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PubMed1997

Relative validity and reproducibility of a diet history questionnaire in Spain. I. Foods. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the relative validity and reproducibility of a dietary history questionnaire (DH) designed to be used in Spain as part of a prospective European research project on diet and cancer. METHODS: A total of 91 volunteers (46 men and 45 women) aged 35-60 years, and of various occupational categories, participated in the study. The DH was structured according to occasions of intake and was administered twice by interview, with a year's interval. Twelve 24-hour diet recalls, administered monthly between the two administrations of the DH, were used as a reference method. Natural units, geometric figures and a set of photographs were used to quantity portion size. RESULTS: Of a total of 17 food groups, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the daily intake of food groups, based on the mean of 12 24-hour diet recalls, and the second DH showed values between 0.65 and 0.90 in 14 groups (potatoes, vegetables, fruits, cheese, other dairy products, bread, other cereals, meat and poultry, fish and shellfish, butter, margarine and oils, sugar and sweets, other desserts, alcohol and coffee and tea) in males and in 11 groups (potatoes, other vegetables, fruits, cheese, other dairy products, bread, meat and poultry, fish and shellfish, sugar and sweets, alcohol and coffee and tea) in females. In comparison with the mean of 12 24-hour diet recalls the DH questionnaire over-estimated (in both sexes) the intake of vegetables, cereals, butter, margarine and oils and underestimated the intake of sugar and sweets, and other desserts. CONCLUSIONS: The DH method is more expensive and more difficult to apply than other instruments but it provides good information on the habitual food intake of the individual.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Vitamin E, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of large amounts of dietary vitamin E and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in rabbits fed a low-cholesterol, atherogenic diet, and to seek for evidence of lipid peroxidation in the atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed a purified atherogenic diet, containing butter or the basal diet supplemented with either 1.0% of vitamin E or 0.1% each of BHA and BHT for periods up to 3 years; a negative control group was fed the basal diet with corn oil replacing butter. Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were more frequent and extensive in rabbits fed either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with BHA and BHT than in rabbits fed either the basal diet supplemented with vitamin E or the negative control diet. Dietary vitamin E inhibited atherogenesis by preventing hypercholesterolemia. No evidence of lipid peroxidation was detected in the arterial lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of dietary fat and cholesterol supplements on glucagon receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity of rat liver plasma membrane.

We have examined the effect on rat liver glucagon receptors and adenylate cyclase activity of a high saturated fat diet (butter fat), a high n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet (corn oil), and a high n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet (menhaden fish oil) with or without additional cholesterol. The number and affinity of the glucagon receptors were unaffected by diet. The glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity from fish oil-fed animals exhibited the greatest stimulation, followed by corn oil-fed animals. Butter fat-fed and all cholesterol-supplemented groups showed a depression in stimulation. The pattern of adenylate cyclase activity with fluoride stimulation was similar to that observed with glucagon. The effect of dietary fat on forskolin stimulation was similar to glucagon and fluoride for the groups without added cholesterol. However, the cholesterol-supplemented groups did not exhibit a decreased activity. It is suggested that the effect of dietary lipid on glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase is not due to changes in the glucagon receptor, but rather due to changes in signal transduction, the Gs-protein or the catalytic unit.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1997

Dietary lipids modulate bone prostaglandin E2 production, insulin-like growth factor-I concentration and formation rate in chicks.

This study examined the effects of dietary fat on the fatty acid composition of liver and bone, and on the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in liver and bone, as well as the relationship of these factors to bone metabolism. Day-old male broiler chicks were given a semipurified diet containing one of four lipid sources: soybean oil (SBO), butter+corn oil (BC), margarine+corn oil (MAC), or menhaden oil+corn oil (MEC) at 70 g/kg of the diet. At 21 and 42 d of age, chicks fed MEC had the highest concentration of (n-3) fatty acids [20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)] in polar and neutral lipids of cortical bone but the lowest amount of 20:4(n-6) in polar lipids. Diets containing t-18:1 fatty acids (MAC and BC) resulted in t18:1 accumulation in bone and liver. Bone IGF-I concentration increased from 21 to 42 d in chicks given the SBO and BC diets. Tibial periosteal bone formation rate (BFR) was higher in chicks given BC compared with those consuming SBO and MEC at 21 d. The higher BFR and concentrations of hexosamine in serum and IGF-I in cartilage, but lower 20:4(n-6) content in bone polar lipids in chicks given BC compared with those given SBO suggest that BC optimized bone formation by altering the production of bone growth factors. A second study confirmed that dietary butter fat lowered ex vivo prostaglandin E2 production and increased trabecular BFR in chick tibia. These studies showed that dietary fat altered BFR perhaps by controlling the production of local regulatory factors in bone.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dietary fat type influences total milk fat content in lean women.

Trans fatty acids (TFA) are found naturally in some foods (e.g., dairy products) as well as many processed foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO). Data from a growing literature suggest that some TFA decrease milk fat in lactating animals. Because the physiologic effects of TFA in lactating women are unknown, this study was designed to investigate the effects of TFA consumption on human milk fat. A randomized, crossover design (n = 12) was used to study the effect of 3 dietary treatments: high PHVO (regular margarine), low PHVO (low TFA margarine), or low PHVO but high in naturally occurring TFA (butter) on milk fat. Treatments were administered for 5 d, with 7-d washout periods. Maternal adiposity was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Milk and blood were collected on d 5 of each intervention period. In general, milk and serum fatty acid concentrations mirrored those of the dietary treatments. There were significant interactions between treatment and maternal adiposity on milk fat and infant milk consumption, as well as on serum glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Consumption of regular margarine, compared with low TFA margarine, resulted in lower milk fat in leaner, but not in more obese women. Consumption of either regular or low TFA margarine, compared with butter, elevated serum NEFA concentrations in the more obese women. In summary, consumption of regular margarine, compared with low TFA margarine, decreased milk fat in lean women. Further studies are required to determine whether infant milk consumption might compensate for this potentially important change in milk composition.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Mutagenicity of high fat diets in the colon and small intestine of transgenic mice.

Dietary fat has been implicated as a cause of colon cancer by epidemiological studies. Unfortunately, these studies are compatible with high fat as either initiator or promoter. Since initiators are normally mutagenic, we have tested the mutagenicity of high fat diets in the intestinal epithelium at two loci. The Dlb-1 assay, used in the small intestine, detects a wide spectrum of mutations. The lacI assay (Big Blue Mouse assay) is not as sensitive to some types of mutation as is Dlb-1 but was used in the colonic epithelium. Mice suitable for both assays were fed isocaloric high fat diets and subsequently assayed for somatic mutation. The diets consisted of: (i) a mixture of beef tallow, butter and lard totalling to 31% w/w of the diet (AIN-76A) up to 17 weeks; and (ii) corn oil, beef tallow, lard or butter individually, at 31% w/w of the diet for 5 and 9 weeks. These diets provided 50% of the calories from fat. The weights of the experimental and control mice were similar throughout the experiment. No significant increases in mutant frequencies were observed on any high fat diet compared to controls, so we conclude that uncooked fats are not mutagenic and are not initiators of carcinogenesis in the intestinal epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Coffee, dietary habits, and serum cholesterol among men and women 35-49 years of age.

The relations between coffee and dietary habits and between coffee, dietary habits, and serum cholesterol were examined in 11,912 men and 12.328 women aged 35-49 years in the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Study in Oppland, southern Norway, 1976-1978. Dietary data are based on results from a self-administered questionnaire. In both sexes, the dietary pattern of persons with a high coffee consumption differed from that of persons with a low coffee consumption: Heavy coffee drinkers had a higher consumption of bread, potatoes, and butter or margarine per slice of bread and more frequent use of hard margarine; men had a higher consumption of eggs and a lower consumption of skim milk. These results suggest a higher total food and fat consumption and a lower ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids among heavy coffee drinkers. However, only 20% of the variation in coffee consumption was explained by dietary and lifestyle variables. The study confirmed a positive relation between serum cholesterol and use of butter or hard margarine (p less than 0.001) and between serum cholesterol and coffee consumption (p less than 0.001). Bread consumption and milk consumption were negatively correlated to serum cholesterol. The negative association with skim milk was significant only in women (p less than 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cashew nut dermatitis.

The urushiol dermatitis caused by plants of the Anacardiaceae family is the most common cause of acute allergic contact dermatitis. We have reported a case of cashew nut urushiol dermatitis due to ingestion of homemade cashew nut butter contaminated by cashew nut shell oil. With the precautions taken today to avoid contamination of food products with cashew urushiols, it is rare to find a case of cashew nut dermatitis in the United States. We have found no other report of contact dermatitis due to cashew nut butter. Moreover, though hinted at in the literature, there has been no previous detailed report of perianal contact dermatitis due to cashew ingestion. The fact that our patient was ill enough to require treatment with 3 weeks of systemic steroid therapy highlights the potential public health hazard of consumption of improperly prepared cashew products. However, the risk of cashew nut dermatitis today remains small, and this should not discourage cashew lovers from enjoying their treats. A final lesson to be learned from this case is that perianal eruptions may be due to materials deliberately applied to the anogenital region or to ingested antigens that remain sufficiently intact within the feces to affect perianal skin.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Fats in seasoning and the relationship to pancreatic cancer.

The relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and the risk of pancreatic cancer has been considered in a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1983 and 1995 on 362 pancreatic cancer cases and 1502 controls in hospital for acute, not neoplastic, non-digestive tract disorders. Subjective scores (low, intermediate, high) for the intake of butter, margarine and oil were used to evaluate the use of fat in seasoning. No material association was observed for butter or margarine. The score for oil (mainly olive oil) intake was inversely related to the risk of pancreatic cancer: the multivariate odds ratios were 0.76 for the intermediate, and 0.60 for the highest score of intake, and the trend in risk was significant. These findings support the hypothesis that (olive) oil may have a comparatively more favourable impact on the risk of pancreatic cancer than other types of seasoning fats.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Structures of mono-unsaturated triacylglycerols. II. The beta2 polymorph.

An improved crystal structure model has been established for the beta2 polymorph of the symmetric mono-unsaturated triacylglycerol 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (SOS) and the equivalent beta-V polymorph of Ivory Coast cocoa butter. In addition, the crystal structures of the beta2 polymorphs are reported for the triacylglycerols 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoylglycerol (POS), which are, together with SOS, the major components of cocoa butter, and that of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-arachidoylglycerol (SOA). The existence of beta2-POS and beta2-SOA has not been previously reported in the literature. All structures have been solved from high-resolution laboratory or synchrotron powder diffraction data with the direct-space parallel-tempering program FOX and refined with the Rietveld module of GSAS. All compounds crystallize in similar monoclinic unit cells (Cc) with very long b axes (>127 A). The oleic chains are packed together and sandwiched between saturated chain layers, forming acyl-chain three-packs. An analysis of the beta2 polymorphs and beta1 polymorphs [van Mechelen et al. (2006). Acta Cryst. B62, 1121-1130] shows that they contain the same three-packs and differ only in the symmetry relation between the three-packs. The three-pack build-up provides an explanation of the mechanism of the phase transition that causes the formation of fat bloom on dark chocolate.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2004

Chewing behavior and salivary secretion.

We determined the salivary flow rate in 16 healthy subjects in rest and while chewing artificial and natural foods (Parafilm, Melba toast with and without margarine, and three different volumes of breakfast cake and cheese). We also determined the duration of a chewing cycle, the number of chewing cycles until swallowing, and the time until swallowing. The physical characteristics of the foods were quantified from force-deformation experiments. The flow rates of the saliva as obtained without stimulation, with Parafilm stimulation, and with chewing on the various foods were significantly correlated. An increase in chewing cycle duration, number of chewing cycles until swallowing, and time until swallowing was observed as a function of the volume of the food. More chewing cycles were required for Melba toast than for an equal volume of cake or cheese. This may be caused by the low water and fat percentage of the Melba toast. The number of chewing cycles and the time until swallowing significantly decreased when the Melba toast was buttered. The decrease may be caused by facilitation in bolus formation and lubrication of the food due to buttering the toast. The number of chewing cycles until swallowing was not correlated to the salivary flow rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Examination of some factors responsible for a food-induced increase in absorption of atovaquone.

1. Atovaquone is a potent antiprotozoal slowly and irregularly absorbed after administration as tablets to fasting volunteers. A series of studies was performed to investigate the effects of food, bile and formulation on atovaquone absorption. 2. In 18 healthy male volunteers, a high-fat breakfast administered 45 min before 500 mg atovaquone as tablets increased AUC by 3.3-fold (95% CI 2.8-4.0) and Cmax 5.3-fold (4.3-6.6) compared with fasting. 3. The absorption of atovaquone from tablets was examined in 12 healthy male volunteers after an overnight fast, following toast alone, toast with 28 g butter (LOFAT), or toast with 56 g butter (HIFAT). Compared with absorption when fasted, toast had no significant effect but LOFAT increased AUC 3.0-fold (2.1-4.2) and Cmax 3.9-fold (2.6-5.8). HIFAT increased AUC 3.9-fold (2.7-5.5) and Cmax 5.6-fold (3.8-8.4). 4. The absorption of atovaquone was examined in nine healthy fasting male volunteers from tablets, an aqueous suspension, and an oily solution/suspension in miglyol (fractionated coconut oil). Compared with tablets, AUC following the aqueous suspension was increased 1.7-fold (1.0-2.7) and Cmax 2.4-fold (1.7-3.5). Following miglyol, AUC was increased to the same extent but Cmax was only increased 1.8-fold (1.2-2.6). 5. Atovaquone absorption was examined in eight healthy fasting male volunteers following an i.v. infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) which decreased gallbladder volume by 82% (73%-90%) on occasion 1 or saline on occasion 2. AUC(0,12) was increased following CCK-OP by 1.6-fold (1.1-2.4) and Cmax by 1.5-fold (0.98-2.4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A note on the screening of dried shrimps, shrimp paste and raw groundnut kernels for aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus.

All of 33 samples of dried shrimps, shrimp paste, peanut butter and raw groundnut kernels were contaminated with fungi. Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. were the predominant types in dried shrimps and raw groundnut kernels but no Aspergillus spp. were present in peanut butter or shrimp paste samples. Among 81 Aspergillus isolates obtained from dried shrimps and raw groundnut kernels, 10 were A. flavus/A. parasiticus, of which five were potential aflatoxin-producing A. flavus strains. No aflatoxins were detected in the food samples although some were visibly mouldy and some had high mould counts. The occurrence of aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus in dried shrimps and raw groundnut kernels warrants further investigation of these foods and their products as potentially significant sources of aflatoxins.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2001

Effect of lifestyle, smoking, and diet on development of intestinal metaplasia in H. pylori-positive subjects.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental and sociodemographic factors and the effect of smoking, alcohol, and dietary habits on the risk of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. METHODS: The investigation was based on 2598 consecutive volunteer blood donors tested for the presence of antibodies against H. pylori from March 1995 to March 1997. Endoscopy with multiple biopsies was offered to all H. pylori-positive, symptomatic subjects. The presence or absence of IM was diagnosed by gastric biopsies. A serologically H. pylori-positive subject with gastric IM was defined as a case, whereas serologically H. pylori-positive subjects without IM were used as controls. All patients answered a detailed questionnaire collecting sociodemographic characteristics and smoking, alcohol drinking, and dietary habits. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% CIs were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, including terms for age and sex, to assess the association between the data collected and IM. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-four subjects with serological H. pylori infection and upper-GI symptoms underwent GI endoscopy, during which biopsies were taken for histological diagnosis. Histology revealed metaplasia in 74 subjects (21.5%). Incomplete IM was found in 37.8% of these cases. No significant associations were found between IM and anthropometric or sociodemographic factors. There was a significant association between age and IM (chi2 for trend, 6.67; p value, 0.009). Current smokers of over 20 cigarettes per day had a 4-fold risk of IM (OR, 4.75, 95% CI, 1.33-16.99). A 2-fold increased risk was found for high butter consumers (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.14-4.11). No significant specific associations were found between the variables studied and complete or incomplete IM. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that smoking and high butter consumption may increase the risk of having gastric IM in H. pylori-positive subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Monounsaturated fatty acid intake by children and adults: temporal trends and demographic differences.

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may have a beneficial health effect. Twenty-four-hour dietary intake data collected on 10-year-olds from 1978 to 1994 and on children and adults (ages 0-30 years) were examined for time, age, gender, ethnic, and geographic location differences in MUFA intake. Children's percent energy from MUFA decreased significantly from 1978 (14.1%) to 1994 (11.9%) with intake of oleic acid decreasing from 33.9 g/day (1973) to 25.7 g/day (1994). In 1994-96, percent energy from MUFA was 13% for children and adults aged 12 to 30 years, with 5% from palmitoleic acid and 93% from oleic acid. Males and blacks had significantly higher MUFA intake across all age groups than females and whites. Intakes of MUFA increased from 0 to 11 years of age to young adulthood (12-19 years), with no further increase at 20 to 30 years of age. Intakes of MUFA were lowest in the Northeast and highest in the Midwest. There were differences in food sources of MUFA by age group. For children 0 to 5 years of age, major sources were whole milk, peanut butter, 2% milk, and French fries; for children 6 to 11 years of age, major sources were whole milk, peanut butter, French fries, and 2% milk; for children 12 to 19 years of age, French fries, salt snacks, whole milk, and meat pizza were the major sources; for adults, French fries, whole milk, potato chips, and ground beef were the most common sources of MUFA. U.S. children and adults displayed temporal trends and demographic differences in intakes and food sources of MUFA. The implications of these changes and differences on biologic risk factors for specific chronic diseases warrant further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Who eats what? A comparison of dietary patterns among men and women in different occupational groups.

Dietary data were obtained during a community-based study of risk factors for heart disease in 1983. Results were compared for men and women in broadly defined socioeconomic groups based on occupation and education. People in higher status occupation groups and with more education, and women more than men, had food consumption patterns more consistent with current health promotion messages. For example, they reported eating more wholemeal or brown bread and more fresh fruit and vegetables, drinking more skim or low-fat milk, eating fewer eggs and having less sugar in hot drinks or on cereals. There was some evidence, however, of an interplay of influences of cost and health awareness. For example, retired men were less likely than employed men to eat butter, cream, fresh fruit and vegetables, while men in the upper socioeconomic groups reported relatively higher consumption of butter and cream. The results emphasise the need for a range of strategies aimed at specific subgroups in order to improve national dietary patterns in Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Combined effects of age and dietary fat on beta 1-receptors and Ca2+ channels in rat hearts.

Male Wistar rats were fed a standard diet or diets supplemented with 10% butter, 10% corn oil, or 10% cod liver oil from the age of 2 mo. At 7 and 24 mo of age, the fatty acid composition of total phospholipids was determined in ventricular crude sarcolemma preparations; binding capacity and affinity (1/Kd) of [3H]dihydroalprenolol and [3H]nitrendipine binding were also determined. The arachidonic acid level was significantly higher at 24 mo than at 7 mo of age in the membrane phospholipids in rats fed no extra fat, but in rats fed fat-supplemented diets, age had no effect. Affinity of Ca2+ channels for [3H]nitrendipine decreased significantly in all dietary groups between 7 and 24 mo of age, whereas the affinity of beta 1-receptors for [3H]dihydroalprenolol increased in corn oil-fed rats. Density of beta 1-receptors decreased significantly in corn oil- and butter-fed rats and rats fed no extra fat between 7 and 24 mo of age, whereas the density of Ca2+ channels decreased significantly in corn oil-fed rats. We conclude that the antagonist binding properties of Ca2+ channels and beta 1-adrenergic receptors in rat hearts may change with age depending on the dietary fat.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the effects of dietary saturated, mono-, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile, oxidant stress, prostanoid synthesis and aortic histology in rabbits.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the effects of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acid-enriched diets on the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis in New Zealand white male rabbits, 3- to 6-month-old animals were supplemented daily (10 g/100 g diet) with butter (n = 8), olive oil (n = 8) or corn oil (n = 8) by oral administration for 7 weeks. METHODS: Total cholesterol (TC), HDL- (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipid peroxides as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F(1alpha) (6-ketoPGF(1alpha)) concentrations were determined in blood samples drawn before and after each group was fed the different dietary regimens. Histological examination was performed on the aortic tissues. RESULTS: After 7 weeks, TC, ApoB and TXB2 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the butter-fed animals compared to pre-experimental concentrations. Olive oil administration lead to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in TC and ApoB levels. The corn oil-enriched diet decreased TC, LDL-C concentrations, TC/HDL-C ratios and 6-ketoPGF(1alpha) (stable metabolite of prostacyclin-PGI2; p < 0.05 for all) but increased TBARS levels and TXB2/6-ketoPGF(1alpha) ratios. Light microscopic findings were in accordance with these biochemical alterations. CONCLUSION: Although effective in lipid lowering, corn oil increased oxidant stress as evidenced by increased TBARS and induced endothelial damage which lead to a reduction in PGI2 synthesis and consequently to an increase in the TXB2/6-ketoPGF(1alpha) ratio. Olive oil administration did not induce oxidant stress and it had no affect on PGI2 and TXB2 levels which are implicated in platelet aggregation. These findings suggest that oleic acid is more effective than linoleic acid in the protection of endothelial integrity.

Analysis of Variance↗