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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[The ultrastructure of apple cells during storage].

A study was made of ultrastructural features of epidermal and hypodermal cells of freshly collected apples of early- and late-ripe cultivars, and of those storage at low temperature. In late-cultivars, the ultrastructure of most cells remained unchanged within 8 months (except increased vacuolation). In early-ripe cultivars, signs of senile destruction were evident in many hypodermal cells as early as within 2 months of storage. Apple cells of all cultivars contained a fairly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). A suggestion is made that SER may be involved in the synthesis of abscisic acid essential for the fruit dormancy maintenance.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Syringe-cartridge solid-phase extraction method for patulin in apple juice.

A syringe-cartridge solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for determination of patulin in apple juice. A 2.5 mL portion of test sample was passed through a conditioned macroporous SPE cartridge and washed with 2 mL 1% sodium bicarbonate followed by 2 mL 1% acetic acid. Patulin was eluted with 1 mL 10% ethyl acetate in ethyl ether and determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a mobile phase consisting of 81% acetonitrile, 9% water, and 10% 0.05M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 2.4. Recoveries averaged 92% and the relative standard deviation was 8.0% in test samples spiked with 50 ng/mL patulin. The method appears to be applicable for monitoring apple juice samples to meet the U.S. Food and Drug Administration compliance action level of 50 microg/kg in an industrial quality assurance laboratory environment.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

On-line characterisation of apple polyphenols by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorbance detection.

Apple polyphenols were characterised by means of hyphenated techniques such as HPLC coupled to UV photodiode array detection (LC-DAD) and to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). LC-MS using atmospheric pressure ionisation (APCI) in the positive ion mode provided the molecular weight, the number of hydroxyl groups, the number of sugars and an idea about the substitution pattern of the polyphenols. LC-DAD with postcolumn addition of UV shift reagents afforded precise structural information about the position of the free hydroxyl groups in the polyphenolic nucleus. Five isorhamnetin glycosides, two hydroxyphloretin glycosides and quercetin were reported in apple peel for the first time. Postcolumn addition of UV shift reagents in LC-DAD analysis confirmed the presence of isorhamnetin glycosides and not the isomeric glycosides of rhamnetin. Moreover, isorhamnetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside was identified unambiguously by comparison with a standard. These results are relevant not only from a chemotaxonomic point of view, but also in the control of authenticity of fruit derived products in order to detect fraudulent admixtures.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of patulin at 10 ng/mL in apple-based products intended for infants: interlaboratory study.

An interlaboratory trial for the determination of patulin in apple juice and fruit puree was conducted, involving 17 participants representing a cross section of industry, official food control, and research facilities. Mean recoveries reported ranged from 74 (10 ng/g) to 62% (25 ng/g) for apple juice and from 72 (25 ng/g) to 74% (10 ng/g) for fruit puree. Based on results for spiked samples (blind pairs at 2 levels), as well as naturally contaminated samples (blind pairs at 3 levels), the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) in juice ranged from 8.0 to 14.3% and in puree from 3.5 to 9.3%. The relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSD(R)) in juice ranged from 19.8 to 39.5% and in puree from 12.5 to 35.2%, reflecting HORRAT values from 0.6 to 1.0 for juice and 0.4 to 0.9 for puree. The method showed acceptable within-laboratory and between-laboratory precision for each matrix, as required by current European legislation.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

[Determination of quercetin in apples by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].

A method for the determination of quercetin in pulp and peel of apples by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with internal standard was developed. Samples were frozen at -80 degrees C for 24 h, then added 6 mol/L hydrochloride under the protection of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. The slurry was hydrolyzed thermostatically at 90 degrees C for 2 h and centrifugated for 10 min. The separation was performed on an ODS column (150 mm x 6.0 mm i.d., 5 microm). Methanol-water (55:45, v/v) (pH adjusted to 3.3 with acetic acid) was used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The injection volume was 20 microL. The detection wavelength was 370 nm. The results showed that the quercetin content in pulp and in peel were 3.11-10.78 microg/g and 253.57-744.59 microg/g, respectively. The mean recovery of quercetin in apple pulp was 100.4%. The method is simple, accurate, and reliable.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of 22 triazole compounds including parent fungicides and metabolites in apples, peaches, flour, and water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of 14 parent triazole fungicides and 8 of their metabolites found in apples, peaches, flour, raw water, and tap water. The triazole fungicides chosen for this multiresidue method development project included propiconazole, fenbuconazole and its RH-9129 and RH-9130 metabolites, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and its HWG 2061 metabolite, hexaconazole, bromuconazole (both stereoisomers), epoxiconazole, tetraconazole, triticonazole and its RPA-404886 and RPA-406341 metabolites, triadimefon, triadimenol, and myclobutanil. Of special concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were the metabolites common to all triazole fungicides: free triazole, 1,2,4-triazole (T), and its 2 conjugates: triazolylalanine (TA) and triazolylacetic acid (TAA). These metabolites were the primary focus of this project. All samples we cleaned up by a combination of C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE), mixed-mode cationic SPE, and mixed-mode anionic SPE columns. A triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, equipped with electrospray ionization in the positive-ion mode, was used to determine the compounds of interest. T, TA, and TAA were quantitated using isotopically labeled internal standards (IS), in which the 1,2,4-triazole ring had been synthesized by using 13C and 15N (IS_T, IS_TA, and IS_TAA). These isotopically labeled internal standards were necessary to correct for matrix effects. The T, TA, and TAA metabolites were quantitated at the 25-50 parts-per-billion (ppb) level in food commodities and at 0.50 ppb in water. Recoveries were 70-101% from apples, 60-121% from peaches, 57-118% from flour, 75-99% from raw water, and 79-99% from tap water.

Calibration↗
PubMed1993

The Athletic Prevention Programming and Leadership Education (APPLE) Model: Developing Substance Abuse Prevention Programs.

Alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse affects every sector of society, and student-athletes are no exception. Because many factors affecting athletes do not affect other students, athletic departments commonly approach prevention through AOD education. Different educational approaches are described in this article, particularly the Athletic Prevention Programming and Leadership Education (APPLE) model. Project APPLE is designed to enable an athletic department to systematically analyze its AOD prevention in seven areas: recruitment practices, expectations and attitudes, education and AOD programs, policies, drug testing, discipline, and referral and counseling. Because athletic trainers often are involved in this process, this article should help them to design more effective AOD programs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal coincidence between rosy apple aphid fundatrices and their parasitoids: implications for an early biological control of Dysaphis plantaginea.

The potential contribution of the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus persicae Froggatt (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) in regulating stem mothers of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) was investigated in culture conditions using both species' phenological emergence data in spring and host stage suitability trials. In 2003, emergence of E. persicae started on April 1st, i.e., 108.2 degree-days (base: 4.5 degrees C; start date: January 1st) later than its host on March 10th. When less than 3% of parasitoids had emerged on April 12th, more than 97% of D. plantaginea stem mothers had moulted beyond their 1st instar. The latest parasitoids left their diapause mummies in late April as the majority of fundatrices had reached the adult stage. Parasitisation trials demonstrated the suitability for E. persicae of all developmental stages of rosy apple aphid fundatrices, including mature individuals. No offspring were deposited by fundatrices parasitised as Ist-instar nymphs but later instars did produce a progeny whose size was substantially reduced compared with unparasitised individuals, and scaled against their age at the time of parasitisation. Although the temperature accumulation required for emergence in spring is reached later for E. persicae than for its host aphids, thus allowing part of the stem mother population to temporarily escape parasitisation and reach maturity, the marked reduction in fecundity of individuals parasitised even as late-instar nymphs does confer to E. persicae a non-negligible role in potentially regulating D. plantaginea.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

High-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of patulin in apple butter.

Patulin is extracted from apple butter samples with ethyl acetate and the extract is cleaned up on a silica gel column, using benzene-ethyl acetate (75+25) as the eluant. High-pressure liquid chromatography, using a 25 cm ZorbaxSil column, isooctane-ethyl ether-acetic acid (750+250+0.5) as the mobile solvent, and a 254 nm ultraviolet detector, is used for the determinative step. Under these conditions, patulin is eluted before 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, a component of apple butter which interferes with other liquid chromatographic and thin layer chromatographic methods. Recoveries of patulin added at levels of 34.6, 138.4, and 276.8 mug/kg ranged from 89.0 to 112.1%.

Chromatography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation and study of active ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase from apple fruits Pyrus domestica Borkh].

The activity of ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) from subepidermal tissue of apple fruits was studied. The enzyme extracted under optimal conditions was stable for 14 h at room temperature. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and dialysis. PFK from apple fruits was found to be ATP-, UTP-, and CTP-specific. It was inhibited by PEP, Gly-2-P, Gly-1,3-DP, and ADP. The effect of the listed inhibitors was diminished by the presence of phosphate. The activity of PFK was stimulated by magnesium cations. The activity of the enzyme in fruits of an Antonovka cultivar was higher than in the Simirenko rennet cultivar by a factor of 1.3.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synergism between apple procyanidins and lysosomotropic drugs: potential in chemoprevention.

BACKGROUND: Procyanidins are apple constituents with potential in colon cancer chemoprevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human colon cancer derived metastatic cells (SW620), growing under standardized conditions, were exposed to procyanidins and lysosomotropic compounds. Growth, apoptosis and lysosomal integrity was determined using published methods. RESULTS: Lysosomotropic drugs (MDL 72527, phenylalanine methylester and chloroquine) amplified procyanidin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in SW620 cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The improved toxicity of the drug combinations relies primarily on the enhancement of lysosomal membrane permeability. CONCLUSION: Combinations with non-toxic concentrations of lysosomotropic compounds improve the anti-carcinogenic properties of apple procyanidins.

Antimalarials↗
PubMed1991

[Occurrence of pesticides in apples of varieties from south-east Poland in the years 1986-1989].

In years 1986-1989, a total 445 samples apples of late cultivars were examined. Pesticides were extracted with acetone, whereupon they were transferred to dichloromethane. Extracts were analysed using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector and a thermo-ionic detector. Moreover, TLC and colorimetric methods were used. The major part of insecticides and fungicides used for orchard protection were examined. Pesticide residues were present in 248 samples; as a rule, they did not exceed 20% of their allowable concentrations in apples. Thus, the occurrence--in the same sample--of two or more pesticides on this level should entail no risk for the consumer's health. In 19 samples the allowable concentrations of pesticide residues were slightly exceeded; in all cases, only MBC was involved.

Fruit↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Jejunal atresia with "apple peel" deformity: report of one case.

A case of jejunal atresia with "apple peel" deformity is presented. A 27-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, suffered from premature labor pain and vaginal bleeding at 32 weeks of gestation. Prenatal ultrasound examination revealed presence of three areas of cystic dilatation in the fetal abdomen and marked polyhydramnios, indicating a high bowel obstruction. A female baby was delivered by Cesarean section with Apgar scores of 7 and 8 at one and five minutes, respectively. Physical examination showed abdominal distention. Nasogastric tube aspiration got more than 50 ml of blood-tinged fluid. Roentgenography demonstrated a high jejunal obstruction as well as a normally rotated colon. Laparotomy disclosed proximal jejunal atresia with typical "apple peel" appearance of the distal small bowel. An end-to-end anastomosis was performed smoothly after resection of both the proximal and distal small bowels. A reduction tapering antimesenteric jejunoplasty was also done. Partial parenteral nutrition had been administered for 10 days followed by enteric feeding. The postoperative course was uneventful. Her chromosomal analysis revealed a normal karyotype of 46,XX.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

In vitro demineralization of enamel by orange juice, apple juice, Pepsi Cola and Diet Pepsi Cola.

Enamel demineralization was studied over periods related to normal use of an orange juice, an apple juice, Pepsi Cola and Diet Pepsi Cola. Rectangular blocks of intact human enamel (3 mm x 3 mm) were cut from teeth, coated with nail varnish except for the enamel surface and exposed to the drinks for 2, 4, 5, 6 or 40 minutes. The amount of calcium released from the enamel into solution was determined with the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed the following degree of enamel demineralization: Pepsi Cola = orange juice greater than apple juice greater than Diet Pepsi Cola. The results suggest that diet colas are less demineralizing than other acid drinks, and complementary plaque studies indicate that they are also less cariogenic. The study emphasized the importance of acid-type, buffer capacity, pH and the presence of other components on the degree of enamel demineralization.

Beverages↗
PubMed1989

[Exposure to residues on plant surfaces following the use of organophosphate insecticides in agricultural apple orchards].

Pesticides based on dimethoate, methamidophos and parathionmethyl are largely used in apple growing centres from the end of May to July. Initial residue concentrations (0.39, 1.4 and 0.4 micrograms.cm-2, respectively) and the degradation of these residues are described together with the relevant half-life periods. They are related to safety margins for residues on leaf surfaces to standardise dermal exposition, respective reentry times being discussed. On the basis of the concentration of active ingredients in the air and of residues on leaf surfaces it is estimated that dermal exposition is predominant on harvest and cultivation in treated apple orchards.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Jejunal atresia with 'apple peel' deformity. A report of eight survivors.

Jejunal atresia with an "apple peel" deformity is one of the most severe forms of intestinal atresia. Until quite recently, neonatal mortality rates as a result of this anomaly were high. Early diagnosis, appropriate surgery, and prolonged parenteral nutrition have led to a spectacular improvement of the survival rates. We are reporting eight cases of apple peel atresia--all eight patients survived. The pathophysiology, diagnostic aspects, surgical approaches, and postoperative management are discussed.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Examination of the apple malic enzyme].

Two isoforms of the malic enzyme from Renet Simirenko apple pulp were detected by polyacrylamide gel electoresis. The malic enzyme protein constituted the major portion of the protein extracted from apples.

Fruit↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring residues of carbendazim (applied as benomyl) and thiabendazole in Wellspur apples.

Residues of benomyl (determined as carbendazim, widely accepted as MBC) and of thiabendazole in Wellspur apples were monitored after the apples were treated postharvest by immersion in a bath with each of the fungicides separately and stored under refrigeration. Whole fruit and pulp analyses were conducted over the period beginning 1 day after treatment and lasting up to 200 days afterwards. Under the conditions described, both benomyl (expressed as parts per million of carbendazim) and thiabendazole were found in the fruits in the following average amounts: 0.44 +/- 0.03 and 0.11 +/- 0.03 ppm benomyl (as carbendazim) in whole fruit and in pulp, respectively; 0.98 +/- 0.10 and 0.39 +/- 0.10 ppm thiabendazole in whole fruit and in pulp, respectively.

Benzimidazoles↗