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Serological and pathological studies of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from caged birds from Southeast Asia.

Eleven isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), from caged birds imported from or captured in Southeast Asia in 1979-80, were antigenically divided into five distinct groups. Most of them were distinguishable from more classical NDVs (vaccine B1 strain and Miyadera strain) on the basis of their reactivity to eight monoclonal antibodies against the HN molecule of NDV in hemagglutination-inhibition tests. However, when three representative isolates were evaluated for their biological properties and pathogenicity against 1-day-old chickens, all three were found to be velogenic types that could induce serious symptoms of Newcastle disease and which eventually killed all of the chickens, regardless of the route of infection. There was not any significant correlation between their reactivity patterns with the monoclonal antibodies and their virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cytogenetic evidence for two species within the current concept of the malaria vector Anopheles leucosphyrus in Southeast Asia.

Karyotypes and crossing relationships were investigated for three allopatric populations of Anopheles leucosphyrus in Southeast Asia: South Kalimantan, Sumatra and Thailand. The mitotic karyotypes of these populations were similar to those previously observed in other species of the An. leucosphyrus group. Populations from Thailand and South Kalimantan exhibited telocentric and subtelocentric sex chromosomes, respectively, with a distinctive band of intercalary heterochromatin in the X chromosome. Strikingly different submetacentric X and Y chromosomes were observed in the population from Sumatra, and it seems likely that the evolution of these chromosomes occurred through the acquisition of constitutive heterochromatin. Sterile F1 males were observed in crosses between the Sumatra population and the populations from South Kalimantan and Thailand. No genetic incompatibility was observed in crosses between the latter two populations. We believe that the present concept of An. leucosphyrus includes two allopatric species, one inhabiting Borneo, West Malaysia and southern Thailand and one confined to Sumatra.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Types of alpha+ thalassemia in Southeast Asia refugees.

We have determined alpha+ deletional thalassemia among 143 Southeast Asia refugees (Cambodians, Laotians, and Vietnameses). Gene frequency of alpha+ deletional thalassemia in Vietnameses (0.035) was found lower than in Cambodians and Laotians (0.11). Bam H1 and Bg1 II analysis indicated that both rightward and leftward thalassemias are encountered, the -alpha 3,7 form is being by far more frequent than the -alpha 4.2 one. Only type I cross-over was found by Apa I digestion on -alpha 3.7 chromosomes. The Rsa I polymorphism, 5' to Z alpha 2 block, is associated with -alpha 3.7 type I haplotype and the site is present in 12 out of 23 chromosomes. All these data suggest at least three origins of alpha+-thalassemia in Cambodia and Laos.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1987

Immunization in urban Southeast Asia.

By the year 2000 half the population in the world is expected to reside in large urban areas. "Improving immunization services to the disadvantaged in urban areas" is considered one of the priorities for the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). A review of the current situation with regard to immunization coverage and disease surveillance in urban Southeast Asia shows that acceleration of immunization activities in urban areas is needed to achieve and sustain the goal of Universal Child Immunization by the year 1990.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1987

Molecular characterization of beta-thalassemia major and beta-thalassemia intermedia in China and Southeast Asia.

We have studied the spectrum of mutations producing beta-thalassemia (beta-thal) in South China and Southeast Asia in two groups of patients. In randomly selected patients with beta-thal major we characterized 78 beta-thal genes. In patients with beta-thal intermedia, 22 beta-thal genes were studied. The relevant mutation was characterized in all 78 genes of the first group, and 21 of 22 (96%) of mutant genes in the second group. Eight point mutations were found among the 100 genes studied. Of these eight alleles, four constituted 90% of the total. Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in this region should be feasible by simplified techniques for direct detection of point mutations.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiology of emergence and spread of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia.

In Southeast Asia the medicated salt project of Pailin, on the Kampuchea-Thai border, demonstrated that drug resistance, especially chloroquine resistance, can develop when a large population of P. falciparum parasites is exposed to intense transmission under intense drug pressure. The selection of resistant parasites being activated by the introduction of non-immune groups. Emergence of drug resistance was the result of continuous and prolonged mass exposure of P. falciparum to pyrimethamine and chloroquine resulting in the selection of resistant mutants. This selection was associated with multiple exposures of the parasites to much higher drug doses, during repeated passages through the non-immune hosts, increasing the degree of resistance. Resistances spread to the receptive areas of Kampuchea and other neighbouring countries through the movements of the temporary migrants who, by then, had become carriers infected with drug resistant falciparum parasites. The rapid and early spread of chloroquine resistance in A. balabacensis areas was not a coincidence but the result of the biological advantages of this species complex in relation to malaria transmission. In Australasia the medicated salt project carried out in Irian Jaya, on the border with Papua New Guinea, also resulted in the development of drug resistance in P. falciparum.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiology of the emergence and spread of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in South-East Asia and Australasia.

A review is presented of the development of drug-resistant malaria in Païlin on the Thai-Kampuchean border and its spread to other parts of the region and beyond. Resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine appears to have emerged in this area in the early 1960s and evidence of resistance to the combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine and to the combination of diaphenylsulfone and pyrimethamine came from the same area towards the end of the same decade. The factors leading to the emergence and increase of drug resistance appear to have been: the continuous introduction of non-immune migrants to a hyperendemic malaria area, an increase in already intense transmission resulting from the living and working conditions of the migrants and prolonged drug pressure resulting from individual drug consumption and mass drug administration, particularly from the medicated salt project which covered the area in which resistance emerged. These conditions lead to the selection of resistant mutants. Moreover, resistant parasites were exposed to multiple and increasing doses of chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfathiazole during repeated passages through non-immune hosts who were being treated for primary attacks, early recrudescences and reinfections. This probably resulted in increasing the degree of resistance and in the selection of parasites resistant to sulfathiazole with cross-resistance to other sulfonamides. In Irian Jaya, Indonesian New Guinea, where there had been a chloroquinized salt project, the level of chloroquine resistance was much lower than in Païlin; this is associated with the absence of a non-immune population and the lower dose of chloroquine base used in the salt. The spread of chloroquine resistance is then discussed. At first resistance was found only in three foci in South-East Asia where A. balabacensis is the vector of malaria. It then spread to all A. balabacensis areas, and finally to areas outside the area of distribution of A. balabacensis. The spread of resistance is found to be favoured by the presence of the vector A. balabacensis and by the introduction of a non-immune population.

Antimalarials↗
PubMed1986

[Early ventricular repolarization syndrome and heart function in the inhabitants of Asia, Africa and Latin America].

Electrocardiographic screening of 1306 normal 17- to 30-years-old student coming to study in the USSR from Asia, Africa and Latin America detected 59 cases of the early ventricular repolarization syndrome (EVRS). The diagnosis of EVRS was significantly more frequent in the Africans (9.1%), as compared to the Asiatics (2.6%) and Latin Americans (2.2%). The EVRS observed in African students was often combined with negative and effaced T wave. Cardiac function was assessed by one-dimensional echocardiography in 22 individuals. Normal hemodynamics and left-ventricular operation as well as data of 4-6 years' follow-up indicate that EVRS-specific myocardial repolarization pattern has no effect on cardiac contractility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1969

Antibiotic sensitivity of gonococcal strains isolated in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions in 1961-68.

A decreasing susceptibility of gonococcal strains to penicillin and other antibiotics has been observed in most parts of the world, including the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. In the Neisseria Department, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, the antibiotic sensitivity of about 100 gonococcal strains from these regions has been determined. The strains were collected during 2 periods, one in 1961 (Ceylon and the Philippines), the other in 1967-68 (Thailand, Taiwan, Viet-Nam and Hong Kong).It was found that the incidence of gonococcal strains with decreased susceptibility to penicillin and most of the more generally used antibiotics is increasing in these regions. The distribution of the 50% inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and spiramycin was similar for the strains isolated in the Philippines in 1961 and for those from the other areas in 1967-68, namely, strains with "normal sensitivity" were lacking. Most of the strains collected in 1961 were fully sensitive to chloramphenicol and erythromycin, whereas about 25% of the strains collected in 1967-68 were only moderately sensitive to chloramphenicol, and about 75% were moderately sensitive to erythromycin; 1 strain was resistant to erythromycin. Only 10% of these strains were sensitive to all the antibiotics employed.In contrast to these findings, several authors report an increasing susceptibility of the gonococcal strains in northern Europe. Possible explanations for the reversion to "normal sensitivity" are discussed briefly.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1967

The Culex pipiens fatigans problem in South-East Asia with special reference to urbanization.

In South-East Asia in recent years urbanization has proceeded rapidly. Because of limited financial resources it has seldom been possible to provide sufficient sanitation; this has led to conditions favourable to the breeding of Culex pipiens fatigans. The density of C. p. fatigans is higher in urban areas than in rural ones. Differences in infection and infectivity rates in C. p. fatigans seem to be due to differences in infection rates in the human population rather than to differences in the life-span of the mosquito. Precipitin tests have shown that the species feeds predominantly on man. It breeds in almost any type of stagnant water with organic contamination. Filariasis problems in India have been classified according to the duration of established transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructural investigations on the effects of praziquantel on human trematodes from Asia: Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus westermani and Schistosoma japonicum.

The effect of praziquantel (Biltricide) on the ultrastructure of trematodes pathogenic to man in Asia was investigated in: Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Schistosoma japonicum, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Paragonimus westermani. The different parasites were isolated from their respective experimental hosts and uniformly incubated for 5, 15, 30 or 60 min at 37 degrees C in medium TC 199 containing 0, 1, 10 or 100 micrograms praziquantel/ml. All parasites exposed to praziquantel were contracted and displayed tegumental alterations. 1. Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma japonicum reacted with severe tegumental vacuolisation within 5 min after exposure to 1 microgram praziquantel/ml. The extent of the damage induced increased with exposure time. 2. In vivo treated Opisthorchis viverrini worms had the same damages as in vitro treated ones. 3. Metagonimus yokogawai displayed the same degree of vacuolisation after exposure to all concentrations of praziquantel. Complete destruction of the tegumental surface was not achieved, however, possibly because of the presence of numerous tegumental hooks. 4. Paragonimus westermani was least sensitive to praziquantel. Only very few vacuoles were formed after incubation in 100 micrograms/ml for 60 min. It is assumed that the very dense texture of the thick tegument is responsible for the relative refractoriness to praziquantel in vitro. However, in vivo the parasite is successfully eliminated by praziquantel.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

South-east Asia: curriculum guidelines for nutrition.

This project was a cooperative endeavour from its inception. It was designed for both two-way horizontal and vertical interactions at international, regional, and national levels, and within academic educational units in agriculture. This approach to introducing the study of food, nutrition and agriculture into agricultural education was made so that individuals, agencies, and groups interested or involved in agriculture, education, health, and nutrition policy or programmes in South-east Asia could have input into planning, implementing, and helping secure the study of nutrition in post-secondary agricultural curricula. It is a workable participatory model of action that has merit in other interdisciplinary educational planning endeavours.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1978

Latent and chronic infections imported from Southeast Asia.

This review is intended to remind physicians of exotic infections with latency of at least one year that could cause illness in refugees or US citizens exposed in Southeast Asia. Tuberculosis, melioidosis, and leprosy are the major chronic infections of bacterial origin. Intestinal protozoa, roundworms, and flatworms are considered with regard to pathogenic, potential and duration of infection. Malaria, filariasis, and schistosomiasis may be seen on occasion. Paragonimiasis and Chinese liver fluke infections are more common and may simulate other less exotic diseases.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1984

Changing patterns of some trematode infections in Asia.

In certain areas of Asia the pattern of trematode infections in both man and animals seems to have changed in the recent past. On Taiwan, for example, paragonimiasis, fasciolopsiasis and schistosomiasis were at one time highly endemic in certain locations, but in recent years these parasitoses have been difficult to find in definitive, intermediate as well as reservoir hosts. Education, industrialization, alterations in the ecology and the use of modern agricultural practices have contributed to the changes. Conversely, it appears that human clonorchiasis is increasing in Taiwan while in Hong Kong, the disease, once highly prevalent, seems to be decreasing due to control measures implemented in China; the source of infected fish for Hong Kong residents has been China. Furthermore, Clonorchis sinensis infections are more common in higher income groups of Hong Kong since imported fish are more expensive. Along the same line, metagonimiasis is more common among the more affluent sports fishermen in Japan who eat mountain-stream trout as "sashimi" soon after the catch. One of the most dramatic changes in the prevalence of a trematode disease has been in the Lindu Lake region of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Echinostomiasis lindoensis was highly endemic in the area and human infection was acquired by eating infected Corbicular sp. clams. The fish Tilapia mossambica was subsequently introduced into the lake and competed for food with the clam and ate the glochidial larval stages of the clam. The clams are no longer present in the lake and consequently, the parasitosis has disappeared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Arthropod- and rodent-borne viral and rickettsial diseases in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

Arthropod- and rodent-borne viral and rickettsial diseases continue to be one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions. Both epidemics and sporadic cases occur. In some years, outbreaks of dengue haemorrhagic fever and Japanese encephalitis reached alarming proportions. The significance of other arthropod- and rodent-borne viral and rickettsial diseases has still to be determined. Therefore, continuous epidemiological surveillance, diagnosis, and control of these groups of diseases remains an urgent task.The objectives, targets, priority areas, and strategies for future plans of action have been identified and recommendations formulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Yellow rain: chemical warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan.

Circumstantial and laboratory evidence has accumulated supporting the use in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan of Russian-made lethal chemical agents. In this paper we will attempt to answer the question, "What is Yellow Rain?", summarize some of the massive data on microtoxins and mycotoxicoses, discuss the toxicology of the trichothecenes, give a brief historical perspective on chemical warfare, and touch on some of the political implications of these developments. The ubiquitous and insidious mycotoxins have been more or less causally linked to several human diseases, from ergotism to Reye's syndrome, as well as enormous livestock morbidity and mortality. We raise the concern that the Yellow Rain "experiments" pose the threat of massive use of chemical/biological warfare. The importance of an informed, vocal medical constituency cannot be overestimated.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1983

Analysis for Fusarium toxins in various samples implicated in biological warfare in Southeast Asia.

Samples of leaves, water, cereal grains, soil, and yellow powder as well as blood, urine, and body tissues from chemical warfare victims were analyzed for Fusarium toxins by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The leaves, water, and yellow powder samples contained various combinations of T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone in concentrations ranging from trace (1.0 ppb) amounts to 143 ppm. These trichothecenes do not occur naturally on the substrates described and were correlated with the so-called "yellow rain" chemical attacks against Hmong people in Southeast Asia. Analysis of leaves, soil, water, and cereals collected in areas adjacent to but apart from the area where chemical attacks had been staged did not contain any Fusarium toxins. Moreover, T-2 and HT-2 toxins were found in human blood, urine, and body tissues (heart, esophagus, kidney, lung, and large intestine) of alleged victims. In addition, diacetoxyscirpenol was found in the kidney of one person who had died.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Incidence of prostatic cancer in Japan and Asia.

The incidence of prostatic cancer has been reported to be low in Japan and Asia, compared with the USA and European countries. However, it is now on the increase in Japan. The possible etiological factors for the origin and development of prostatic cancer were examined on 187 patients with this malignancy who visited the Department of Urology, University of Tokyo during the past 16 years. No evidence that these factors were specifically related to prostatic cancer, was found. The possible etiology and differences in incidence between Japan, the USA, and European countries are discussed.

Adult↗