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PubMed1978

[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). I. Nuclei of the mammillary bodies in cattle].

1. In the present neuroanatomic study the topography and cytoarchitectonic of the nuclei of the mamillary body of cattle are described and quantitative-morphologically investigated in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal and 4 horizontal series, stained by the methods after Nissl, Klüver and Barrera and after Heidenhain). 2. The medial mamillary nucleus of cattle is with an average volume of 47.7 mm3 the largest nucleus of the mamillary body. It contains about 715,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 and can cytoarchitectonically be subdivided into a medial part and a lateral part. 3. The median mamillary nucleus is an unpaired and clearly defined nucleus which accounts with an average volume of 16.9 mm3 for a quarter of the whole volume of the nuclei belonging to the mamillary body, however with 11,000 cells/mm3 it shows a relatively small cell density in comparison with the other mamillary nuclei. 4. The lateral mamillary nuclei of cattle are situated in the rostral third of the mamillary body and account for 5.3 per cent of the whole volume of the nuclei. About 28,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 were found in each nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). 2. Fiber connections of the mammillary bodies in cattle].

1. In the present information the course of fibre pathways which are connected with the mammillary body of the cattle is described in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal, 4 horizontal series, stained by the combined cell-fibre-method after KLUVER and BARRERA and by the method for myelined fibres after HEIDENHAIN). 2. The mammillary body of cattle is connected with four main fibre systems. These are the fornix and the mamillary peduncle as well as the mamillo-thalamic and the mamillo-tegmental tracts. 3. The fornix system first of all represents a rich myelined fibre connection between the hippocampus and the mamillary body. But also fornix fibres entering the poor-myelined regions of the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon have been demonstrated. 4. The mamillary peduncle ascending from the mesencephalon can be traced to the lateral mamillary nucleus. 5. The mamillo-thalamic tract of cattle has its origin in the mamillary body with the mamillotegmental tract associated to a common principal mamillary tract and passes to the complex of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the mamillo-tegmental tract branching off from it curves into the mesencephalon.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and apoptotic bodies derived from hepatocytes but not from ballooning hepatocytes containing Mallory bodies show nuclear DNA fragmentation in alcoholic hepatitis.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of liver cell death in alcoholic hepatitis is still controversial. There is evidence that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) which infiltrate liver parenchyma are involved in liver cell death. METHODS: We employed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method to determine the cells that underwent apoptosis in liver specimens obtained from 1 normal liver, 23 livers with nonalcoholic liver disease, and 11 livers with alcoholic liver diseases (4 alcoholic hepatic fibrosis, 4 alcoholic hepatitis, and 3 alcoholic cirrhosis). The Fas, bcl-2, and CD15 antigens were immunolocalized to analyze the relationship between these antigens and apoptosis. RESULTS: Few TUNEL-positive reactions were found in normal liver. Apoptotic bodies in acute and chronic viral hepatitis were found to be TUNEL-positive. TUNEL-positive materials were also abundant in the cytoplasm of macrophages at the area of parenchymal collapse in viral liver diseases. Mononuclear cells that infiltrated liver parenchyma and portal tracts occasionally showed TUNEL-positive reactions, which reflected the activation-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes. In alcoholic liver diseases, the incidence of apoptotic bodies derived from hepatocytes varied from 0 to 1.00/mm2. In addition, a considerable portion (0.2-16.5%) of infiltrating PMNs in alcoholic hepatitis were TUNEL-positive. In contrast, the nuclei of ballooning hepatocytes that contained Mallory bodies revealed few positive TUNEL reactions. Interestingly, the density of CD15-positive PMNs was well correlated with peripheral white blood cell counts (r = 0.842, p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: PMNs that infiltrate liver parenchyma show an activation-induced cell death-like phenomenon in alcoholic hepatitis, like activated T cells that infiltrate in viral hepatitis. This apoptosis phenomenon may follow the degranulation of PMNs, which may cause a necrosis of ballooning hepatocytes that contain Mallory bodies through satellitosis.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2001

Water and small solute excretion in continuous peritoneal dialysis patients with lean body mass exceeding 90% of body weight as estimated from creatinine kinetics.

Lean body mass computed from creatinine kinetics (LBM) is an index of somatic nutrition and correlates with other nutrition indices in CAPD. However, LBM exceeding 90% of body weight (LBM/W > or = 0.9) may be an index of non-compliance, rather than nutrition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed fluid and solute excretion in 40 CAPD patients with LBM/W > or = 0.9 (group A). The comparison group (group B) consisted of 885 CAPD patients with LBM/W < 0.9. Group A was younger (38.3+/-14.8 vs 54.7+/-14.7 yr) and had a lower percent of women (23.5% vs 41.1%) and diabetic subjects (17.5% vs 42.6%) than group B (at P < or = 0.019). Group A also had lower body mass index (22.7+/-2.7 vs 25.8+/-5.1 kg/m2, P <0.001) and serum albumin (33.0+/-6.7 vs 35.2+/-5.5 g/L, P = 0.014). Despite similar prescribed daily fill volumes (group A 8.3+/-2.4, group B 8.5+/-2.2 L/24 h) and similar D/P urea and creatinine values, group A had higher daily drain volume (11.0+/-3.6 vs 9.6+/-2.1 L/24 h, P < 0.001). Renal clearances were similar, while peritoneal and total clearances were apparently higher in group A. Creatinine excretion was higher in group A (27.4+/-5.1 vs 13.6+/-4.1 mg/kg x 24 h, P < 0.001), with a large part of the excess creatinine excretion in group A being accounted for by peritoneal excretion. The combination of an apparently high daily ultrafiltration volume (2.7 L/24 h on the average), unrealistically high creatinine excretion rate, and relatively poor nutrition (low body mass index and serum albumin) in group A is consistent with non-compliance. We suggest that the finding of LBM/W > or = 0.9 during a clearance study in CAPD should trigger an investigation for non-compliance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive burden and excess Lewy-body pathology in the Lewy-body variant of Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVES: Authors compared the degrees of cognitive deficit among individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD), the Lewy-body variant of AD (LBV), and "pure" dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); and compared cortical Lewy body (LB) counts in LBV versus DLB and neuritic plaque and neurofibrillary tangle severity in LBV versus AD. METHODS: Authors examined brain specimens from consecutive autopsies of elderly nursing home subjects. Numbers and densities of plaques, Lewy bodies, and tangle severity were determined in multiple cortical regions, and demographic and clinical variables were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The three groups did not differ in demographic or clinical variables. The LBV group was significantly more impaired than the other groups. Cortical LB counts were significantly higher in LBV than in DLB. There was no evidence of increased plaque or tangle severity in LBV than in AD. CONCLUSION: The co-occurrence of AD and LB pathology is associated with higher numbers of LBs and more severe dementia than when classical AD or LB lesions occur alone.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Psychological aspects in orthognathic surgery. Body image and quality of life in postsurgical assessment. Body image and quality of life in postsurgical assessment.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychological assessment of 20 patients after orthognathic surgery. Body image, anxiety levels, depression, somatic symptoms, aggressiveness and quality of life have been evaluated using 3 different questionnaires (BDDE, SQ, Q-LES-Q) during the postsurgical period. Analysis of the questionnaire has shown that the patients undergo orthognathic surgery mainly for esthetical reasons and, even if they could be considered normal, psychological evaluation followed by a proper support is a must. The present study has mainly developed and outlined this aspect. METHODS: BDDE has been utilised to evaluate body image, self-estimation and social relationship. It was evident that the psychological impact after surgery represents a "revolution" for the patient. The "new face" may generate psychological problems for the patients. The SQ test has been used to evaluate the emotional profile. We also considered it essential for our study to evaluate several aspects of the quality of life of our sample group. The body image, particularly when others find it pleasing or displeasing may affect everyday life behaviour. RESULTS: The study reports positive results in the psycho-emotional profiles and in several aspects of the quality of life, while the results of the self-perception of the body image could be considered average. CONCLUSION: Reported data show that the corrections following orthognathic surgery have a positive impact on the assessment of the patients and on the personal and social attitude and behaviour, however suggesting, a long term psychological support to assure a satisfactory postoperative recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Estimating the mature body weight of indigenous Nigerian pigs using body weight and tissue composition changes with age.

The body weight changes with age were studied for 64 female, male, and castrated male indigenous Nigerian pigs each between birth and 672 days. The results showed non-significant (P greater than 0.05) sex differences and highly significant (P less than 0.01) sex-age interactions. The average percentage changes in body weight between 336 and 392 days were four times higher than those between 392 and 504 days, during which the body weight changes stabilized, associated with non-significant changes in the percentages of bone, lean, and fat. The average mature body weight of the pigs was about 65 kg (62.58 kg +/- 3.54 for female, 67.50 kg +/- 1.59) for castrated male, and 65.51 kg +/- 2.00 for intact male pigs.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Effects of sex, age, and body weight on the growth of selected organs and body parts of indigenous Nigerian pigs.

The absolute and relative growth of the head, spleen, kidney fat, stomach, and intestine were studied for 64 intact male, castrated male, and female indigenous Nigerian pigs each. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) sex, age, and sex X age interactions were obtained for the absolute and relative weights of some of the organs and body parts. The results indicate that the organ and part growth was particularly rapid between birth and 280 days of age, but stabilized beyond that time. The average growth coefficient 'b' obtained from the linearized form Y = axb of the growth equation varied between 0.819 for the head and 1.677 for the kidney fat and agreed with relevant values reported in the literature. They confirmed the sequential anterior-posterior growth pattern of organs and body parts in different anatomical regions of the body. A comparison of the allometric and quadratic models used indicated that the organ/body part growth was better described by body weight than by age.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

[Data base for body surface potential maps of normal populations--normal data base by the Japanese Circulation Society Task Force Committee on Criteria for Body Surface Mapping].

In order to evaluate the normal ranges of the body surface potential maps, data from normal healthy subjects were compiled by the Japanese Circulation Society Task Force Committee on Criteria for Body Surface Mapping (Chairman: Shoji Yasui, Nagoya National Hospital). The subjects met all the following criteria; (1) normal physical findings; (2) no heart or lung diseases; (3) no hypertension (160/90 mmHg); (4) normal 12-lead electrocardiogram; (5) normal chest roentgenogram (may be omitted in children); (6) normal findings in exercise test in subjects 40 years of age or older; and (7) no major morbidity. Body surface mapping data were recorded by use of 87-lead mapping systems, HPM-5100, HPM-6500, and VCM-3000 (Fukuda Denshi, and Chunichi Denshi), or 128-lead mapping systems Cardiovision (Tokyo Technological University-Teijin), and Cardiomap (Gakken). To construct the database, each original set of body surface mapping data was copied to an MS-DOS file. Data recorded by a 128-lead mapping system was transformed into an 87-lead system data. Next, each individual data was transformed into a file of common format with a header containing clinical information, and the onset and offset of each electrocardiographic waves. From these secondary files, mean and standard deviation of each electrocardiographic lead were calculated for instantaneous voltages of P wave, QRS wave, and ST-T; time integrals of P, QRS, and QRST; and ventricular activation time, to subgroups divided age and gender. All these data were stored in a optical disk, and also mean and standard deviation for subgroups were stored in a set of floppy disks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The distribution and biological half-time of 203Hg in the human body according to a modified whole-body counting technique.

The distribution and biological half-life of 203Hg in the human body was investigated using 203Hg-labeled compounds and a regional whole-body counting technique. Fifteen volunteers were administered methylmercury as a labeled fish proteinate. A single serving of the proteinate contained an average of 1.8 uCi of 203Hg-activity and 22 mug of total mercury. Inorganic mercury was given to eight volunteers as labeled calf liver paste containing 4-8 muCi of inorganic 203Hg-activity and 6 mug of total mercury. The radiomercury determinations were performed in a steel room equipped with the standard chair geometry and one 4 inch x 8 inch NaI(Tl) crystal. For determinations of 203Hg-activity in the head a 3 inch x 3 inch NaI(Tl) crystal was used. A lead collar was utilized as a shield in order to absorb any disturbing radiation that might originate in the stomach region. The effectiveness of the Pb collar was determined using phantoms. The activities in the whole-body, the head, the legs and the liver were determined. About 20% of the methylmercury activity in the whole-body was found to be localized in the head 30 d after administration. No significant amounts of 203Hg-activity were found in the head during the first 58 d after administration of inorganic mercury. An average value of 10-15% methylmercury activity was found in the legs 30 d after administration. A control mean value of 13% was determined by measuring five of the same volunteers the next day in Sweden. Not more than 1% of inorganic mercury was found in leg muscle after 39 d in one male volunteer. The biological half-life of protein-bound inorganic mercury in the liver region, studied in one male volunteer, was estimated at 53 +/- 15 d.

Half-Life↗
PubMed1994

The impact of five-month basic military training on the body weight and body fat of 197 moderately to severely obese Singaporean males aged 17 to 19 years.

The impact of five-month basic military training on body weight and fat mass was studied in 197 male obese recruits, aged 17 to 19 years old. The training programme of five days per week lasted for 20 weeks. Of these sessions, 57% could be considered to be physically intense for the obese subjects. No dietary restriction was imposed. The cohort was divided into three categories based on their percentage body fat, i.e. %BF 24 to < 30, %BF 30 to < 35 and %BF > or = 35. The overall mean weight loss was 12.5 kg or 0.63 kg per week. Mean weight losses for each category were 10.7 kg, 13.1 kg and 16.1 kg, respectively. Most of this weight was lost in the 2nd month of training. The weight loss is attributed to a decrease of body fat as determined by skinfold measurements. Attrition rate, due to training injuries resulting in temporary disabilities, was negligible at 6.1%. In conclusion, this study shows that intense physical activity over a duration of 20 weeks is effective in reducing the body fat of our obese subjects and in training obese subjects for combat duties.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Localization and removal of metallic foreign bodies using LIT-2 foreign body locator].

The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of devices used in medical practice to localize and remove foreign metallic bodies. To enhance the accuracy of detection and localization of foreign bodies and the efficiency of medical application of whirl-current locators, a LIT-2 model foreign body locator is presented. Cases of mutual orientation of the device transducer and foreign metallic bodies, the specific features of whirl-current diagnosis with procedures for preoperative and intraoperative localization.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1998

Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization of presenilin 1 in abnormal muscle fibers of patients with sporadic inclusion-body myositis and autosomal-recessive inclusion-body myopathy.

Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is the most common progressive muscle disease of older persons. The muscle biopsy demonstrates mononuclear cell inflammation and vacuolated muscle fibers containing paired helical filaments and 6- to 10-nm fibrils, both resembling those of Alzheimer disease brain and Congo red positivity. The term hereditary inclusion-body myopathies (h-IBMs) designates autosomal-recessive or autosomal-dominant disorders with muscle biopsies cytopathologically similar to s-IBM but without inflammation. Vacuolated muscle fibers of both s-IBM and the h-IBMs contain accumulations of several "Alzheimer-characteristic proteins" including beta-amyloid protein and beta-amyloid precursor protein, and their paired helical filaments are composed of phosphorylated tau. We used six well characterized antibodies against several residues of presenilin 1 (PS1) to immunostain muscle biopsies of 12 patients with s-IBM, 5 patients with autosomal-recessive inclusion-body myopathy, and 16 normal and disease controls. Seventy to eighty percent of the vacuolated muscle fibers of both s-IBM and autosomal-recessive inclusion-body myopathy had inclusions that were strongly PS1-immunoreactive, which by immunoelectron microscopy localized mainly to paired helical filaments and 6- to 10-nm filaments. None of the control biopsies had PS1-positive inclusions characteristic of the s- and h-IBM abnormal muscle fibers. Mutations of the newly discovered PS1 gene are responsible for early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (AD), and PS1 is abnormally accumulated in sporadic and familial AD brain. Our study provides the first demonstration of PS1 abnormality in non-neural tissue and in diseases other than AD and suggests that the cytopathogenesis in AD brain and IBM muscle may share similarities.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Body height, body mass and surface area of the Neanderthals.

Body size, expressed as height or stature, is an important determinant of many other biological variables. Thus, it is surprising that many textbooks portray a wrong picture of Neanderthal height as being "very short" or "just over 5 feet". Based on 45 long bones from maximally 14 males and 7 females, Neanderthals' height averages between 164 and 168 (males) resp. 152 to 156 cm (females). This height is indeed 12-14 cm lower than the height of post-WWII Europeans, but compared to Europeans some 20,000 or 100 years ago, it is practically identical or even slightly higher. Considering the body build of Neanderthals, new body weight estimates show that they are only slightly above the cm/weight or the Body Mass Index of modern Americans or Canadians. The calculation of the relative surface area (approximately 240-244 cm2/kg) is very low and supports earlier findings of a morphological and anatomical thermoregulatory adaptation to a cold climate in the Neanderthals.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Stability of body image and body image dissatisfaction in American college students over about the last 15 years.

It is widely assumed that body image dissatisfaction is increasing, particularly in females. We examined data from comparable samples, University of Pennsylvania introductory psychology students, over a span of about 15 years (1983-1984 versus 1995-1998). Ratings of current and ideal body figure were obtained using silhouettes, along with self-reported height and weight. While males always had a much smaller discrepancy between current and ideal than females, levels of dissatisfaction and gender differences in satisfaction have remained the same in these samples. This finding contrasts with the conclusion of a meta-analysis by Feingold and Mazzella in 1998 (Psychological Science 9 (3), 190-195), which indicates an increased difference in body image satisfaction between men and women over the last two decades. Possible accounts for this difference in results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Body mass index and body weight perception as risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problem behavior among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI), body weight perception (BWP), and indicators of internalizing and externalizing distress and social, attention and thought problems in a large representative sample of Dutch youth. METHODS: A total of 1826 pupils in the eighth grade of primary education and 5730 students in the first four years of secondary education gave their height and weight to obtain an estimate of their BMI. They reported their evaluation of their body weight and completed Achenbach's Youth Self-Report (YSR) (1991), which assesses eight types of problem behavior. Data were analyzed in a multivariate framework with BMI and BWP as predictors and the YSR scores on different kinds of problem behavior as dependent variables, controlling for background characteristics. RESULTS: Both BMI and BWP are associated with internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, and social, attention and thought problems. Multivariate tests show that BWP is more closely linked to problem behavior than BMI. Adolescents who were either underweight or overweight but considered themselves in good shape had no more problems than the group with normal BMI and BWP 'good'. The perception of being 'too thin' and particularly the perception of being 'too heavy' best predict problem behavior in both male and female adolescents. Overweight youngsters with an adequate perception of their weight have less somatic complaints than their normal-weight peers who perceive themselves as too heavy, but they show higher withdrawnness, social problems, and anxiety/depression. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls are more dissatisfied with their weight than boys; however, the relationship between weight perception and problem behavior is the same for both genders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Comparison of Iodinated Contrast Doses Based on Total Body Weight and Lean Body Weight in Pediatric Patients: Impact on Image Quality and Contrast Exposure.

INTRODUCTION: Iodinated contrast dosing in pediatric computed tomography (CT) traditionally relies on total body weight (TBW), which may result in excessive contrast administration, particularly in patients with higher adiposity. Lean body weight (LBW)-based protocols have shown promise in adults but remain underexplored in children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare contrast volume requirements and hepatic enhancement quality among three dosing protocols: LBW-based, TBW-based, and the Control Group (CG), based on the institutional standard for pediatric abdominal CT. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 66 patients (age 0-16 years) undergoing contrast-enhanced abdominal CT between September 2023 and August 2024. Patients were randomly assigned to receive iodinated contrast (iobitridol 350mg I/mL) dosed by: (1) LBW (0.63 g iodine/kg x LBW, calculated using Peters formula; n = 23), (2) TBW (0.46 g iodine/kg x TBW; n = 20), or (3) institutional control protocol (2 mL/kg x TBW, equivalent to 0.7 g iodine/kg; n = 23). Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, Scheirer-Ray-Hare, and Cohen's Kappa tests with Likert scale were used. RESULTS: The LBW group received lower median contrast volumes (27 mL; IQR, 10-80 mL) compared to the TBW group (34.5 mL; IQR, 18-78 mL) and the CG group (40 mL; IQR, 13-80 mL), although the differences did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). Notably, this reduction did not compromise hepatic enhancement, which remained comparable to the CG (552 &#xb1; 139 HU; P = 0.107). CONCLUSION: Lean body weight may be a useful parameter for estimating contrast dose in pediatric abdominal CT, potentially reducing administered volumes without compromising diagnostic image quality. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: These results provide early evidence that LBW-based dosing may support more individualized contrast administration in pediatric CT, potentially reducing exposure-related risks.

Humans↗