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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

DNA microarray technology and its applications in dermatology.

The use of DNA microarray technology in biomedical research has dramatically increased during the past years. In the present report, we provide an overview on the basic DNA microarray technology and biostatistical methods for gene expression analysis. A focus is then put on its applications in dermatological research. In recent years, a series of gene expression studies have been performed for various dermatological diseases, such as malignant melanoma, psoriasis and lupus erythematosus. These analyses have identified interesting target genes as well as putative disease susceptibility loci. However, further functional studies will be needed for a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. This may be performed by means of the recently developed RNA interference technology. Besides its role in large-scale gene expression studies, DNA microarray technology has proved to be a valuable tool for genomic screens of genetic alterations, e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms. These play a role in tumour development and progression, and also function as genetic markers for disease susceptibility. Taken together, DNA microarray technology opens enormous perspectives for dermatologists. It may help us understand the complex pathogenesis of a wide variety of dermatologic diseases and identify their genetic background.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's health in the 21st century.

This century's first year is a good time to reflect on the health status of women. Technology and information have exploded in the past 30 years and show no signs of abating. We are entering a new century with some of the same problems that faced us in 1900. Uncontrollable infectious diseases, unacceptable morbidity and mortality rates for diseases that disproportionately affect women, and a continuing lack of funded research and reimbursement for health promotion leave women in a precarious position. Which issues are critical to address, and which technologies may be used to further improve our delivery of health care?

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Human rights and human dignity in the resolution of certain ethical questions in biomedicine.

As medical technology develops, new issues are raised as to how the use of this technology may comply or conflict with existing human rights standards and values. This article considers the application of human rights standards, and in particular the jurisprudence under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, to the trade in human body organs, the selection of the sex of prospective children, and human reproductive cloning. The current domestic law and regulatory framework is examined, as well as international regulation of this area by the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The author considers how the balance is to be struck between the ethical objections to many developments in biomedicine, and individual self-determination. It is suggested that, in order to be justified, any limitations on individual self-determination in the use of this new medical technology, should have a basis in the protection of human dignity.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2002

[Childbirth: a comprehensive perspective. Approaches in health technology assessment].

Are the routine interventions provided during a normal birth process in a hospital setting evidence-based? The World Health Organisation has developed evidence-based interventions especially for low risk women world-wide. The trained midwife is the most appropriate and cost effective caregiver in normal pregnancy and birth. Obstetrics in the area of conflict between technology, economy and law can turn a normal physiological event into a medical procedure. It leads to unnecessary interventions and to a concentration of large numbers of labouring women in technically well equipped units with concomitant complications. Technological advances create a desire for perfectionism. Different interests must be safeguarded in both medical and legal risk-benefit assessments. The differences in the reimbursement of normal vaginal delivery and sectio are contradictory. Our ways of caring for pregnant and birthing women reflect their societal value. Health Technology Assessment adds to decision making by pointing out and analysing different aspects.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2001

Utilization of technologies to reduce allogeneic blood transfusion in the United States.

Concern over safety of the blood supply has led to the use of technologies to reduce allogeneic blood transfusion. The objective of this research was to determine the utilization of these technologies in the United States. We evaluated the following techniques: preoperative autologous donation (PAD), cell salvage (CS) and acute normovolemic haemodilution (ANH); and the following pharmaceuticals: aprotinin (APR), epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), tranexamic acid (TXA), desmopressin (DDAVP) and recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). In 1997, we conducted a cross-sectional mail survey of service chiefs at 1000 US hospitals randomly selected and stratified by status as a provider of open-heart surgery, geographical location and hospital bed size. Sixty-nine per cent (690) of hospitals responded to at least one of the four surveys sent to each hospital. Hospitals reported use of techniques more than pharmaceuticals (P < 0.001); PAD (83%, n = 206) and CS (82% n = 420) were used most frequently. Lack of familiarity was the most common reason cited for infrequent use of pharmaceuticals. Organizational characteristics (e.g. provision of open-heart surgery, size, geographical location, teaching status and type of hospital) were differentially associated with technology use. There is greater use of techniques than pharmaceuticals in US hospitals to reduce the need for allogeneic blood in the peri-operative setting. Providing open-heart surgery is strongly associated with the utilization of these technologies.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of probabilistic methods in economic evaluation of health technologies].

The present article illustrates the advantages of probabilistic methods in health technology assessment. Using probabilistic distributions for parameters, these methods represent parameter uncertainty more effectively than deterministic models. The results of this simulation process represent the joint distribution of cost and effects in the cost-effective plane. More precisely, the cost-effectiveness ratio of each simulation is used to determine whether the ratio is cost effective in relation to the ceiling ratio. This kind of information is represented in the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, which indicates the probability of a health technology being cost-effective for a particular quality-adjusted life year value.

Biomedical Technology↗