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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

The behavioral high-risk paradigm and bipolar affective disorder, VIII: Serum free cortisol in nonpatient cyclothymic subjects selected by the General Behavior Inventory.

The degree of biologic concordance between bipolar affective disorder and cyclothymia was assessed within a 3-hour protocol of cortisol functioning. Cyclothymic subjects, selected by the General Behavior Inventory, showed cortisol hypersecretion approaching that of subjects with major affective disorders; they also showed poor modulation of cortisol levels over time, the degree of which was related to increased current level of depression and to a chronic, intermittent depressive course. These results not only support the validity of the General Behavior Inventory but also suggest that cyclothymic subjects with a chronic depressive course may experience persistent biologic disturbance similar to that found during episodes of major depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The S-R issue: its status in behavior analysis and in Donahoe and Palmer's learning and complex behavior.

The central focus of this essay is whether the effect of reinforcement is best viewed as the strengthenng of responding or the strengthening of the environmental control of responding. We make the argument that adherence to Skinner's goal of achieving a moment-to-moment analysis of behavior compels acceptance of the latter view. Moreover, a thoroughgoing commitment to a moment-to-moment analysis undermines the fundamental distinction between the conditioning process instantiated by operant and respondent contingencies while buttressing the crucially important differences in their cumulative outcomes. Computer simulations informed by experimental analyses of behavior and neuroscience are used to illustrate these points.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Geophysical variables and behavior: XXVIII. Group health-care-seeking behavior and meteorological variables.

Outpatient visits to a "subtropical" military medical clinic (group health-care-seeking behavior) were correlated to weather variables via stepwise linear regression. Despite several significant sets of correlations, quantitative (r, r2, multiple R, multiple R2 and x2) and qualitative (matrix) analyses did not support the existence of lag/causal relationships between weather and behavior. The largest amount of variance (r2) attributable to an individual weather variable was 3% for lower (minimum) daily mean wind speed per month. No regression accommodated more than 36% of variance. Thus, 64% of variance was due to unidentified variables. A winter "seasonal effect" (December and January) was tentatively identified. Group influenza immunizations and 3-day holidays preceded increased visits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Type A behavior pattern and motor vehicle drivers' behavior.

2 major components of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern are said to be a chronic sense of time urgency and impatience. The present study was done to determine whether these characteristics are associated with the driving performance of Type A individuals. 38 women and 32 men completed the Jenkins Activity Survey and a questionnaire concerning their driving. Those subjects exhibiting more Type A behavior tended to be more impatient, reported being involved in more accidents, and received more tickets for driving violations than those scoring lower on the Type A scale.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1987

Styles of oroalimentary behavior: relationship with modulation of emotional behavior and myographic tension of the oral region.

The relationship between styles of oroalimentary behavior and both modulation of aggressive behavior and myographic tension at rest for some muscles engaged in the process of mastication was examined for 24 women. Our data suggested an inverse relation between outward overt hostility and oral appetitive hyperactivation with or without partial masticatory components. Moreover, the oral appetitive activation was negatively correlated with the myographic tension of oral region, particularly the right masseter.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The relationships among family problems, friends' troubled behavior, and high risk youths' alcohol/other drug use and delinquent behavior: a longitudinal study.

Data from an ongoing longitudinal study of juvenile detainees are used to test a structural model of the relationships among their alcohol/other drug use and other delinquent behavior, their family problems, and friends' troubled behavior. The hypothesized model fitted the data well. Implications of the results are drawn in regard to theory and program policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Public substance abuse and managed behavioral healthcare. American Managed Behavioral Healthcare Association and National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors, Inc.

In the interest of establishing a dialogue between state policy makers and commercial managed behavioral healthcare organizations, the American Managed Behavioral Healthcare Association (AMBHA) and the National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (NASADAD) met to facilitate collaborative efforts around the use of managed care strategies in public substance abuse systems. Although diverse in their respective opinions on numerous issues, state substance abuse directors and AMBHA representatives identified several areas of agreement on which to build future dialogues. The provision of addictions treatment is complicated by the multiple priorities established by purchasers. Clinically sound service necessity criteria must be constructed in ways that acknowledge this complexity. Uniform clinical necessity criteria are needed and must be applied in ways that facilitate, rather than inhibit, consistent access to care. Benefits plan designers must ensure a balanced relationship among benefits, outcomes and price and must hold care managers accountable for performance and results. Participants agreed that open and fair competition is in the public interest and that this competition should be structured to preserve the values that protect vulnerable populations. Because public providers have developed significant expertise in offering a broad array of effective treatment and support services, they should be incorporated into both public and private systems of care. State substance abuse authorities can assist providers in developing the capacity to participate in managed systems by supporting training, conducting managed care readiness assessments and adopting uniform treatment guidelines. More uniform performance and outcomes measures would help the field demonstrate its value and these systems should be based on streamlined data collection and timely incorporation of data into quality-improvement efforts. The addictions treatment community, like other components of the healthcare system, can benefit from the adoption of quality-improvement programs that are data-driven and outcome-oriented and that document the positive results achieved by both public and private providers.

Economic Competition↗
PubMed1989

[Behavior of mothers during dental treatment for their handicapped children. 1. Relationship between the mothers' behavior and the image to dental environment and self-consciousness].

The purpose of this study was to find out factors by which mothers of handicapped children chose whether to be with their children while receiving dental treatment or not. The questionnaires from mothers of 42 handicapped children were examined. Factors on the part of the mothers such as their views on the dental environment, their egogram, and the reasons of the mothers' behavior were surveyed. The results of this study were summarised as follows: 1. Both the group of the mothers with their children in the operating room and the group of the mothers not with their children had views of slightly good for a dentist, her child, and a dental operating room. These views were examined by the Semantic Differential Method. 2. Both types of mothers had views of slightly bad for dental treatment. 3. The group of mothers not with their children tended to have a good view of her child and a dental operating room, when compared with the group of mothers with their children. 4. From the analyses of the egogram of the Tokyo university' test, an AC (Adapted Child) was drawed as the factor, in relation to mothers' behavior. 5. The reasons why the mothers chose to be with their children were as follows: the children would have no anxiety, the mothers were apprehensive for their children, the children were not able to speak, and so forth. 6. The reasons why the mothers chose to stay in waiting room were as follows: there will be no reliance on the mothers and child will not be become spoiled, and they should do everything by themselves, children can manage to be treated alone, and so forth.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Prevalence of a type A behavior pattern (coronary prone behavior pattern) in the Vienna population].

The prevalence of the coronary-prone behavior pattern and its interaction with psychosocial and primary coronary risk factors was studied in a Viennese population sample consisting of 1459 people (634 men, 825 women). The sample was representative with respect to sex, age greater than 16 years, socio-economic status and local distribution. A questionnaire-based short rating scale developed by Bortner was used. The distribution of the study population on the A-B axis was unimodal (means = 174.95 +/- 40.76). The upper and the lower third of the A-B dimension was designated to represent type A1 and type B4, respectively. The mean Bortner score and rate of type A1 persons clearly decreased at lower (16 to 20 years) and higher ages (greater than 60 years). Within the group of employed subjects aged 21 to 60 years the mean type A score and the rate of A1 subjects for men (177 +/- 39; 6%) differed significantly from that of their female counterparts (188 +/- 39; 13%). Housewives had a mean score of 178 +/- 41 and 10% of them were scored A1, thus indicating significantly lower mean scores than employed females but the same rate of A1. Subjects with higher educational level showed only a tendency to increased type A. The socio-economic status was positively correlated to the global Bortner score, especially in men, but no relation was found to the rate of Type A1 persons. There was no significant correlation between type A score and systolic or diastolic blood pressure, body mass index or smoking behavior, but a significant correlation between type A score and the subjective feeling of overload. Type A subjects scored themselves significantly more often as continuously overload.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Behavioral toxicity. Neuroleptic-induced paradoxical behavioral toxicity in young borderline schizoprenics.

9 young borderline schizophrenics who developed an acute paradoxical behavioral toxicity as a reaction to the initiation of antipsychotic medication are described. The dynamics, the psychological issues as well as some possible psychopharmacological interactions are discussed. The risk of behavioral toxicity should not be overlooked or underestimated and the occurrence of this reaction must be carefully differentiated from other drug-induced reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Acute and chronic behavioral interactions between phencyclidine (PCP) and amphetamine: evidence for a dopaminergic role in some PCP-induced behaviors.

Amphetamine and phencyclidine (PCP) are both proposed to exert effects on unconditioned behavior through dopaminergic mechanisms. However, a relatively complete characterization of their effects in rats reveals markedly different response profiles. Furthermore, whereas acute co-administration of amphetamine and PCP resulted in an increase in one component of stereotypy, repetitive head movements, two measures of locomotor activation, i.e., ambulation and nonfocused sniffing, were unchanged, and rearings were reduced. In addition, the response alterations which occur with repeated administration of these drugs did not display cross-sensitization. Thus, although repeated daily injections of amphetamine, which produced progressive locomotor augmentation, sensitized animals to the locomotor-stimulating effects of PCP, repeated PCP treatment, which also resulted in locomotor augmentation, decreased the locomotor response to a challenge injection of amphetamine. These findings suggest significant differences in the mechanisms underlying the effects of acute and repeated administration of PCP and amphetamine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Implementation and evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral intervention to prevent problem behavior in a disorganized school.

We assessed the effectiveness of two realizations of cognitive-behavioral instruction in an inner-city middle school with high rates of absenteeism, low staff morale, and chronic low academic achievement. Implementation measures showed that 68% of intended instruction was delivered in the first realization. Self-report measures showed improved school conduct, less victimization in school, and more positive peer associations for the treatment group than for the comparison group at the end of the school year. Treatment students were less likely to leave the school than were comparison students, but were more often absent and tardy. Implementation was poorer in the second realization, and there were no treatment-comparison differences on self-reports or teacher ratings, but treatment students less often left the school. Difficulties in conducting instruction in difficult settings may limit the effectiveness of otherwise efficacious interventions. Specific intervention programs may offer minimal benefits if more basic school improvements are not achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of service provider attitudes and employment status on citizenship behaviors and customers' attitudes and loyalty behavior.

The relationship among job satisfaction, affective commitment, service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty were examined for a sample of 249 hairstylists and 1 of their corresponding customers. Employee satisfaction was positively related to service-oriented OCBs, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty, whereas affective commitment was not related to these outcomes. The extent to which the predictor variables interacted with one another and the role of employment status on these relationships was also explored. High levels of job satisfaction or affective commitment resulted in more service-oriented OCBs for employees and self-employed workers, whereas high levels of both resulted in more service-oriented OCBs for owners.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral treatment of children referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior.

The authors examined the therapeutic alliance in evidence-based treatment for children (N = 185, 47 girls, 138 boys; ages 3-14 years) referred clinically for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. Different alliances (child-therapist, parent-therapist) were assessed from each participant's perspective at 2 points over the course of treatment. As predicted, both child-therapist and parent-therapist alliances related to therapeutic change, family experience of barriers to participation in treatment, and treatment acceptability. Greater alliance was associated with greater therapeutic change, fewer perceived barriers, and greater treatment acceptability. The findings could not be attributed to the influence of socioeconomic disadvantage, parent psychopathology and stress, and child dysfunction or to rater effects (common rater variance in the predictors and criteria).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Health behaviors of students attending historically black colleges and universities: results from the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey.

The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a convenience sample of students at 8 historically Black colleges and universities in 7 states. Analyses showed major differences in the men's and women's responses. The men were significantly more likely than the women to be current smokers. Also, they more frequently reported heavy drinking, drinking and driving in the past days 30 days, and carrying a weapon. The women were significantly more likely to view themselves as overweight, and more than one third reported they were trying to lose weight. More than one third of the students had not exercised or participated in sports activities for more than 20 minutes in the past 7 days. Because historically Black colleges and universities educate the majority of undergraduate Black college students, multidimensional programs to promote disease prevention and health promotion for Black college students must be expanded and evaluated.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Understanding and modeling health behavior: the multi-stage model of health behavior change.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Multi-Stage Model (MSM). The MSM proposes eight different stages that are distinguished by cognitions and behavior and concepts of habituation as well. The MSM stages were assessed in 835 rehabilitation patients with a questionnaire. People in the different stages were compared and trends across the means of individuals in the different stages were evaluated to test for discontinuity patterns. Discontinuity patterns across the stages were found in social-cognitive variables such as intention, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and social support. Most predictions according to stage differences were empirically found. This supported the validity of the MSM. Implications for further investigations and stage-specific interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The effects of a good behavior game on the disruptive behavior of Sundanese elementary school students.

An endemic version of the Good Behavior Game was applied in a rural Sudanese second-grade classroom. Official letters of commendation, extra time for recess, victory tags, and a winner's chart were used as backup reinforcers. The class was divided into two teams, and the teacher indicated she would place a check on the board after every rule violation. The students were also told that the team with the fewest marks would win the game and receive the aforementioned prizes. After an initial adaptation period, the rate of disruption was charted across four treatment phases: viz., baseline I, introduction of the game, baseline II, and reintroduction of the game. It was observed that the game phases were associated with marked decreases in the rate of seat leaving, talking without permission, and aggression. The teacher, principal, parents, and students were consequently individually interviewed, and their comments spoke strongly for the social validity of the game.

Behavior Therapy↗