Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “sensorimotor behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Propagation of hippocampal seizure activity arising from the hippocampus: a local cerebral blood flow study.

We studied the propagation of spike discharges and the changes in local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by means of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and autoradiographs to elucidate the underlying mechanism and the propagation pathway in rats with limbic seizures. Seizures were induced by the unilateral microinjection of kainic acid (KA) into the dorsal hippocampus during which behavioral, EEG and LCBF changes were documented. Overall, the results indicate an initial spreading to the contralateral hippocampus from the ipsilateral hippocampus, followed by activation of the ipsilateral amygdala, other limbic structures, striatum and sensorimotor cortex. Finally, seizure activity spreads to the ipsilateral globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, thalamus, septum and parietal cortex. The activation of the contralateral hippocampus in the KA model studied here occurs earlier than in the acute amygdaloid seizure model. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this difference in the propagation pathway will require the application in parallel of techniques examining these and other aspects of seizure activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Synaptic facilitation and behavioral dishabituation in Aplysia: dependence on release of Ca2+ from postsynaptic intracellular stores, postsynaptic exocytosis, and modulation of postsynaptic AMPA receptor efficacy.

Sensitization and dishabituation of the defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia have been ascribed to presynaptic mechanisms, particularly presynaptic facilitation of transmission at sensorimotor synapses in the CNS of Aplysia. Here, we show that facilitation of sensorimotor synapses in cell culture during and after serotonin (5-HT) exposure depends on a rise in postsynaptic intracellular Ca(2+) and release of Ca(2+) from postsynaptic stores. We also provide support for the idea that postsynaptic AMPA receptor insertion mediates a component of synaptic facilitation by showing that facilitation after 5-HT offset is blocked by injecting botulinum toxin, an exocytotic inhibitor, into motor neurons before application of 5-HT. Using a reduced preparation, we extend our results to synaptic facilitation in the abdominal ganglion. We show that tail nerve shock-induced facilitation of siphon sensorimotor synapses also depends on elevated postsynaptic Ca(2+) and release of Ca(2+) from postsynaptic stores and recruits a late phase of facilitation that involves selective enhancement of the AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic response. To examine the potential role of postsynaptic exocytosis of AMPA receptors in learning in Aplysia, we test the effect of injecting botulinum toxin into siphon motor neurons on dishabituation of the siphon-withdrawal reflex. We find that postsynaptic injections of the toxin block dishabituation resulting from tail shock. Our results indicate that postsynaptic mechanisms, particularly Ca(2+)-dependent modulation of AMPA receptor trafficking, play a critical role in synaptic facilitation as well as in dishabituation and sensitization in Aplysia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The paradoxical effect of NMDA receptor stimulation on electrical activity of the sensorimotor cortex in freely behaving rats: analysis by combined EEG-intracerebral microdialysis.

This study was designed to determine the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation on the electrical activity of neocortex in freely behaving rats. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording and intracerebral microdialysis were conducted simultaneously in the same site of the sensorimotor cortex, where the basal extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate were 2.1 +/- 0.7 microM and 11.5 +/- 2.4 microM, respectively. Microdialysis with NMDA solutions (ranging from 10.0 microM to 10.0 mM) reduced the amplitude of the EEG activity and decreased the power of all frequency bands, with a virtual elimination of the high frequency waves, in a dose-dependent manner. These EEG changes were reversed after washing out the drug from the microdialysis fluid, and could be effectively antagonized with the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate. Remarkably, the NMDA actions were not associated with epileptiform behavioral or electrographic events. Control studies demonstrated that in the same experimental conditions, cholinergic receptor agonist carbachol caused seizures, and microdialysis with NMDA in the hippocampus readily induced epileptiform spikes. Our study shows that NMDA receptor stimulation in the rat sensorimotor cortex, although excitatory at synaptic level, can depress the local EEG activity. This may indicate that the NMDA receptor-mediated signals are processed by the neocortical network in a different way than by many other brain circuitries including hippocampus.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1997

Behavior and activities in the central nervous system after activation of L-type calcium channels in mice.

The distribution of the immediate early gene c-fos expression in the mouse central nervous system after subcutaneous injection of Bay K 8644 was observed immunohistochemically. Half an hour after injection, c-fos protein (FOS) was expressed in the piriform cortex, sensorimotor cortex, caudate putamen, thalamic paraventricular nucleus and striate cortex, etc. Intense FOS immunoreactive (FOS-ir) cells were seen during 2-4 h after injection. The results suggested that the distribution of FOS-ir cells after subcutaneous injection of Bay K 8644 was coincident with that of L-type calcium channels in the different areas of the CNS. After Bay K 8644 injection, mice appeared seizure-like behavior. The percentage of cells double-labelled by FOS and CaBP immunoreactivities in the observed regions was about 60.2-72.8% in CaBP-ir cells. It suggested that most CaBP-ir cells may have L-type calcium channels.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral effects of MK-801 in the rat.

Several experiments were conducted to study the effects of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, on learning and memory in the rat. Rats displayed impaired performance on several sensorimotor tests and appeared grossly intoxicated when treated IP with 0.2 mg/kg MK-801, but not when treated with lower doses (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg). Postacquisition performance on two spatial learning tasks involving working memory protocols (reinforced alternation and radial arm maze) was impaired by MK-801 at intoxicating doses (greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/kg) but not at lower doses (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg). Using a position habit reversal task, we found that rats could learn to reverse a position habit while under the influence of a nonintoxicating dose of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg), but when tested on the following day performed as if they did not recall what they had learned. Thus, acute administration of a nonintoxicating dose of MK-801 disrupts the retention of new information learned under the influence of the drug but does not interfere with the performance of tasks that are well learned before the drug is administered. Whether the performance deficits on the spatial learning tasks observed only following intoxicating doses of MK-801 reflect an effect on memory is not clear.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Pharmacokinetic, behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of the action of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine in rats].

Specific features of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine (3-OP) action were investigated in white rats. A correlation has been established between pharmacokinetic parameters and basic manifestations of psychotropic 3-OP effect. Correlations have been also observed between the level of manifestation of anxiolytic effect and changes in 3-OP concentrations in the rat brain. Electroencephalographic findings of the nootropic effect in sensorimotor cortex correlate with 3-OP brain concentrations. The authors describe specific drug pharmacokinetics and possible mechanisms of realization of psychotropic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of d-amphetamine on the recovery of function following cerebral ischemic injury.

Amphetamine with appropriate motor experience has been found to facilitate the recovery of motor function after several different types of brain injuries. We investigated whether amphetamine would hasten the recovery of spatial mapping ability in gerbils previously subjected to a 3-min episode of forebrain ischemia. Amphetamine did not promote behavioral recovery, nor did it attenuate ischemic cell damage of hippocampal CA1 neurons. The beneficial effects of amphetamine after brain injury may be limited to restoration of sensorimotor ability and not to cognitive functions such as memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Repeated acute exposures to hypergravity during early development subtly affect CD-1 mouse neurobehavioural profile.

Exposure to altered gravitational environment, especially during critical ontogenetic phases, may induce persistent nervous system modifications and behavioural anomalies. This study evaluated the effects of hypergravity exposure on the development of the nervous system and assessed the relevance of parity in the mother's responses to altered gravitational stimuli. CD-1 mouse pups of both sexes delivered by primiparous and biparous dams were exposed to 1h of 2 G rotationally induced hypergravity from PND2 to PND9. Sensorimotor responses and somatic growth were daily measured (PND2-PND15), ultrasonic vocalisations recorded on PNDs 2, 5 and 9, and homing behaviour evaluated on PND12. In addition, spatial orientation ability was assessed in a T-maze on PND18, while mice exploratory behaviour and locomotor activity were evaluated in an open-field test (PND21). Long-term effects of hypergravity exposure on both spatial learning (Morris water-maze test) and brain levels of NGF and BDNF were also investigated at adulthood. Rotation per se induced a delay in somatic growth, sensorimotor responses and ultrasonic vocalisation profile, while hypergravity highlighted sex differences in open-field behaviour. Strategies to solve a spatial learning task, rather than learning per se, were affected by early exposure to rotation, while hypergravity selectively altered behavioural profile in the reversal phase of the test. Early exposure to rotation per se also decreased hypothalamic BDNF levels, while hypergravity reduced NGF levels in the frontal cortex. Previous maternal experience did not interact with hypergravity exposure, while differences between offspring of primiparous and biparous dams were observed in sensorimotor development and exploratory behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Birdbrains could teach basal ganglia research a new song.

Recent advances in anatomical, physiological and histochemical characterization of avian basal ganglia neurons and circuitry have revealed remarkable similarities to mammalian basal ganglia. A modern revision of the avian anatomical nomenclature has now provided a common language for studying the function of the cortical-basal-ganglia-cortical loop, enabling neuroscientists to take advantage of the specialization of basal ganglia areas in various avian species. For instance, songbirds, which learn their vocal motor behavior using sensory feedback, have specialized a portion of their cortical-basal ganglia circuitry for song learning and production. This discrete circuit dedicated to a specific sensorimotor task could be especially tractable for elucidating the interwoven sensory, motor and reward signals carried by basal ganglia, and the function of these signals in task learning and execution.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bimanual coordination and interhemispheric interaction.

Bimanual coordination of skilled finger movements requires intense functional coupling of the motor areas of both cerebral hemispheres. This coupling can be measured non-invasively in humans with task-related coherence analysis of multi-channel surface electroencephalography. Since bimanual coordination is a high-level capability that virtually always requires training, this review is focused on changes of interhemispheric coupling associated with different stages of bimanual learning. Evidence is provided that the interaction between hemispheres is of particular importance in the early phase of command integration during acquisition of a novel bimanual task. It is proposed that the dynamic changes in interhemispheric interaction reflect the establishment of efficient bimanual 'motor routines'. The effects of callosal damage on bimanual coordination and learning are reviewed as well as functional imaging studies related to bimanual movement. There is evidence for an extended cortical network involved in bimanual motor activities which comprises the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, dorsal premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex. Current concepts about the functions of these structures in bimanual motor behavior are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dopamine gating of glutamatergic sensorimotor and incentive motivational input signals to the striatum.

Dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) respond to a wide category of salient stimuli. Activation of SN and VTA DA neurons, and consequent release of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA, modulates the processing of concurrent glutamate inputs to dorsal and ventral striatal target regions. According to the view described here, this occurs under conditions of unexpected environmental change regardless of whether that change is rewarding or aversive. Nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA activity gates the input of sensory, motor, and incentive motivational (e.g. reward) signals to the striatum. In light of recent single-unit and brain imaging data, it is suggested that the striatal reward signals originate in the orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala (BLA), regions that project strongly to the striatum. A DA signal of salient unexpected event occurrence, from this framework, gates the throughput of the orbitofrontal glutamate reward input to the striatum just as it gates the throughput of corticostriatal sensory and motor signals needed for normal response execution. Processing of these incoming signals is enhanced when synaptic DA levels are high, because DA enhances the synaptic efficacy of strong concurrent glutamate inputs while reducing the efficacy of weak glutamate inputs. The impairments in motor performance and incentive motivational processes that follow from nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA loss can be understood in terms of a single mechanism: abnormal processing of sensorimotor and incentive motivation-related glutamate input signals to the striatum.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2006

Cannabidiol reverses MK-801-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice.

Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, has been reported to act as an agonist of the vanilloid 1 channel in the transient receptor potential family (TRPV1) and also to inhibit the hydrolysis and cellular uptake of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Cannabidiol has also been reported to have potential as an antipsychotic. We investigated the effect of cannabidiol on sensorimotor gating deficits in mice induced by the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801. Sensorimotor gating is deficient in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and may be reliably measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response in rodents and humans. MK-801 (0.3-1 mg/kg i.p.) dose dependently disrupted PPI while cannabidiol (1-15 mg/kg i.p.), when administered with vehicle, had no effect on PPI. Cannabidiol (5 mg/kg i.p.) successfully reversed disruptions in PPI induced by MK-801 (1 mg/kg i.p.), as did the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (4 mg/kg i.p.). Pretreatment with capsazepine (20 mg/kg i.p.) prevented the reversal of MK-801-induced disruption of PPI by cannabidiol, providing preliminary evidence that TRPV1 receptors are involved in the reversal of MK-801-induced sensorimotor gating deficits by cannabidiol.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Startle habituation and sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia and related animal models.

Studies of the habituation and sensorimotor gating of startle responses to strong exteroceptive stimuli provide some unique opportunities for cross-species explorations into information processing and attentional deficits in schizophrenia. The behavioral plasticity of startle paradigms greatly facilitates the development of animal models of specifiable behavioral abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. This article reviews the promising findings of studies in which measures of startle have been used to clarify the importance of habituation and central inhibition deficits in schizophrenia. In addition, the development of closely related animal models of habituation and sensory gating of startle is discussed. Such animal model studies allow us to make strong inferences about the neurobiological substrate of schizophrenia. Recent evidence from animal studies of prepulse inhibition provides strong support for a schizophrenia-like loss of sensory gating with nucleus accumbens dopamine overactivity. These data are consistent with hypotheses regarding the significance of mesolimbic dopamine overactivity in schizophrenia. New results are also presented from animal model studies of the effects of serotonergic drugs on startle habituation, extending earlier findings of LSD-induced habituation deficits which are similar to those exhibited by schizophrenic patients. These new data indicate that the serotonergic system, working through serotonin-2 receptors, may play a pivotal role in the modulation of startle habituation. The relationship of serotonergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms is also discussed. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the utility of operationally defined measures of preattentive processes in the study of the neurobiological basis of the group of schizophrenias.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Phenotypic variation in sensorimotor performance among eleven inbred rat strains.

As a first step toward identifying the genes that determine sensorimotor ability (motor coordination) we subjected 11 inbred strains of rats to three different tests for this trait. Rats were tested at 13 wk of age to determine how long they could remain on 1) a rotating cylinder as the velocity of rotation increased every 5 s (1-direction rotation test), 2) a rotating cylinder that reversed direction every 5 s and increased velocity every 10 s (2-direction rotation test), and 3) a platform that was tilted 2 degrees every 5 s from 22 to 47 degrees (tilt test). On all three tests, rats of the PVG strain demonstrated the greatest sensorimotor ability. In contrast, rats of the MNS strain were most often represented among the group of strains that demonstrated the lowest performance on all tests. Considering all three tests, there was a 3- to 13-fold range in sensorimotor performance between the highest and lowest strains. This large divergence between the highest and lowest strains provides a genetic model that can be used to identify intermediate phenotypes and quantitative trait loci that contribute to sensorimotor ability.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Spacetime body maps and somatosensory evoked potentials.

Scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in humans and dogs suggest that it takes longer for peripheral information to reach the brain from the anogenital perineum than from the distal hind limbs, in spite of a shorter afferent pathway. The delay seems to be centrally determined, rostral to the lumbar segments, rather than by slower conduction velocities in the peripheral pudendal-sacral afferents. Thus the mammalian brain may temporally conserve the spatial sequence of segmental inputs in spite of variable afferent pathway lengths and/or conduction velocities. Human SEPs indicate the arrival timetable in cortex to be ordered: Lips, fingers, toes, genitals, anus; with a delay between lips and anogenital perineum of 30-40 msec. This delay is comparable to the interpair-interval threshold for human detection of two successive tactile events on the fingers, while ambiguous temporal defusion of two successive identical stimuli can be perceived down to objective separations of about 15 msec. It is suggested that, whereas the metric tensor model proposes central correction of asynchronous sensorimotor signals within an approximately 30 msec predictive function by cerebellar circuitry (in order to avoid spatial distortion in a spacetime tensor of sensorimotor processing), the brain may use longer time differences between proximal and distal receptive fields to develop a Cartesian, four-dimensional body map within its adaptive, behavioral world.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2003

What can we learn from animal models of focal hand dystonia?

Focal hand dystonia (FHd) is a disabling disorder of hand control characterized by a loss of inhibition and involuntary co-contractions of agonists and antagonists that can develop in motivated, productive individuals performing highly repetitive, intensive hand tasks. It is our hypothesis that FHd can result from aberrant learning. We summarize three behavioral animal models (Nancymae aotus owl monkeys and Sprague Dawley rats) that provide evidence supporting aberrant learning as one origin of FHd. Hand task behaviors that increase the risk for repetitive strain injury-FHd include: attended, precise, repetitive behaviors that involve near coincident inputs-outputs (e.g. rapid reversal of agonists-antagonists, stereotypical movements, stressful end range motions, cutaneous stimulation across broad surfaces). High force, vibration, congenital abnormalities, and stress can further increase the risk. The central consequences of aberrant learning include large sensory receptive fields (rfs), significant overlap of rfs across adjacent digits and across glabrous and dorsal surfaces, and the persistence of digital representations across a broad cortical distance (>600 microm). Behavioral animal models are valid for the study of FHd etiology and could logically be applied to study the effects of pharmaceutical, surgical, anatomical, and behavioral enrichment intervention strategies, but these models may have limitations in the study of the recovery of fine motor, articulated, interdigitated movements following progressive, learning based, complex sensorimotor training.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Lissencephaly in two Lhasa Apso dogs.

Lissencephaly, a congenital absence of cerebrocortical convolutions, was discovered in 2 Lhasa Apso dogs by clinical and pathologic evaluation. Neurologic abnormalities, which became evident within the 1st year of life, included behavioral, visual, and convulsive disorders. The neurologic abnormalities were mild or delayed in onset after birth, indicating the dog is less dependent on the cerebral cortex for sensorimotor function than is man.

Animals↗