behavior were studied by electronic recording in barley leaves treated with different contents of DIBOA. The deleterious activity of DIBOA could arise by starvation and/or a toxic effect. Additionally, allelopathic potential of pure DIBOA and aqueous extracts of leaves and roots of rye (Tetra-Baer) on the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and rye (Tetra-Baer) seeds was evaluated. A high percentage of germination inhibition of pure DIBOA and the extracts of leaves and roots was observed. The activity is in agreement with the contents of hydroxamic acids in the plants. The substrates had no allelopathic effect on rye seeds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Alignment of the genomes of Brachypodium distachyon and temperate cereals and grasses using bacterial artificial chromosome landing with fluorescence in situ hybridization.

As part of an initiative to develop Brachypodium distachyon as a genomic "bridge" species between rice and the temperate cereals and grasses, a BAC library has been constructed for the two diploid (2n = 2x = 10) genotypes, ABR1 and ABR5. The library consists of 9100 clones, with an approximate average insert size of 88 kb, representing 2.22 genome equivalents. To validate the usefulness of this species for comparative genomics and gene discovery in its larger genome relatives, the library was screened by PCR using primers designed on previously mapped rice and Poaceae sequences. Screening indicated a degree of synteny between these species and B. distachyon, which was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization of the marker-selected BACs (BAC landing) to the 10 chromosome arms of the karyotype, with most of the BACs hybridizing as single loci on known chromosomes. Contiguous BACs colocalized on individual chromosomes, thereby confirming the conservation of genome synteny and proving that B. distachyon has utility as a temperate grass model species alternative to rice.

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Molecular assembly of meiotic proteins Asy1 and Zyp1 and pairing promiscuity in rye (Secale cereale L.) and its synaptic mutant sy10.

Assembly of two orthologous proteins associated with meiotic chromosome axes in Arabidopsis thaliana (Asy1 and Zyp1) was studied immunologically at meiotic prophase of meiosis of wild-type rye (Secale cereale) and its synaptic mutant sy10, using antibodies derived from A. thaliana. The temporal and spatial expression of the two proteins were similar in wild-type rye, but with one notable difference. Unlike A. thaliana, in which foci of the transverse filament protein Zyp1 appear to linearize commensurately with synapsis, linear tracts of Asy1 and Zyp1 protein form independently at leptotene and early zygotene of rye and coalign into triple structures resembling synaptonemal complexes (SCs) only at later stages of synapsis. The sy10 mutant used in this study also forms spatially separate linear tracts of Asy1 and Zyp1 proteins at leptotene and early zygotene, and these coalign but do not form regular triple structures at midprophase. Electron microscopy of spread axial elements reveals extensive asynapsis with some exchanges of pairing partners. Indiscriminate SCs support nonhomologous chiasma formation at metaphase I, as revealed by multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization enabling reliable identification of all the chromosomes of the complement. Scrutiny of chiasmate associations of chromosomes at this stage revealed some specificity in the associations of homologous and nonhomologous chromosomes. Inferences about the nature of synapsis in this mutant were drawn from such observations.

Chromosome Pairing↗
PubMed1997

Safety and effectiveness of homemade and reconstituted packet cereal-based oral rehydration solutions: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Parents may be deterred from obtaining commercial oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for their young children with acute diarrheal disease because of its availability and/or cost, especially if they are poor. We conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine 1) whether low-income parents could safely mix and administer cereal-based ORS (CBORS) both from ingredients commonly found in the home and from a premixed packet; 2) whether these CBORS were as effective in maintaining hydration as commercial glucose-based ORS; and 3) whether CBORS were more effective in reducing severity and duration of illness. METHODS: Children 4 to 36 months of age discharged from emergency departments and health centers with acute diarrheal disease were randomized to receive either homemade CBORS, reconstituted packet CBORS, or Pedialyte. A study nurse saw the child at home each day until the illness resolved, and obtained capillary blood for serum sodium at enrollment and at 24 to 48 hours; a sample of CBORS for sodium concentration; stool for pathogen analysis; and daily fluid intake, stool frequency, and weight. RESULTS: A total of 232 children were enrolled, of whom 203 (88%) completed the study. Two parents (3%) in the homemade CBORS group and one parent (1%) in the packet CBORS group made mixing errors resulting in a high sodium concentration (>100 mEq/L); their children refused the solution and had normal serum sodium values. Mean CBORS sodium concentration for the remainder of the homemade CBORS group was 60 +/- 10 mEq/L, and for the packet CBORS group, 54 +/- 13. Eighteen children (11%) had abnormal serum sodium values at presentation, which returned to normal in all groups in most cases. Three children (4.5%) in the homemade CBORS group, 4 (6%) in the packet CBORS group, and 1 child (1.4%) in the Pedialyte group failed therapy. Children refused to take homemade CBORS and packet CBORS (43% and 32%, respectively) more often than Pedialyte (9%), and those in the CBORS groups tended to take less ORS and total fluids. There were no significant differences among the three groups in incidence of daily vomiting or stooling, duration of diarrhea, or weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: CBORS do not offer a clinically significant advantage over glucose-based ORS. Homemade CBORS represent a treatment option in carefully selected cases, but it is not the safest alternative for regular clinical use.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Are high-lysine cereal crops still a challenge?

The essential amino acids lysine and threonine are synthesized in higher plants via a pathway starting with aspartate that also leads to the formation of methionine and isoleucine. Lysine is one of most limiting amino acids in plants consumed by humans and livestock. Recent genetic, molecular, and biochemical evidence suggests that lysine synthesis and catabolism are regulated by complex mechanisms. Early kinetic studies utilizing mutants and transgenic plants that over-accumulate lysine have indicated that the major step for the regulation of lysine biosynthesis is at the enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase. Despite this tight regulation, recent strong evidence indicates that lysine catabolism is also subject to control, particularly in cereal seeds. The challenge of producing crops with a high-lysine concentration in the seeds appeared to be in sight a few years ago. However, apart from the quality protein maize lines currently commercially available, the release of high-lysine crops has not yet occurred. We are left with the question, is the production of high-lysine crops still a challenge?

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2000

Seasonal dynamics of cereal aphids on Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) susceptible and resistant wheats.

Field experiments were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the impact of resistance to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), on the cereal aphid complex in wheat. Two spring wheats were planted: the variety "Centennial" (Russian wheat aphid susceptible) and the advanced line IDO488 (Russian wheat aphid resistant). IDO488 incorporates the resistance found in PI 294994 into a Centennial background. Field plots were artificially infested with adult D. noxia and sampled weekly. The most abundant aphid species in 1997 were Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Sitobion avenae (F.), D. noxia, and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In 1998, the order of abundance was M. dirhodum, R. padi, S. avenae, and D. noxia. The resistant genotype had significantly fewer D. noxia than the susceptible one during both years. However, plant genotype had no significant effect on the other aphid species in either year. Both the initial density of D. noxia and plant growth stage, had a significant effect on D. noxia population development, but had no effect on the other aphid species. There was no interaction between D. noxia resistance and the population density of the other aphid species observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Estimation of hymenopteran parasitism in cereal aphids by using molecular markers.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed and tested for identification of immature parasitoids in small grain cereal aphids and for estimation of parasitism rates. PCR technique was evaluated for 1) greenhouse-reared greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), parasitized by Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson and 2) aphids collected from winter wheat fields in Caddo County, Oklahoma. For greenhouse samples, parasitism frequencies for greenbugs examined by PCR at 0, 24, and 48 h after removal of L. testaceipes parasitoids were compared with parasitism frequencies as determined by greenbug dissection. PCR was unable to detect parasitism in greenbugs at 0 and 24 h postparasitism, but it was able to detect parasitoids 48 h after parasitoid removal at frequencies that were not significantly different from dissected samples. Field-collected samples were analyzed by rearing 25 aphids from each sample and by comparing parasitoid frequencies of mummies developed and PCR performed on another 50 aphids. Aphid samples included corn leaf aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch); bird cherry-oat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.); English grain aphids, Sitobion avenae (F.); and greenbugs. Mummies were isolated until adult emergence, whereupon each parasitoid was identified to species (L. testaceipes was the only parasitoid species found). Parasitism detection frequencies for PCR also were not statistically different from parasitism frequencies of reared aphids. These results indicate that PCR is a useful tool for providing accurate estimates of parasitism rates and especially for identification of immature parasitoids to species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Economic evaluation of the effects of planting date and application rate of imidacloprid for management of cereal aphids and barley yellow dwarf in winter wheat.

The effects of planting date and application rate of imidacloprid for control of Schizaphis graminum Rondani, Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Homoptera: Aphididae), and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in hard red winter wheat were studied. The first experiment was conducted from 1997 to 1999 at two locations and consisted of three planting dates and four rates of imidacloprid-treated seed. The second experiment was conducted from 2001 to 2002 in Stillwater, OK, and consisted of two varieties of hard red winter wheat seed and four rates of imidacloprid. Aphid densities, occurrence of BYDV, yield components, and final grain yield were measured, and yield differences were used to estimate the economic return obtained from using imidacloprid. In the first study, aphid populations responded to insecticide rate in the early and middle plantings, but the response was reduced in the late planting. Yields increased as insecticide rate increased but did not always result in a positive economic return. In the second study, imidacloprid seed treatments reduced aphid numbers and BYD occurrence, protected yield, and resulted in a positive economic return. The presence of aphids and BYDV lowered yield by reducing fertile head density, total kernel weight, and test weight. Whereas the application of imidacloprid seed treatments often provided positive yield protection, it did not did not consistently provide a positive economic return. A positive economic return was consistently obtained if the cereal aphid was carrying and transmitting BYDV and was more likely to occur if wheat was treated with a low rate if imidacloprid and planted in a "dual purpose" planting date window.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Categories and inheritance of resistance to Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotype 2 in a selection from wheat cereal introduction 2401.

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is one of the most devastating insect pests of wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum spp.) in the world. Yield losses and control costs are valued at several hundred million dollars each year. The use of D. noxia-resistant cultivars is an ecologically, economically, and biologically sound method of managing this pest. Several D. noxia resistance (Dn) genes from wheat have been used to develop cultivars resistant to D. noxia. However, a new U.S. D. noxia biotype (biotype 2) in Colorado is virulent to all known Dn genes except the Dn7 gene from rye (Secale spp.). Hence, there is an immediate need to identify and characterize unique sources of D. noxia resistance to biotypes. In this article, we report resistance to D. noxia biotype 2, identified in a selection from wheat cereal introduction (CItr) 2401, that is controlled by two dominant genes. CItr2401 has a strong antibiosis effect that is exhibited as a reduced intrinsic rate of increase of D. noxia biotype 2. CItr2401 plants also exhibit tolerance to leaf rolling and chlorosis. No antixenosis was detected in CItr2401.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interactions over time between cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and larval parasitoid Tetrastichus julis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Utah.

The phenology of parasitism of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by Tetrastichus julis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was studied in small grain fields from 2000 to 2005 in northern Utah, after release and redistribution of the partially bivoltine larval parasitoid during the 1990s. Host larvae first occurred in May, with peak infestation typically occurring in early to mid-June. Parasitism by overwintering females of T. julis was highest among earliest developing beetle larvae. Thereafter, rates of parasitism fell to low levels (5-10% or less) by the latter half of June, when heat accumulation had reached 280-350 degree-days (based on a minimum threshold of 8.9 degrees C). With the emergence of second generation parasitoids, rates of parasitism rose to levels approaching 100% among the relatively few late-developing larvae of O. inelanopus. Clear and consistent differences over the years were not observed among different crops of small grains (barley, wheat, or oats) either in the phenology and intensity of beetle infestation, or in the rate of parasitism of beetle larvae. The rate of parasitism was especially high in 2005, and an increase in the minimum level of parasitism (observed each year at mid-season) was apparent over the course of the study. These results indicate that the parasitoid has become well established and seems to be continuing to increase in its impact on O. melanopus in northern Utah, despite a relatively hostile environment of crop management, wherein most fields are plowed and disked annually.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Breeding Opportunities for Increasing the Efficiency of Water Use and Crop Yield in Temperate Cereals.

Genetic advances in grain yield under rainfed conditions have been achieved by empirical breeding methods. Progress is slowed, however, by large genotype x season and genotype x location interactions arising from unpredictable rainfall, which is a feature of dry environments. A good understanding of factors limiting and/or regulating yield now provides us with an opportunity to identify and then select for physiological and morphological traits that increase the efficiency of water use and yield under rainfed conditions. The incorporation of these traits into breeders' populations should broaden their genetic base. It also may lead to faster selection methods and selection for the traits may result in correlated gains in yield. Here, we undertake a review of factors that limit yield in rainfed environments and discuss genetic opportunities and genetic progress in overcoming them. The examples given are for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but the principles apply to all cereal crops grown in dry environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, cereal fiber, and plasma adiponectin concentration in diabetic men.

OBJECTIVE: Adiponectin may improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and ameliorate glycemic control. However, few studies have evaluated dietary predictors of plasma adiponectin levels, especially among subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: To examine the associations of dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and fibers with plasma adiponectin levels, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 780 diabetic men from the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. Dietary information was obtained in 1986, 1990, and 1994 using semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, aspirin use, HbA(1c), history of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, and fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and glycemic load were inversely associated with plasma adiponectin in a dose-dependent fashion (P for trend = 0.005 for glycemic index and 0.004 for glycemic load). Adiponectin levels were 13% lower in the highest quintile of dietary glycemic index than in the lowest quintile. For dietary glycemic load, adiponectin levels were 18% lower in the highest quintile than in the lowest. In contrast, high intake of cereal fiber was associated with increased plasma adiponectin levels, adjusting for lifestyle factors and dietary glycemic load (P for trend = 0.003). Adiponectin levels were 19% higher in the highest quintile than in the lowest quintile. Higher magnesium intake was also associated with increased plasma adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS: Diets low in glycemic load and high in fiber may increase plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic patients.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed1993

Effect of the protein matrix on the digestion of cereal grains by ruminal microorganisms.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the protein matrix in the digestion of barley and corn by ruminal microorganisms. Grains, ground and collected on sieves as two particle fractions .25 to .89 mm (small particles) and 2.00 to 3.00 mm (large particles), as well as isolated barley and corn starch granules, were incubated with ruminal inocula. For both grains, digestion of starch in small particles was greater (P < .001) than that of large particles. At 16 and 24 h starch digestion was greater (P < .01) in barley than in corn, for small and large particles. Digestion of barley starch granules did not differ (P > .05) from that of corn starch granules at any incubation time. A 4-h preincubation of small-particle corn and barley with protease increased (P < .001) microbial digestion of starch in corn at 16 h but did not affect digestion of barley. When four ruminally cannulated steers were fed diets containing 80% barley, corn, or wheat or 100% alfalfa hay in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment, amylolytic activity of ruminal inoculum was higher for steers fed grains than for those fed alfalfa. However, when standardized for total viable counts of bacteria, ruminal amylolytic activity did not differ (P > .05) among diet treatments, but proteolytic activity of ruminal inoculum for steers fed alfalfa was higher (P < .01) than that for steers fed cereal grains. Activity of serine proteases in ruminal inoculum was higher (P < .05) for steers fed alfalfa than for steers fed grains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amylases↗
PubMed2004

Effects of cereal grain supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients and concentrations of fermentation end-products in the feces and serum of horses consuming alfalfa cubes.

Twenty geldings (five groups; similar age and BW) were used in a completely randomized design experiment to determine effects of grain supplementation of an alfalfa-cube diet on apparent nutrient digestibility and hindgut fermentation. The geldings were housed individually, fed their diets in two equal meals (0600 and 1800), and adapted to five dietary treatments over 6 wk. The treatments were alfalfa cubes (1% of BW; DM basis) without (control) or with one of four rolled cereal grains (i.e., barley, corn, naked oats, or oats) to provide a target level of 0.4% of BW as total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). Due to acute laminitis, three geldings (one in the control group and two in the barley group) were excluded. Because of this and multiple incidents of gas colic, TNC level was decreased to 0.2% of BW to ensure the geldings' health throughout the adaptation (7 d) and sample collection (5 d) periods. Grain intakes varied (P < 0.05) and reflected the different TNC concentrations. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and cellulose were not affected (P > 0.05) by grain supplementation and averaged 63.2, 63.1, 79.5, 42.7, 39.9, and 50.3%, respectively. Regardless of the source, grain supplementation increased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of TNC (from 85.6 to 94.6%) and decreased (P < 0.05) fecal pH (from 7.04 to 6.74). Fecal concentrations of total VFA (mg/g of DM) were greatest for the barley and naked oats diets (averaging 11.73), intermediate for the oats diet (8.00), and least for the control and corn diets (averaging 5.00; P < 0.05). Fecal concentrations of lactate (microg/g of DM) were greatest for the barley diet (254), intermediate for the oats diet (138), and least for the remaining diets (averaging 100; P < 0.05). Fecal concentrations of NH3 N (mg/g of DM) were greatest for the naked oats diet (1.68), intermediate for the barley and oats diets (averaging 0.86), and least for the remaining diets (averaging 0.63; P < 0.05). Serum concentration of lactate was 46% higher (P < 0.05) for the control than for the grain diets (averaging 0.05 mg/100 mL). Feeding barley, corn, naked oats, and oats contributed to 13, 15, 8, and 20% higher (P < 0.05) serum NH3 N concentrations than the control diet (0.25 mg/100 mL). Higher (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of urea N (mg/100 mL) were detected for the control, barley, and naked oats diets (averaging 25.28) than for the corn or oats diets (averaging 22.21). Results suggest that horses consuming alfalfa cubes could be supplemented with rolled barley, corn, naked oats, or oats at levels not exceeding 0.2% of BW as TNC without affecting nutrient digestion or overall health negatively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Effects of different cereal grains and ractopamine hydrochloride on performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality in late-finishing pigs.

Forty-eight barrows and forty-eight gilts (PIC 337 sires x PIC C22 dams) were evaluated to determine the effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and different cereal grains on the carcass and fat quality in late finishing pigs. The study was carried out using four replicates with 24 animals in each replicate (four pigs per pen, six pens per replicate, two replicates per slaughter date, 12 pens per slaughter date). Treatments for the experiment included corn, wheat, and barley (early finisher period); and corn, corn + RAC, wheat, wheat + RAC, barley, and barley + RAC for the late finisher period. Ractopamine was fed at the level of 10 mg/kg (as-fed basis) of feed. Pigs were allotted to early finisher period treatments at approximately 45 kg BW. Pigs were then given late finisher period treatments at approximately 80 kg BW and fed for 28 d. The dietary digestible lysine level for all diets was maintained at 2.7 g/Mcal of ME. Pigs fed the wheat and corn diets during the late finisher period had a greater (P <0.05) G:F than those fed the barley diets. Pigs fed diets with RAC had lower (P <0.05) leaf fat weights, 10th-rib fat, last-rib fat, and belly firmness and had improved (P <0.05) dressing percents and loin muscle areas compared with those not receiving RAC. Pigs fed the wheat diets had a greater (P <0.05) dressing percent than those receiving the barley diets, but pigs fed the barley diets had a higher (P <0.05) Minolta L* for fat color than pigs fed wheat. Pigs fed diets containing RAC produced pork that was less tender (P <0.05) compared with pigs that did not receive RAC. Linoleic acid percent values were higher (P <0.05) for pigs fed diets with RAC than in those that did not. Feeding RAC improved G:F and lowered feed intake of pigs during the late finisher period (P <0.05). Feeding diets equal in lysine (2.7 g/Mcal of ME) but varying in ME, whether based on corn, wheat, or barley with or without RAC, had little to no effect on carcass, meat, or fat quality attributes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Wheat pasture poisoning. II. Tissue composition of cattle grazing cereal forages and related to tetany.

Thirty-two aged Hereford and Angus cows (avg 10.2 yr old) grazed mixed cereal (wheat and rye) pastures from December 6, 1979 to April 23, 1980 (138 d). On d 104 (March 19), five cows developed tetany. On the day of tetany, the mean plasma Ca of the cows with tetany was 4.1 mg/dl. Cows with tetany had plasma Mg concentrations of 1.7 mg/dl on the day of tetany, but 15 d before tetany and 6 d post-tetany, levels were lower (1.2 mg/dl). Cows with tetany had large increases in plasma parathyroid hormone (PHT) as well as vitamin 1, 25 dihydroxy D3 [1,25(OH)2D], plasma glucose, lactic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Plasma K of these cows followed a similar trend as plant K, except it was not as pronounced. Plasma inorganic P of these same cows was exceedingly low, less than 3 mg/dl several times, although the forage P did not indicate a P deficiency. Levels of plasma hydroxyproline in these cows indicated that bone resorption may have been low during most of the grazing season, even though levels of plasma hydroxyproline were initially high and high subsequent to tetany. High levels of plasma glucose and lactic acid were associated with the time of tetany. Apparently, cows developed inappetence around the time of tetany, as suggested by the high levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Cows with wheat pasture poisoning appeared to respond to the severe hypocalcemia with large increases in plasma 1,25(OH)2D. Plasma 1,25(OH)2D changes were similar to plasma hydroxyproline changes (and possible bone resorption rates) and seemed inversely proportional to plasma Ca and directly proportional to plasma PTH concentrations. Generally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition was not affected as much as plasma composition, except for the low levels of CSF Ca. These data indicate that a metabolic deficiency of Ca (hypocalcemia) was the cause of tetany.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1994

Effects of cereal grain silages versus alfalfa silage on chewing activity and reticular motility in early lactation cows.

Four early lactation Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment to determine the effects of whole crop barley, oat, and triticale silages substituted for alfalfa silage in the forage portion of diets on chewing behavior and the relationships between attributes of reticular contractions and voluntary intake and digesta passage from the reticulorumen. Mean ad libitum DMI was 18.3 kg/d and was affected by diet. Duodenal flows of DM, NDF, and OM were not affected by diet. The frequency and duration of reticular contractions during eating, rumination, and resting were not influenced by diet. Amplitude of reticular contractions during eating was lower for cows fed alfalfa than for those fed barley silage. The NDF of alfalfa was transferred less efficiently than that of cereal silages at the duodenum. Cows fed alfalfa and barley silage diets transferred less NDF per unit of duration than cows fed oat and triticale silage diets. However, an equal amount of NDF was transferred per unit of amplitude of contraction, regardless of diet. Changes in DMI and digesta passage could be explained only partially by changes in chewing activity and attributes of reticular contractions required to transfer each unit of digesta from the reticulorumen.

Animal Feed↗