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PubMed1997

Relationships between changes in body composition and changes in cardiovascular risk factors: the SOS Intervention Study. Swedish Obese Subjects.

Relationships between 2-year changes in body composition (estimated from computed tomography-validated anthropometry based on sagittal trunk diameter, weight, and height), adipose tissue (AT) distribution, and cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, uric acid) were examined in 842 treated adults with severe obesity with weight changes from -95.5 to +30.6 kg. Although the change (delta) of visceral AT mass (expressed in % total AT) for a given change in body mass index (delta BMI) was 6-fold larger in men than in women, delta waist and delta waist/hip were similar in both sexes. In men, risk factor changes were similarly related to delta waist, delta bodyweight, and delta BMI, whereas in women, delta bodyweight seemed to be the single independent variable with the highest explanatory power. In multivariate regressions adjusted for delta BMI and baseline conditions, delta visceral AT mass was more strongly associated with risk factor changes than were delta waist and delta waist/hip. When using a three-compartment model (lean body mass, subcutaneous and visceral AT masses) plus neck and thigh girths (indicators of subcutaneous AT distribution), risk factor changes were related both to delta subcutaneous and delta visceral AT masses but not to delta lean body mass. In agreement with cross-sectional findings, delta neck was positively and delta thigh was negatively related to some risk factor changes. Thus, the use of waist as a single risk factor indicator seems less effective for epidemiological studies than the simple anthropometric measures presented here, which are able to separate the effects of visceral AT mass, subcutaneous AT mass, and subcutaneous AT distribution on metabolic parameters under both cross-sectional and longitudinal conditions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of fetal weight by ultrasound.

Birth weight (BW) and log10 birth weight (LBW) are expressed as linear, multilinear, parabolic, and polynomial regression functions of the abdominal circumference (AC), and combinations of fetal index measurements, namely, AC and head circumference (HC); biparietal diameter (BPD) and AC; and BPD, HC, and AC. The relationship of somatic weight and log10 somatic weight to AC was similarly determined. The analysis generated 20 equations whose accuracy in providing BW estimates is compared. Several equations provide BW estimates whose mean percentage deviations from measured BWs do not differ significantly. The deviations, however, have the smallest variance when BW is estimated from the HC and AC either by using a multilinear regression equation or by deriving separate estimates of brain and somatic weights from these index measurements. The role of individual and population differences in fetal anthropometry as causes of error in estimating BW by different methods is discussed. Because HC is a function of both BPD and occipito-frontal diameter (OFD), it is a better brain-size modulus than the commonly used BPD and avoids the errors of underestimation which occur when the BPD is unusually small in cases of dolichocephaly. A comparison of ponderal growth in American and South African fetal populations shows differences throughout most of the gestational range (26-40 wk) analyzed in this study.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2007

Ribot, Binet, and the emergence from the anthropological shadow.

In the drive to establish a naturalistic psychology in France, anthropological assumptions about a hierarchy of physically determined racial groups with inherent psychological characteristics and about the nearly insurmountable retardation of primitive cultures permeated the work of the founder of French empirical psychology, Théodule Ribot. Assumptions about the correlation of brain mass and head size with intelligence affected Alfred Binet. The rise of sociology and challenges to existing theories of inheritance led Ribot to surrender fitfully some hereditarian assumptions. Binet's experimental caution and contemporary critiques of anthropometry tempered, but did not fully extinguish, his enthusiasm for psychophysical correlations.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

Effect of low altitude at the Dead Sea on exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary response to exercise in cystic fibrosis patients with moderate to severe lung disease.

Oxygen supplementation may improve exercise tolerance and the physiological response to exercise in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Elevated barometric pressure at low altitude is a simple means of increasing the quantity of inspired oxygen. Our objectives were to examine the effect of natural oxygen enrichment (at the Dead Sea, 396 m below sea level) on exercise capacity, and the physiological responses to maximal and submaximal exercise in CF patients. Patients were tested twice: at sea level (barometric pressure, 754 +/- 6 mmHg, mean +/- SD), and at the Dead Sea (barometric pressure, 791 +/- 3 mmHg), in a randomized crossover design. We studied 14 CF patients (6 females, 8 males), aged 15-45 years, with moderate to severe lung disease (mean forced expired volume in 1 sec = 50.0 +/- 11.2% predicted). Tests at each site included resting spirometry, anthropometry, a graded submaximal exercise test, a maximal exercise test on a treadmill, and a 6-min walk test. Tests were performed in identical order at both sites. Tests at the Dead Sea were performed 72 hr after arrival. No differences between sites were observed in lung function at rest. Peak oxygen consumption was significantly improved at the Dead Sea compared with sea level (1.68 +/- 0.73 vs. 1.57 +/- 0.74 l/min, respectively, P = 0.05), along with an improvement in the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (41.2 +/- 6.3 vs. 46.1 +/- 7.1, respectively, P < 0.05). During submaximal exercise, blood oxygen saturation improved at the Dead Sea compared with sea level at all exercise intensities (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that even a brief stay at the Dead Sea area may have physiological benefits for CF patients with moderate to severe lung disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Protein-calorie malnutrition in liver cirrhosis.

The purpose of this article is to present detailed data on the nutritional assessment in cirrhotic patients. The exact frequency and types of malnutrition, its associations with the aetiology of liver disease, liver dysfunction and clinical staging in liver cirrhosis are unknown. A new classification system is presented which may help to suggest some interventional guidelines. Physical (anthropometry, 24-h urinary creatinine excretion, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), total body potassium counting, ultrasound examination) and metabolic (indirect calorimetry) assessment of nutritional status was therefore performed in 123 patients with liver cirrhosis, who were considered as potential candidates for liver transplantation. Data were related to the clinical, biochemical, histological and prognostic data of liver disease. Of our patients 65% showed some signs of protein-calorie malnutrition as indicated by low body cell mass, reduced serum albumin concentrations or abnormal skinfold thickness. Of these 34% were considered as "kwashiorkor-like" (normal body composition, serum albumin less than 35 g/l), and 18% were "marastic" (reduced body weight, body cell mass, and fat mass). However, 49% of the malnourished group had reduced body cell mass in association with increased fat mass and frequently presented with a normal body weight ("mixed" or "obese" type). Protein-calorie malnutrition did not correlate with the aetiology of the disease and biochemical parameters of liver function. Malnutrition was observed at all clinical stages but was more frequently seen at advanced stages. We conclude that malnutrition associated with liver cirrhosis is not a clear phenomenon. Its clinical presentation is heterogenous and not reflected by the histological or biochemical parameters of liver disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Differences in umbilical cord insulin and birth weight in non-diabetic pregnancies of women from different ethnic groups in New Zealand.

Many ethnic groups at high risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are hyperinsulinaemic by early adult life. This study assessed whether such hyperinsulinaemia is present at birth. Cross sectional comparisons of maternal biochemistry, umbilical cord biochemistry and neonatal anthropometry were made between one 'low risk' and three 'high risk' ethnic groups, without diabetes in pregnancy in Auckland, New Zealand. The study comprised 123 European, Polynesian (Maori and Pacific Islands) and Indian normal pregnancies. Indian mothers were the smallest, with the highest insulin and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. Polynesian mothers were the most obese with a higher fructosamine concentration. From these pregnancies, Indian neonates were smaller, slimmer, with the highest cord triglyceride (0.6 mmol/l vs 0.4 mmol/l, p < 0.01), and lowest cord insulin concentrations (7.1 mU/l vs 8.6 mU/l (European), 9.2 mU/l (Polynesian), p < 0.05). Polynesian babies had a high cord insulin: C-peptide ratio (52.5 mU/nmol vs 44.4 mU/nmol (European), 44.1 mU/nmol (Indian), p = 0.05). Although reduced intrauterine growth may contribute to the excess of diabetes and heart disease in Indians, it cannot explain the excess of diabetes in Polynesians. Exposure to minor relative maternal hyperglycaemia in the mother and abnormal neonatal insulin handling (as demonstrated by the higher insulin: C-peptide ratio) may be of long-term significance in Polynesians.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1987

Musculoskeletal capacity of employees aged 44 to 58 years in physical, mental and mixed types of work.

The musculoskeletal capacity of 60 women and 69 men, average age 52.3 +/- 3.7 years was determined, including measurements of anthropometry, maximal isometric trunk flexion and extension, sit-ups, isometric hand grip strength and back mobility. According to the job and to cluster analysis, the subjects were divided into three dominating work groups; physical, mental, and mixed groups. The results showed significant differences in right hand grip strength of the women and in the number of sit-ups by men among the three work groups (p less than 0.05). The differences between the other tests were not significant, although the physical group in the women and either the physical or the mixed group in the men had systematically the lowest mean values in almost all tests. It is concluded that jobs with mainly physical demands do not guarantee superior musculoskeletal capacity in older employees.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The diagnosis of zygosity in twins.

Uniovular and diovular twin pairs can be classified with at least 90% accuracy by careful questioning or by ratings by observers of similarity in appearance, eye color, ear conformation, and the like. This article outlines the methods required for highly accurate zygosity diagnosis using blood typing, fingerprints, and anthropometry. The logic behind the use of discrete Mendelian phenotypes is explained and tables are provided which give the odds against a dizygotic twin pair showing concordance on eight blood group systems, four serum proteins, and six red blood cell enzymes. These tables are suitable for use with American twins of European ancestry; the method of generating such tables is explained so that similar tables based on different gene frequency estimates or for additional genetic markers can be easily constructed. The logic behind the use of metric, polygenic traits in zygosity diagnosis is also presented, together with tables giving the odds against a dizygotic twin pair showing various degrees of similarity in ponderal index, in cephalic index, and in Slater's Z score, a measure of fingerprint similarity. Taken together, the 18 serological markers should misclassify dizygotic twins as monozygotic fewer than two times in 1000. With the three anthropometric variables, this average probability of misclassification drops about 1 order of magnitude.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1985

Anatomical and roentgenological basis for the study of the lumbar spine with the body in the suspended position.

Roentgenological investigation of the lumbar spine was done in the standing and suspended position in 100 healthy adult male volunteers. Spinal and external morphology were studied. The aim of this work was to identify eventual correlations between the modifications of shape and size of the suspended lumbar spine and external morphology. Such correlations were sought to establish a functional approach to anthropometry. The results of this study demonstrated that the suspended position led to lengthening of the spine in 70% of the subjects examined, shortening of the spine in 22% and mainly straightening of the spine in 8%. Extension of the lumbar spine resulting from the suspended position is dependent upon tonic muscle activity and the relations between the observed spinal modifications and external morphology are difficult to establish. Nevertheless, anthropometric profiles and spinal features allow identification of certain influential external morphological parameters. Furthermore, the results of this study confirm those of others devoted to elongation of the lumbar spine under horizontal traction or suspension and lead to practical conclusions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The aerobic power of several groups of laborers in Colombia and the United States.

Physiological responses to exercise and anthropometry were measured in several groups of physical laborers. The groups included Colombian sugar cane cutters, sugar cane loaders and general farm laborers. In addition, migrant workers and civil service laborers from the United States were studied. The Colombian populations were generally shorter, weighed less and had less body fat than the United States group. The nutritional state of the Colombian groups, as measured by the hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum albumin and total blood protein, appeared normal. The aerobic power of the Colombia populations was significantly larger than the United States groups. The larger aerobic power of the Colombian groups is probably related to greater physical fitness associated with the physical demands of their occupations.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Anthropometric nutritional assessment is of value in colorectal patients.

Eighty patients undergoing elective major colorectal surgery were nutritionally assessed using simple anthropometric methods and serum albumin. Although most of the patients were not malnourished, these tests were able to detect a small group of high-risk patients. Thirty major complications were recorded. The incidence of complications was 72 per cent in patients with low body weight, 69 per cent with low forearm muscle circumference, 55 per cent with recent weight loss, and 57 per cent with serum albumin below 35 g/l. Anthropometric tests were better in predicting postoperative complications than serum albumin. Of those patients who developed complications, 60 per cent had low grip strength, 37 per cent weight loss, 37 per cent high malnutrition score, 33 per cent low body weight, and 27 per cent had lower serum albumin. Anthropometric tests were more sensitive and more accurate than serum albumin. Anthropometry has the additional advantages of being simple, noninvasive, and independent of laboratory facilities; it also provides instant bedside assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional status of married adolescent girls in rural Rajasthan.

Adolescence is period of rapid growth and development. The present study was undertaken to assess the nutritional status of 941 adolescent girls, aged 10-18 years belonging to Scheduled Caste communities in rural Rajasthan, using the probability proportionate to size sampling procedure. Data on 93 married adolescent girls was analysed in detail. Nutritional status of the subjects was assessed by anthropometry, dietary intake and by clinical examination of nutritional deficiency disorders. Anthropometric measurements were recorded for height, weight, chest circumference, MUAC and TSF using standardised techniques. On comparing the present study's data with ICMR's study data (1956-65) it was found that there has been a significant improvement in the height, weight and chest circumference of the adolescent girls but the values were below the well-to-do group study data. Dietary intake was assessed by 24 hours recall method. The dietary intake was compared against ICMR's RDA. It was found that the diets were deficient in calories by 30 to 40% in proteins by 25 to 37%, by 39 to 55% in iron and by 10 to 34% in vitamin A. 78% of the subjects suffered from various grades of anaemia and 40% of the subjects had B-complex deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dynamic monitoring of restricted eating disorders by indirect calorimetry: a useful cognitive approach.

OBJECTIVE: Outpatient treatment in restricted eating disorder: indirect calorimetry during dynamic monitoring. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Twenty seven women affected by restricted eating disorder (essentially anorexia nervosa) with a body mass index [weight (kg)/height (m2)] of 17.29+/-2.47 were studied. The sample was compared as itself control during rehabilitative way. INTERVENTIONS: Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were determined by anthropometry technique. REE/day and respiratory quotient (RQ,VCO2/VO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry using a Calorimeter Vmax 29n-Sensor Medics-California. Skinfold thickness and circumferences were also measured. Arm muscle area (AMA) and fat area were calculated by formulas reported in Frisancho. RESULTS: The data indicated a positive correlation between AMA, VO2/ml/min and resting energy expenditure (REE)/day values examined during follow-up of patients. The increase of these parameters indicated a good monitoring index correlated to a FFM recovery during psychonutritional rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Indirect calorimetry represents a useful approach for determining REE and prescribing diets in these patients. Moreover, the combined use of anthropometric techniques allows to accurately assess and adjust therapy according to the patient's progress. This study shows that restricted eating disorders are characterized by a recovery of FFM related to improvement of body weight and REE/day. On the contrary, the increase of AFA revealed a recovery of fat-metabolism (corresponding to RQ decrease) and lipid/carbohydrates oxidation improvement, only in the presence, at the same time, of O2 consumption increase.

Adiposity↗
PubMed1999

Personality disorders in relation to anthropometric, endocrine and metabolic factors.

Subjects with abdominal obesity show several signs of a perturbed regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This is known to occur after chronic, submissive stress. Perceived environmental stress is depending on personality characteristics. Therefore, personality disorders (PD:s) were examined in relation to HPA axis status, other endocrine and metabolic variables as well as anthropometry. Men (no.=284) aged 51 years, recruited in similar subgroups of low, median and high waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) from a sample of 1302 men. Measurements of personality disorders by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II (SCID II), body mass index (BMI, weight, kg/height2, m2), WHR and abdominal sagittal diameter (D), dexamethasone suppression test (0.5 mg, salivary measurements of cortisol), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), testosterone and metabolic variables. Men with cluster A (paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid) PD showed an increased BMI, WHR and D, independent of dexamethasone suppression. Testosterone was decreased in these men in relation to a blunted dexamethasone suppression. BMI, WHR and D were increased in men with cluster B (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic) and cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive, passive aggressive) PD, only in relation to a blunted dexamethasone suppression. Furthermore, IGF-I was low in cluster B. Metabolic variables were differently associated to clusters of PD but generally followed obesity. Path-analytic models suggested that cluster B and C PD were followed by blunted dexamethasone suppression and obesity. Men with cluster A PD showed centralized body fat distribution, independently of dexamethasone suppression. In contrast, men with impulsive (cluster B) and anxious (cluster C) personality disorders seem often to have abdominal obesity only in combination with a blunted dexamethasone suppression test, suggesting a HPA axis disturbance. These results suggest that PD:s are involved in the development of abdominal obesity in men, with different endocrine and metabolic profiles depending on the type of PD. This might hypothetically be due to frequent exposure and/or an increased sensitivity to environmental stress factors, caused by aberrant personalities.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

Testosterone levels in obese male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: relation to oxygen desaturation, body weight, fat distribution and the metabolic parameters.

To investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on testosterone levels and on the main parameters of the metabolic syndrome in abdominally obese men, 15 male subjects with abdominal obesity phenotype and polysomnographic diagnosis of OSAS (OB-OSAS) and 15 controls matched for age and anthropometric parameters (OB) were investigated. Anthropometry, SHBG, sex hormones and several parameters of the metabolic syndrome were measured. Only subjects with an Epworth Sleepiness Score greater than 10 underwent a polysomnographic study with calculation of the number of desaturation rates per sleeping hour (ODI), the minimal oxygen saturation during each desaturation episode (minSaO2) and the mean minimal arterial oxygen saturation for the whole night period (MminSaO2). Both total and free testosterone levels were lower in OB-OSAS than in OB patients. A negative correlation between polysomnographic parameters (ODI, minSaO2 and MminSaO2) and testosterone levels was found. The relationship between total and free testosterone and ODI persisted after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and waist (W) values. Triglyceride and uric acid levels were significantly higher in OB-OSAS than in OB patients. A negative correlation between testosterone and acid uric level and a positive correlation between testosterone and HDL-cholesterol level was found, regardless of BMI and W circumference, particularly in the OB-OSAS group. Our study suggests that, in patients with obesity and OSAS, the severity of hypoxia during sleeping hours may be an additional factor in reducing testosterone levels, regardless of BMI and abdominal fatness. This may contribute in worsening metabolic abnormalities which, in men with OSAS, exceed those expected on the basis of degree of obesity and pattern of fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Short-term modification of sex hormones is associated with changes in ghrelin circulating levels in healthy normal-weight men.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selective and short-term sex hormone modifications on ghrelin levels in normal-weight eugonadal men undergoing hormonal contraceptive treatments. Seven men received an oral progestin [cyproterone acetate (CPA) or dienogest (DNG)] 10 mg/day for 3 weeks (CPA-DNG group), 7 CPA orally 5 mg/day in association with testosterone enanthate (TE) im 200 mg/week for 8 weeks (CPA-TE group), and 7 placebo (PLAC) for 8 weeks (PLAC group). Anthropometry and blood levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol, glucose, insulin and total ghrelin were evaluated. At baseline, no parameters differed among the three groups. After treatment, LH and FSH decreased in both CPA-DNG and CPA-TE groups, whereas they did not change in the PLAC group. Testosterone and estradiol decreased in the CPA-DNG group to the hypogonadal range, increased in the CPA-TE group to supraphysiological concentrations and, as expected, remained unchanged in the PLAC group. Total ghrelin levels increased in the CPA-DNG, decreased in the CPA-TE and did not change in the PLAC group. Ns modifications in the other parameters were observed in any group, demonstrating that the short-term changes of circulating sex hormones are able to modify ghrelin levels. These data, therefore, suggest that sex steroids are important regulators of ghrelin in normal-weight healthy men too.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Preoperative assessment of body fluid disturbances in patients with obstructive jaundice.

Postoperative renal dysfunction in obstructive jaundice (OJ) patients has been associated with hypovolemia and depletion of the extracellular water compartment (ECW). The aim of the study was to evaluate the preoperative status of body compartments in OJ patients measured by two methods. In a prospective study 39 OJ patients (11 benign and 28 malignant obstructions) were investigated, with 15 healthy subjects used as a control group (CG). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) determinations and values derived from anthropometric measurements were used to assess body compartment status. The coefficient of variation of BIA was below 4% in both OJ and CG subjects. No differences were found in intracellular water. However total body water (TBW) and ECW were reduced in OJ patients (50.5 +/- 4.6 vs. 56 +/- 8% body weight, p = 0.05; and 21 +/- 4.5 vs. 23.8 +/- 2.5% body weight, p < 0.05, respectively). There were no differences between benign and malignant obstructions. Seventy four percent of OJ patients had an ECW volume below the mean +/- 2 SD in the CG subjects. Anthropometric and BIA determinations correlated closely for TBW measurements in both CG (r = 0.92, p < 0.001) and OJ patients (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis also showed that for TBW the BIA was in agreement with anthropometry. In the present study, BIA offered a good correlation with anthropometric determinations and was a reliable method for body fluid disturbances assessment in jaundiced patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Changes in physical activity are associated with changes in metabolic cardiovascular risk factors.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the effect of changes in physical activity on changes in metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and to investigate what factors affect the association between physical activity and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: Of the 1860 men who were 50 years of age and who were without pre-existing cardiovascular disease participating in a population-based study, 898 were re-examined 20 years later. Altogether 231 died from cardiovascular diseases during the follow-up (mean = 22.6 years). The examinations which the men underwent at 50 and 70 years of age included assessment of physical activity (self-reported at four alternative levels), anthropometry, measurements of fasting concentrations of glucose, specific insulin, proinsulin, split proinsulin and lipids. RESULTS: During the 20 years, 31 % increased their amount of physical activity while 51 % continued the same amount of exercise. Increased physical activity was associated with significant changes in several important metabolic variables, including fasting glucose, proinsulin and HDL cholesterol, independent of body weight changes. The risk of cardiovascular disease for men performing moderate, regular and athletic physical activity was 25 % (p = 0.127), 34 % (p = 0.022) and 71 % (p = 0.009) lower, respectively, compared with sedentary men. The association was attenuated by adjustment for baseline measurements of insulin, proinsulin and split proinsulin. Additional adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors did not further attenuate the association. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Increased leisure time physical activity between the ages of 50 and 70 years, in the absence of active intervention, is associated with improved glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism in men. The concentrations of insulin, proinsulin and split proinsulin could mediate much of the association between a sedentary lifestyle and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.

Aged↗