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PubMed1990

Adventure in the outdoors. Its importance in the development of an adolescent boy.

This exploration of how the analyst works uses a 15-year-old boy's description of an adventure in the outdoors as the starting point for a sequence of associations which led first to a passage from a Wordsworth poem and then to memories from the analyst's own childhood. The related themes of rite of passage and adolescent mourning are elaborated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Adjustment in diabetic adolescent Girls: I. Development of the Diabetic Adjustment Scale.

A 37-item scale was designed to assess life adjustment in 105 adolescent girls with juvenile diabetes. The scale elicited information on peer relationships, family relationships, body image concerns, dependence-independence conflicts, school adjustment, and attitudes toward diabetes. Results of this initial attempt at measuring diabetic adjustment suggest that this group of girls was relatively well adjusted and that their attitudes toward diabetes correlate positively with many adjustment factors. The importance of self-report scales which address the realities of life with diabetes is emphasized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

A cognitive/affective empathy training program as a function of ego development in aggressive adolescent females.

This study investigated the effects of an affective/cognitive empathy training program on level of empathy in 24 aggressive adolescent females in a residential treatment center. In addition, the relationship between empathy and level of ego development was explored. Empathy was defined as a psychological construct regulated by both cognitive and affective components, interacting in a systemic manner to produce emotional understanding. Subjects were pretested on measures of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and Loevinger's scale of ego development. High and low scores on the measures of ego development were defined by a median split. Following random assignment to groups, experimental subjects were exposed to four 1.5-hour training sessions directed at increasing levels of affective and cognitive empathy. Posttests revealed significant positive relationships between ego development and both measures of empathy. Training significantly increased levels of affective empathy, while increases in cognitive empathy were unremarkable. There was no difference between high and low ego development scorers in their ability to profit from training. The hypothesized systemic relationship between affective and cognitive empathy was also supported by the findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Competence to waive interrogation rights and adjudicative competence in adolescent defendants: cognitive development, attorney contact, and psychological symptoms.

Although there is growing evidence of developmental differences in competency to waive interrogation rights and adjudicative competence, the correlates of adolescents' legal capacities remain unclear. This study examined the relationship of legal capacities to cognitive development, legal learning opportunities, and psychological symptoms. Participants were 152 male and female defendants aged 11-17, who completed Grisso's Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights, the Fitness Interview Test (Revised Edition), the Woodcock-Johnson III Cognitive Assessment Battery, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children. Legal capacities relevant to interrogation and adjudication increased with age. These developmental differences were partially mediated or explained by cognitive development. Of the specific cognitive abilities examined (general intellectual ability, verbal ability, reasoning, long-term retrieval, attention, and executive functioning), verbal ability was a particularly strong predictor of performance on competency measures. Also, defendants obtained lower scores on competency measures if they showed evidence of attention deficits or hyperactivity, had spent limited time with their attorneys, and/or were from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Calcium intake and bone mass development among Israeli adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the possible relationship between food and life style habits and bone health in adolescent Israeli females. METHODS: 2,000 adolescent Israeli Jewish and Arab high-school girls (mean age 14.5) completed a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and a personal history questionnaire. 27 food components were calculated for each subject. Bone mineral content and density were determined for 112 subjects with calcium intake below 800 mg/day. RESULTS: Average calcium intake was found to be 1,260 mg/day, but 20% of all girls had a calcium intake below 800 mg/day. All low-energy diets were very low in calcium, as mean calcium intake per 1,000 calories was 411 128 grams. A large percentage of diets with less than 800 mg calcium were also deficient in phosphorus (95.2%), magnesium (84.8%). iron (90.5%) and zinc (100%). Due to differences in food sources. Jewish girls had more phosphorus in their diet, but less magnesium and iron compared to Arab girls. Calcium and zinc deficiencies in Jewish and Arab diets were similar. A negative correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and age at menarche for all girls in the study. Bone mineral density (BMD) measured for girls with calcium intake below 800 mg/day distributed normally around the average when compared to age matched controls despite their low calcium intake. There was a strong positive correlation between BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) at all sites and body weights. CONCLUSIONS: Low calcium intake, other nutritional deficiencies and delayed menarche due to low-energy diet in the growing period and in adolescence may prevent the formation of healthy bones. There is no evidence of lower bone mass among the low calcium intake group in the study population at this stage. It remains to be documented if the window of opportunity for optimal bone accretion for this group will be missed in the future. possibly leading to increased risk of osteoporosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Perceived ability to manage juvenile chronic arthritis among adolescents and parents: development of a questionnaire to assess medical issues, exercise, pain, and social support.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a questionnaire to assess perceived ability to manage juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) among adolescents and parents. METHODS: The questionnaire contained 24 (parents' version) and 23 (adolescents' version) questions accompanied by visual analog scales in the areas of knowledge, skill, behavior, attitudes, and self-efficacy. One hundred seven persons participated in the examination of validity and 25 in the examination of test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Factor analyses indicated that the questionnaire, now termed the MEPS (abbreviation for "medical issues, exercise, pain, and social support") questionnaire, contained 4 underlying dimensions: medical issues, exercise, pain, and social support, including 9, 4, 7, and 4 questions, respectively. The content of the questionnaire was judged mainly to be easily understood, relevant, and exhaustive. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the test-retest reliability of the questionnaire answers over a week ranged from 0.68 to 0.96 for single questions. CONCLUSION: The MEPS questionnaire appears to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the perceived ability to manage JCA. Whether it is sufficiently responsive to interventions remains to be investigated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Female masturbation in adolescence and the development of the relationship to the body.

The significance of the role played by masturbation in the female is examined from a developmental point of view in order to question the assumption, often made, that female masturbation has the same normal significance as masturbation for the male. In order to do so, the difference between attitudes to male and female masturbation is defined as a difference in attitude to the use of the hand for masturbatory activity and is related to the observation that it is that activity that female children give up post-oedipally and again in post-puberty. The unconscious meaning of the hand, as identified with the mother's active handling of the child's body, is examined to show that masturbation is needed by the child to internalize a positive narcissistic cathexis of the body as well as a means of separating from the mother's body. The continued use of the hand during adolescence and adulthood by the girl or woman is then seen as a defensive means of maintaining a positive relationship to her own sexual body once the girl's body has become identified with that of her mother. The failure of this defence when used by the girl as a means to maintain a positive relationship to her own sexual body is seen as leading to the unconsciously determined need to attack her body, as can be observed clinically in those adolescents who physically attack their body.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development from birth to adolescence of children at-risk for schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Offspring of patients with schizophrenia are at-risk for developing schizophrenia in adult life. The aim of this paper is to describe the development from infancy through adolescence of a sample of Israeli young people at-risk for schizophrenia. METHODS: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study (JIDS) has followed prospectively from birth through adolescence 15 young people who have a parent with schizophrenia. Neurobehavioral data were gathered at infancy, middle childhood, and adolescence. Mental disorder was assessed at adolescence. RESULTS: Data suggest that some children whose parents have schizophrenia are at increased risk for a variety of neuromotor, cognitive, and attentional problems during infancy and childhood, compared to children whose parents had no mental disorder or nonschizophrenia mental disorder. Those high-risk children with neurobehavioral signs are also more likely to have poorer social adjustment, greater social withdrawal, and more symptoms within the schizophrenia spectrum. Case studies are presented of two children with early neurobehavioral impairment who, as adolescents, developed disorders within the schizophrenia spectrum. CONCLUSION: Because neurobehavioral impairment may be marking genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia spectrum disorders, clinicians treating children whose parents have schizophrenia need to thoroughly evaluate symptoms of mental disorder--but also neuromotor and neuropsychological functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Reversing sex steroid deficiency and optimizing skeletal development in the adolescent with gonadal failure.

During puberty, the acquisition of skeletal mass and areal bone mineral density (BMD) mainly reflects an increase in bone size (length and perimeters) and not true volumetric BMD. Sexual dimorphism in bone mass and areal BMD is also explained by differences in bone size (longer and wider bones in males) and not by differences in volumetric BMD. Androgens stimulate skeletal growth by activation of the androgen receptor, whereas estrogens (following aromatization of androgens and stimulation of estrogen receptors) have a biphasic effect on skeletal growth during puberty. Recent evidence from clinical cases has shown that many of the growth-promoting effects of the sex steroids are mediated through estrogens rather than androgens. In addition, skeletal maturation and epiphyseal fusion are also estrogen-dependent in both sexes. Nevertheless, independent actions of androgens in these processes also occur. Both sex steroids maintain volumetric BMD during puberty. Androgens interact with the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis neonatally, resulting in a sexual dimorphic GH pattern during puberty, whereas estrogens stimulate GH and hereby IGF-I in both sexes. Hypogonadism in adolescents impairs not only bone size but also maintenance of volumetric BMD, hereby severely reducing peak areal BMD. Delayed puberty in boys and Turner's syndrome in women impair both bone length and size, reducing areal BMD. Whether volumetric BMD is also reduced and whether fracture risk is increased in these conditions remains controversial. Replacing sex steroids according to a biphasic pattern (starting at low doses and ending at high-normal doses) seems the safest approach to reach targeted height and to optimize bone development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Snack food intake of adolescents and caries development.

The relationship between the frequency of eating various snack foods, socioeconomic variables, and an increment in caries was studied in 143 adolescents. There were negative correlations between DMFT increments and the frequency of apples, fruit juice, and sugarless gum intake, and a positive association of DMFT increments with chocolate candy intake and spending money.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal development of family decision making: defining healthy behavioral autonomy for middle-class African American adolescents.

The development of decision-making autonomy was examined in 76 middle-class African American early adolescents (M = 13 years) and their mothers, who were followed longitudinally for 5 years. Adolescent decision-making autonomy over conventional, prudential, multifaceted, and personal issues increased over time but at different rates. Mothers viewed prudential and conventional issues as parent decisions, but adolescents increasingly viewed them as joint. Adolescents viewed multifaceted and personal issues as increasingly decided by adolescents (with parental input), whereas mothers viewed them as joint. Greater autonomy over multifaceted issues in early adolescence was associated with poorer adjustment. Controlling for background variables and earlier adjustment, increased autonomy over personal and multifaceted issues predicted less depression and better self-worth in late adolescence.

Adolescent↗