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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Knowledge of bat rabies and human exposure among United States cavers.

We surveyed cavers who attended the National Speleological Society convention in June 2000. Fifteen percent of respondents did not consider a bat bite a risk for acquiring rabies; only 20% had received preexposure prophylaxis against the disease. An under-appreciation of the risk for rabies from bat bites may explain the preponderance of human rabies viruses caused by variant strains associated with bats in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Geographic translocation of bats: known and potential problems.

Natural, accidental, and intentional translocation of bats, both intra- and intercontinentally, has been documented. Some bats have been translocated while incubating infectious diseases, including rabies or related lyssavirus infections; others have escaped confinement en route to or at their destinations, while others have been released deliberately. Known events and potential consequences of bat translocation are reviewed, including a proposed solution to the attendant problems.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed2003

Public health surveillance for Australian bat lyssavirus in Queensland, Australia, 2000-2001.

From February 1, 2000, to December 4, 2001, a total of 119 bats (85 Megachiroptera and 34 Microchiroptera) were tested for Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) infection. Eight Megachiroptera were positive by immunofluorescence assay that used cross-reactive ntibodies to rabies nucleocapsid protein. A case study of cross-species transmission of ABLV supports the conclusion that a bat reservoir exists for ABLV in which the virus circulates across Megachiroptera species within mixed communities.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lyssavirus surveillance in bats, Bangladesh.

Lyssavirus surveillance in bats was performed in Bangladesh during 2003 and 2004. No virus isolates were obtained. Three serum samples (all from Pteropus giganteus, n = 127) of 288 total serum samples, obtained from bats in 9 different taxa, neutralized lyssaviruses Aravan and Khujand. The infection occurs in bats in Bangladesh, but virus prevalence appears low.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lagos bat virus, South Africa.

Three more isolates of Lagos bat virus were recently recovered from fruit bats in South Africa after an apparent absence of this virus for 13 years. The sporadic occurrence of cases is likely due to inadequate surveillance programs for lyssavirus infections among bat populations in Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Trends in potential exposure to Australian bat lyssavirus in South East Queensland, 1996 to 2003.

This study examined trends in notifications of potential exposure to Australian bat lyssavirus reported to the Brisbane Southside Public Health Unit, Australia between 1 November 1996 and 31 January 2003. Notification rates declined among all population groups and potential exposures were notified more promptly. Concern exists regarding possible under-reporting of potential exposure to Australian bat lyssavirus especially among volunteer bat carers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. I. Natural infection in a Guatemalan enzootic focus.

A serological survey of 939 Neotropical bats of 22 species from an enzootic focus of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus on the Pacific lowlands of Guatemala during 1971--1975 revealed VE virus specific antibodies in seven species, three belonging to the genus Artibeus. VE virus was isolated from the blood of one Uroderma bilobatum. Antibody frequency was considerably lower in bats than in terrestrial mammals, and tended to vary within any given species from locality to locality and from year to year. At the village of La Avellana where VE virus was most active, antibody rates in the two best-sampled Artibeus species were 0.14 in 1971, 0.11 in 1972, 0.03 in 1973, and 0.11 in 1975. The positive rate of 0.10 over all years at La Avellana for the genus Artibeus suggests that these and possibly other bats regularly are infected by VE virus, and may possibly serve as alternate hosts to maintain virus circulation if most terrestrial animals become immune.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. II. Experimental infections.

Eighty-nine Neotropical bats of five species were inoculated subcutaneously with epizootic or enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus. Viremia was detected in 92.5% of all bats, but no illness attributable to virus infection was observed. Detectable viremias averaged slightly over 4 days in Artibeus jamaicensis and A. lituratus, and 2.8 days in Phyllostomus discolor, and maximal viremia titers in these three species averaged 6.9, 6.6, and 4.6 log10 SMicLD50 per ml of blood, respectively. In general Artibeus developed and maintained detectable levels of both hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibody for as long as tested (up to 506 days), although HI antibody to enzootic VE virus strains disappeared in some A. lituratus. The detectable antibody response of P. discolor was slower and of lower magnitude and shorter duration than that of Artibeus, although individual P. discolor which had lost detectable HI and N antibody resisted challenge. Vertical passage of antibody was observed in three A. lituratus offspring. Artibeus jamaicensis were found to be only slightly less susceptible to VE virus infection than a U.S. subspecies of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). No virus was recovered by mouse inoculation of organ pools of bats killed as early as 2 days and as late as 299 days after the last day of detectable viremia.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory investigation of human deaths from vampire bat rabies in Peru.

In the spring of 1996, multiple cases of an acute febrile illness resulting in several deaths in remote locations in Peru were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The clinical syndromes for these cases included dysphagia and encephalitis. Because bat bites were a common occurrence in the affected areas, the initial clinical diagnosis was rabies. However, rabies was discounted primarily because of reported patient recovery. Samples of brain tissue from two of the fatal cases were received at CDC for laboratory confirmation of the rabies diagnosis. An extensive array of tests on the formalin-fixed tissues confirmed the presence of both rabies viral antigen and nucleic acid. The virus was shown to be most closely related to a vampire bat rabies isolate. These results indicate the importance of maintaining rabies in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile encephalitis, particularly in areas where exposure to vampire bats may occur.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A possible role of bats as a blood source for the Leishmania vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Some evidence suggests that bats may provide an alternative blood source for Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis. Feeding trials were conducted to determine whether L. longipalpis feeds on captive bats. The high feeding success indicated that L. longipalpis is capable of feeding on at least four species of bats. Implications for the epidemiology of leishmaniases are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Virologic and serologic survey for eastern equine encephalomyelitis and certain other viruses in colonial bats of New England.

To test the hypothesis that hibernating colonial bats serve as an overwintering reservoir host of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and certain other arthropod-borne viruses in southern New England, 1128 bats of 4 species were collected from 1966 through 1976. Blood and tissue samples and ectoparasites from these bats were tested in suckling mice, wet chicks, and/or chick-embryo tissue cultures for virus. Rabies, the only virus isolated, was recovered from the brain, salivary glands, and brown fat of an apparently healthy adult male Myotis keenii found hibernating in western Massachusetts.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Detection of rabies virus antibodies in fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) from Nigeria.

Fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) were collected from three different localities in Western Nigeria: Oti, Ibadan and Idanre. Fifty serum samples were analyzed using a modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition technique against rabies, Mokola, Lagos bat and Duvenhage viruses. Twenty-five brain samples were screened for rabies and related lyssavirus antigens by direct fluorescent antibody microscopy and by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique with rabies anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. All brain samples were negative. Two serum samples had relatively high anti-rabies activity; no neutralizing activity was detected against Mokola, Lagos bat or Duvenhage viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Babesia sp. in Colombian bats (Microchiroptera).

Two leaf-chinned bats (Mormoops megalophylla) collected in 1963 in central Colombia were heavily infected with Babesia sp., probably Babesia vesperuginis. Both bats had pronounced splenomegaly. This is the first report of a Babesia sp. infection of a bat in the Americas.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The os penis of the frugivorous bat, Eidolon helvum (Kerr).

The os penis reported in some species of the mammalian order was observed in the juvenile and adult penes of the friguvorous African bat, Eidolon helvum. The morphology of the os penis in Eidolon helvum differs from that observed in bat species and other mammalian order. In the adult form it is large, disc-shaped and located at the distal segment of the penile organ. The proximal segment of the penis does not contain any bone. In the juvenile bat the os penis is made of two separate bones located longitudinally close to each other at the distal third of the penile tissue. The distal location in both the juvenile and the adult poses a question about the true function of this tissue. The bone may function in Eidolon helvum to support erection of the penis more for micturition than for intromission.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Zoonoses and bats: a look from human health viewpoint.

Bats are the most abundant and most widely distributed mammals on the Earth after humans. Except Antarctica and some small remote islands, they are prevalent worldwide. Although the actual role played by bats as reservoir or in disseminating zoonoses is still enigmatic a multitude of zoonotic diseases are known to be associated with bats. Such diseases including viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal and rickettsial diseases, reported from all over the world including India have been briefed in this article as an informative approach because dramatically increased and diversified human activities during the last few decades perturbing natural ecosystems are enough to compel public health personnel to have an investigative look at these flying mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Study of lyssaviruses of bat origin as a source of rabies for other animal species in the State of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

An epidemic-geographic rabies study was carried out in which 72 animal and human brain samples were analyzed for Lyssaviruses by a direct immunofluorescent technique (DIFT) and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Fifty-two samples were also tested by a mouse inoculation test. Lyssavirus RNA was detected in 60 of 72 samples. Five DIFT-negative bat samples tested by a nested PCR assay showed evidence of the presence of rabies virus RNA. Sequencing of amplified rabies virus nucleoprotein encoding segments of a selection of the samples resulted in the formation of clusters, corresponding to samples originating from cattle and equines from the same hydrographic basin. Genomically related Lyssavirus strains of bat origin were found in each cluster, most likely because of the role of the bat in the epidemiology of the virus. All samples studied were of genotype 1. With exception of the human sample, all were distinct from the reference sample.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Immunocytochemical localization of GnRH in the hypothalamus of the bat Miniopterus schreibersii schreibersii.

The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been examined in the hypothalamus of adult female bats, Miniopterus schreibersii schreibersii, along annual reproductive cycle by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. GnRH-immunoreactive cells are localized throughout the medial basal hypothalamus, being specially numerous in the arcuate nucleus. They are generally bipolar or monopolar neurons with smooth contour, although spiny cells were also found exclusively in the arcuate nucleus from periovulatory bats. Depletion in both number and immunocytochemical labelling of GnRH perikarya is detected in pregnant and lactating bats. GnRH-immunoreactive fibers are distributed in the internal layer of the median eminence and the infundibular stalk. Pregnant and lactating animals show lower GnRH fibers content and a less intense labelling than in periovulatory and hibernating conditions. The results suggest that changes in the secretory activity of GnRH neurons may be associated with hibernation and delayed implantation that suffer these mammalian species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dr. Lytle Adams' incendiary "bat bomb" of World War II.

On December 7, 1941, a 60-year old dentist from Irwin, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lytle S. Adams, was driving home from a vacation at Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. Hours earlier, he had been gripped with amazement as he witnessed millions of bats exiting the caves of Carlsbad. Listening to his car radio on his return trip, he was shocked to hear that Japan had just attacked Pearl Harbor. Dr. Adams, outraged over this travesty, began to mentally construct a plan for U.S. retaliation. As his thoughts returned to the countless bats that had awed him, he formed a tentative plan: millions of these small, flying mammals could be connected to tiny, time-fused incendiary bombs, and then released to land on the flimsily constructed structures which dotted the cities of Japan. Within a few minutes, the bombs would explode and enflame the entire urban areas. He postulated that these immeasurable numbers of fires, spreading their devastation over such vast areas within Japanese cities would result in the enemy's speedy surrender. This article documents the futile efforts of Dr. Adams, his team and the U.S. government to develop and employ an effective, incendiary bat bomb. The recently developed atom bomb, a far more deadly weapon was used in its place.

Animals↗