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PubMed1997

Personality correlates of the Five-Factor Model for a sample of business owners/managers: associations with scores on Self-Monitoring, Type A Behavior, Locus of Control, and Subjective Well-being.

Bivariate relationships were examined between scores on the Five-Factor Model of personality and four personality dimensions including Self-monitoring, Locus of Control, Type A Behavior, and Subjective Well-being. Data were collected from 307 franchise business owner/managers from four different industries. Scores for Self-monitoring were positively related to those on Extraversion; Self-monitoring was the only personality measure significantly correlated with scores on Openness to Experience. Scores for Type A Behavior, measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey, were negatively correlated with Agreeableness and positively correlated with those for Extraversion. Somewhat surprisingly, the score for Type A Behavior had a relatively low correlation with the score for Conscientiousness. Scores for Subjective Well-being and Locus of Control were most strongly correlated with the positive pole of Neuroticism (Emotional Stability), Conscientiousness, and Extraversion. Possible explanations for the observed relationships are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

SuperState: a computer program for the control of operant behavioral experimentation.

Operant behavioral researches require precise control of experimental devices for delivering stimuli and monitoring behavioral responses. The author developed a software solution named SuperState for controlling hardware devices and running reinforcement schedules. The Microsoft Windows compatible software was written by use of an object-oriented programming language Borland Delphi 5.0, which has simplified the programming of the application. SuperState is a stand-alone easy-to-use green software, without the need for the experimenter to master any scripting languages. It features: (1) control of multiple operant cages running independent reinforcement schedules; (2) enough cage devices (16 digital inputs and 16 digital outputs for each cage) suitable for the need of most operant behavioral equipments; (3) control of most standard ISA-type digital interface cards including Med-Associates Super-port cards and a PCI-type card AC6412, and highly expandable to support other PCI-type interface cards; (4) high-resolution device control (1ms); (5) a built-in real-time cumulative recorder; (6) extensive data analyzing including event recorder, cumulative recorder, block analyzing; the summarized results can be transferred easily to Microsoft Excel spreadsheets through the Clipboard.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Exercise and diet determinants of overweight women participating in an exercise and diet program: a prospective examination of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the ability of direct and belief-based measures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs to predict exercise and diet intention and behavior of overweight women. Participants were 117 overweight, community-dwelling women and university students enrolled in a 4-week exercise and diet program. Participants completed baseline measures of demographic characteristics and the TPB constructs. Their exercise and diet adherence were also recorded. We found that: (1) the direct measure of perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted exercise intention, (2) the direct measures of instrumental attitude, subjective norm, and PBC predicted diet intention, and (3) none of the direct or belief-based measures of the TPB constructs predicted 4-week exercise or diet behavior. Furthermore, several beliefs were associated with the direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and intention. Implications of these results for designing exercise and diet interventions with overweight women are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Blocking in the spatial domain with arrays of discrete landmarks.

A characteristic feature of associative conditioning is that learning a predictive relationship between two events can block later learning about an added event. It is not yet well established whether blocking occurs in the spatial domain or the circumstances in which it does. We now report, using rats trained to search for hidden food near landmarks in an open field arena, that blocking can occur in spatial learning. The animals noticed the added landmark at the start of the blocking phase and explored it, but either failed to incorporate it into their spatial map or developed a representation in which only some landmarks actually control behavior. Additionally, performance at asymptote was controlled by the shape of the landmark array rather than the individual landmarks comprising it, indicating that blocking in the spatial domain may represent a failure to alter the encoded geometry of a learned array.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Application of the theory of planned behavior to understand intentions to engage in physical and psychosocial health behaviors after cancer diagnosis.

A cancer diagnosis can trigger change in both lifestyle behaviors and mental health outcomes such as 'growth' and 'benefit-finding'. Assuming changes in mental health outcomes are based upon changes in specific behaviors, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) may facilitate understanding of post-diagnosis change in physical and psychosocial 'health' behaviors. Adults (n = 130) < or =2 years post-cancer diagnosis completed an internet survey. Current performance and future behavior intentions for two physical (e.g. eating a healthy diet) and four psychosocial (e.g. spending quality time with family/friends; engaging in spiritual or religious activities) health behaviors were assessed. TPB constructs (subjective norm, behavior attitudes, perceived behavioral control) for each of the six behaviors were also assessed. Multiple regression analyses indicated the set of TPB constructs accounted for an increment of 25-53% of variance in behavioral intentions beyond that accounted for by clinical and demographic variables. Among individual TPB constructs, behavioral attitude was most consistently associated with behavioral intentions while subjective norm was least consistently associated with behavioral intentions. The TPB could serve as a comprehensive model for understanding change in both physical and psychosocial health behaviors after cancer diagnosis and could suggest innovative approaches to developing interventions to enhance post-diagnosis 'growth' and 'benefit finding'.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Infant rodent ultrasounds -- a gate to the understanding of sound communication.

Components of the communication system between infant and adult rodents based on ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of infants are analyzed. USVs are most often emitted from a pup lost outside the nest in response to changes of: (i) body temperature, (ii) contact with adults/littermates, (iii) handling, and (iv) smell. These changes modulate the state of arousal and the emotional/motivational states and, as a result, USVs are produced. Acoustic properties of USVs seem to reflect the degrees of changes in arousal and emotion/motivation. Adult rodents are aroused by perceiving the USVs, locate the sender and show a phonotaxic approach to the sender. Acoustic properties of USVs in the frequency and time domains are described based on which adult rodents discriminate the USVs from other ultrasounds and take the USVs or adequate models of them as preferred goals of their phonotaxic approach. The preferred approach to adequate USVs is modulated by emotions/motivations, the sex of the receiver, hormonal states, experience with pups and neurotransmitter systems of the brain. The phonotaxis can be understood as the appetitive component of a pup-caring instinct. The consummatory act of the instinct is the retrieval of the lost pup. This retrieval is independent of USV presence, but it closes the communication loop activated by the emission of USVs. Communication with USVs can be used as a tool to investigate genetic and brain mechanisms of behavioral control.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Depressive symptoms and adolescent eating and health behaviors: a multifaceted view in a population-based sample.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown significant associations between depression and substance use and eating disordered behaviors. However, no research to date has described associations between depressive symptoms and nutritional intake or physical activity among adolescents in a nonclinical, population-based sample. METHODS: Classroom surveys were completed by 4,734 ethnically diverse, middle- and high school students. Based on their depressive symptom scores, males and females were categorized with low-, moderate-, or high-depressive symptom status. Linear models were used to examine eating and health behavior variables by depressive symptom groups. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms were positively associated with health-compromising attitudes such as perceived barriers to healthy eating and weight concerns, and health-compromising behaviors such as unhealthy weight-control behaviors and substance use, including caffeine. Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with health-promoting behaviors such as eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner. However, most associations between depressive symptoms and dietary micronutrients were not statistically significant. Health-promoting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was negatively associated with depressive symptoms among males. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who report depressive symptoms are at risk for other health-compromising attitudes and behaviors and are also less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors. Depressive symptoms may be an underlying trait in the expression of health behaviors among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescents' perspectives and food choice behaviors in terms of the environmental impacts of food production practices: application of a psychosocial model.

The objective of this study was to investigate adolescents' perspectives about the environmental impacts of food production practices and whether these perspectives are related to their food choice. Food choice was operationalized as consumption and purchase of organic foods and locally grown foods. A survey questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of adolescents and analyzed for descriptive information and relationships among variables. Subjects were 651 ethnically diverse, urban and suburban high school senior students in a major metropolitan area. Variables of an Expanded Theory of Planned Behavior were measured including beliefs, attitudes, perceived social influences, motivation to comply, perceived behavioral control, self-identity, perceived responsibility, behavioral intention, and behavior. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used. Surveyed adolescents did not have strong or consistent beliefs or attitudes about the environmental impact of food production practices. Cognitive-motivational processes were at work, however, since their perspectives were significantly correlated with behavioral intentions and food choice behaviors. Behavioral intention was best accounted for by attitudes and perceived social influences (and perceived responsibility for organic food), and behavior was best accounted for by behavioral intentions, beliefs, and perceived social influences (and self-identity for local food). There is a need to make salient to adolescents the environmental impact of food production practices through both cognitive and experiential approaches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen attenuates cocaine- and heroin-seeking behavior by rats.

Conditioned stimuli paired with drugs of abuse can acquire motivational properties, and are capable of inducing drug-seeking behavior and relapse to cocaine use. Converging evidence implicates the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, through interactions with limbic afferents to the nucleus accumbens, in behavior controlled by conditioned stimuli. The GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen has been shown to decrease break points in rats responding for cocaine under progressive ratio schedules and also to attenuate activation of limbic cortical areas in human cocaine addicts. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate the effects of baclofen on drug-associated cue-controlled cocaine- or heroin-seeking behavior by rats. Under the second-order schedule of reinforcement used in the present study, cocaine or heroin were available after a fixed time interval, while high rates of responding during the interdrug intervals were maintained by the response-contingent presentations of drug-associated conditioned reinforcers. Baclofen decreased stimulus-maintained responding for either heroin or cocaine, but decreased only cocaine intake under an FR1 schedule. These results therefore support preliminary clinical findings and suggest that drugs with GABA(B) receptor agonist properties may aid abstinence in human drug addicts by decreasing the propensity to cue-induced drug-seeking and relapse.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens shell controls gating of behavioral responses to emotional stimuli.

The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) has been shown to regulate neural plasticity. Drugs of abuse activate CREB in the nucleus accumbens, an important part of the brain's reward pathways, and local manipulations of CREB activity have been shown to affect cocaine reward, suggesting an active role of CREB in adaptive processes that follow exposure to drugs of abuse. Using CRE-LacZ reporter mice, we show that not only rewarding stimuli such as morphine, but also aversive stimuli such as stress, activate CRE-mediated transcription in the nucleus accumbens shell. Using viral-mediated gene transfer to locally alter the activity of CREB, we show that this manipulation affects morphine reward, as well as the preference for sucrose, a more natural reward. We then show that local changes in CREB activity induce a more general syndrome, by altering reactions to anxiogenic, aversive, and nociceptive stimuli as well. Increased CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens shell decreases an animal's responses to each of these stimuli, whereas decreased CREB activity induces an opposite phenotype. These results show that environmental stimuli regulate CRE-mediated transcription within the nucleus accumbens shell, and that changes in CREB activity within this brain area subsequently alter gating between emotional stimuli and their behavioral responses. This control appears to be independent of the intrinsic appetitive or aversive value of the stimulus. The potential relevance of these data to addiction and mood disorders is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A prospective study of women's health: the effects of stress, hardiness, locus of control, Type A behavior, and physiological reactivity.

This study was a five-year follow-up of women who had participated in a previous experiment. At time one, we obtained measures of hardiness, Type A behavior, locus of control, stress, illness, and physiological reactivity. At time two, we obtained measures of illness for the past twelve months. Multiple regression analyses support the hypotheses that both hardiness and locus of control buffer the effects of stress on illness. Furthermore, Type A classification was associated with greater illness frequency and resting systolic blood pressure predicted future health status. An examination of all variables simultaneously revealed that future illness frequency is best predicted by locus of control x stress, high resting systolic blood pressure and low systolic reactivity. Future illness severity was best predicted by locus of control and resting systolic blood pressure. These results support the hypotheses that hardiness and locus of control buffer the effects of stress on health in women employed as clerical workers; however, the predictive power of hardiness in these women is largely accounted for by the contribution of locus of control.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Domestic violence against 116 Turkish housewives: a field study.

In order to clarify the factors associated with domestic violence against married women and to learn the attitude of women toward violence and toward the inquiry of health personnel about domestic violence, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 116 married Turkish women. The prevalence of domestic physical violence was found to be 41.4%, emotional violence 25.9%, sexual violence 8.6%, and controlling behavior 77.6%. Physical violence experienced at any time in their life was 50.9%. Rate of physical violence was found related with lower formal education of both women and husbands and their place of birth. The opinion of "husbands must not beat their wives" was more common among women with formal education. Eighty-two percent of women indicated that they would be willing to answer questions regarding domestic violence by health personnel. In conclusion, cultural background and formal education of either woman or man influence the likelihood of imposing or tolerating violent behavior at home. Inquiry about violence may be a routine in women's health care practice, and it is welcome by most women.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The long-term effect of high- and low-rate responding histories on fixed-interval responding in rats.

Tell rats were given extended lever-press training on a fixed-interval (FI) 30-s food reinforcement schedule from the outset or following exposure to one or two previous reinforcement schedules. For 4 rats the previots schedule was either fixed-ratio 20, which generated high response rates, or differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 20 s, which produced low response rates. For 4 additional rats the extended training on FI 30 s was preceded by experience with two schedules: fixed-ratio 20 followed by differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 20 s; or the same two schedules in the reverse order. Fixed-interval response rates were initially affected by the immediately preceding schedule, but after 80 to 100 sessions, all traces of prior schedule history had disappeared. The results also showed no long-term effect of schedule history on the interfood-interval patterns of responding on the FI 30-s schedule. These results support one of the most central tenets of the experimental analysis of behavior: control by the immediate consequences of behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Testing for behavioral contagion in a case-control design.

'Behavioral contagion' refers to an increased tendency for a behavior to be performed when socially related persons have already performed it. So understood, behavioral contagion may be involved in criminality, conduct disorder, drug abuse, suicide, and teenage pregnancy. In a recent paper we showed that contagion, when present, generates highly distinctive result patterns in survey data. These patterns allow one to infer that contagion is present even though it has not been directly observed. The present paper extends this approach to case-control designs, where, it will be shown, contagion has equally distinctive but different consequences. The analysis is illustrated with a Canadian study of conduct disorder and further evidence is presented that this condition is contagious. Limitations of the approach and alternative interpretations of results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Parent and child mealtime behavior in families of children with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the hypothesis that children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their parents would show more maladaptive behaviors during dinner than children without CF and their parents. STUDY DESIGN: Children with CF (n = 32) and their parents were compared with 29 children without CF and their parents on the rate and frequency of parent-child behaviors during a typical dinner in the families' homes by using multivariate analyses of variance. RESULTS: When the rate of behavior, controlling for meal length, was examined, no differences were found between groups. However, parents of children with CF were found to differ from parents of control subjects in the frequency of direct and indirect commands (P <.05), coaxes (P <.01), physical prompts (P <.01), and feeding their child (P <.05). Children with CF were found to engage in more talk, spend more time away from the table, refuse food, and exhibit more noncompliance toward commands to eat than control children (P <.05 for all child variables). When behaviors were examined as a function of meal phase, parents of children with and without CF both showed an increase in commands (P <.01), coaxes (P <.05), feeds (P <.01), and physical prompts (P <.01) in the second half of the meal as compared with the first. Children with CF and the control children showed an increase in behaviors incompatible with eating during the second half of the meal compared with the first (P <.01). When faster eaters were compared with slower eaters, faster eaters consumed a higher percentage of the recommended daily allowance of energy (P <.01) than slower eaters and showed a trend to be at higher weight percentiles for age and sex (P =.08) regardless of group (CF or control). CONCLUSIONS: Children with CF and their parents do not differ from children without CF and their parents in the rate of behaviors exhibited or types of strategies used to encourage eating. However, children with CF and their parents engage in these behaviors more frequently. Our data do not support typical parenting behaviors as effective in meeting the CF dietary requirements. Additional support in the form of child behavior management training may be needed to assist parents in meeting their child's caloric requirements.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Beliefs about the determinants of body weight predict dieting and exercise behavior.

This study examined the relation between beliefs about the determinants of body weight and self-reported weight-control behaviors. Restrained eaters and unrestrained eaters indicated their beliefs about amount of food eaten and amount of exercise as determinants of body weight. They also reported the extent to which they engaged in several dieting behaviors and exercise. For restrained eaters (but not for unrestrained eaters), there was a positive correlation between beliefs about amount of food eaten as a determinant of body weight and self-reported dieting behaviors. For both restrained and unrestrained eaters, there was a positive correlation between beliefs about exercise as a determinant of body weight and amount of weekly exercise. These results suggest that (a) specific beliefs about the determinants of body weight can be useful predictors of weight-related behaviors, and (b) restrained eaters are likely to engage in a broader range of behaviors aimed at controlling their weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The unconscious feeling of knowing: a commentary on Koriat's paper.

In Koriat's paper "The Feeling of Knowing: Some Metatheoretical Implications for Consciousness and Control," he asserts that the feeling of knowing straddles the implicit and explicit, and that these conscious feelings enter into a conscious control process that is necessary for controlled behavior. This assertion allows him to make many speculations on the nature of consciousness itself. We agree that feelings of knowing are produced through a monitoring of one's knowledge, and that this monitoring can affect the control of behavior such as whether or not to search memory for an answer. Further, we believe that monitoring of performance with a strategy can also affect cognition control and strategy selection; however, we also believe that frequently this monitoring and control occurs without conscious awareness. Feeling of knowing has received an inordinate amount of attention because it lies behind the highly recognizable tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon that represents one of the rare cases of conscious monitoring. There are other feelings of knowing which are much more common and are not accompanied by conscious awareness. These are evident in the early selection of a strategy for answering a problem. In our view, the research on feeling of knowing will not resolve the question of whether consciousness is merely epiphenomenal.

Cognition↗
PubMed1998

"Acting out" and "acting in" as behavioral responses to stress: a qualitative and quantitative study.

In a sample of 270 depressed patients, we describe some behaviors in response to stress. One third acknowledged "acting out" behaviors--angry, destructive acts and "out of control" behaviors. Four fifths acknowledged "acting in" behaviors--most commonly withdrawal. As a percentage of subjects acknowledged both response styles (with alternate expression influenced by situation), we developed a dimensional self-report measure within a subsample of 177 who attended a follow-up reassessment. Assignment to four groups with contrasting expressions of "acting out" and "acting in" scores demonstrated differences in age, diagnostic status, age of onset of depression, and self-injurious behaviors.

Acting Out↗