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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Establishment of a gene transfer system for Rhodococcus opacus PD630 based on electroporation and its application for recombinant biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acids).

A gene transfer system for Rhodococcus opacus PD630 based on electroporation was established and optimized employing the Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vectors pNC9501 and pNC9503 as well as the E. coli-Corynebacterium glutamicum shuttle vector pJC1 as suitable cloning vectors for R. opacus PD630, resulting in transformation efficiencies up to 1.5 x 10(5) CFUs/microgram plasmid DNA. Applying the optimized electroporation protocol to the pNC9501-derivatives pAK68 and pAK71 harboring the entire PHB synthesis operon from Ralstonia eutropha and the PHA synthase gene phaC1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, recombinant PHA biosynthesis was established in R. opacus PD630 and the TAG-negative mutant ROM34. Plasmid pAK68 enabled synthesis and accumulation of poly(3HB) in R. opacus PD630 and ROM34 during cultivation under storage conditions from 1% (w/v) gluconate, of poly(3HB-co-3HV) from 0.2% (w/v) propionate and of poly(3HV) from 0.1% (w/v) valerate. Under storage conditions, recombinant strains of PD630 and ROM34 harboring pAK71 were able to synthesize and accumulate PHA of the medium chain length hydroxyalkanoic acids 3HHx, 3HO, 3HD and 3HDD from 0.1% (w/v) hexadecane or octadecane and a copolyester composed of 3HHp, 3HN and 3HUD from 0.1% (w/v) pentadecane or heptadecane. In the recombinant strains of PD630 and ROM34, the thiostrepton-induced overexpression of a 20 kDa protein was observed with its N-terminus exhibiting a homology of 60% identical amino acids to TipA from Streptomyces lividans.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2006

DC-based vaccine loaded with acid-eluted peptides in acute myeloid leukemia: the importance of choosing the best elution method.

Tumor-associated peptides isolated by acid elution are frequently used for therapeutic immunization against various tumors both in mice and in humans. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the frequent accessibility of a large tumor burden allows for extraction of peptides from leukemia cells by using either citrate-phosphate (CP) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) buffer. To develop an optimal immunotherapeutic protocol for AML patients, we evaluated both in mice and in humans, the immunogenicity of peptides eluted from leukemia cells with the two acids (TFA or CP). Although ex vivo studies in mice showed that both prophylactic immunizations with mature dendritic cells (DC) loaded with TFA-peptides (DC/TFA), or CP-peptides (DC/CP), were able to stimulate specific antileukemia immune responses, only vaccination with DC/TFA was able to prevent leukemia outgrowth. Moreover, in humans, only DC/TFA generated significant antileukemia CD4(+) and cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses in vitro. In summary, these data demonstrate that the choice of the acid elution procedure to isolate immunogenic peptides strongly influences the efficacy of the antileukemia immune responses. These finding raise essential considerations for the development of immunotherapeutic protocols for cancer patients. In our model, our results argue for the use of the TFA elution method to extract immunogenic AML-associated peptides.

Acids↗
PubMed2002

Quality of life after gastrectomy: Longmire's reconstruction alone compared with additional pouch reconstruction.

The optimal reconstruction protocol after total gastrectomy is still a matter of debate. Pouch reconstructions are developed to create a larger reservoir for food, to provide a barrier against intestinoesophageal reflux, and to lengthen the food transit time. Preservation of the duodenal passage should result in better physiologic regulation of the ingested food. Controlled randomized clinical studies must be conducted to assess the quality of life after gastrectomy and various types of reconstruction. In the present trial, which compared Longmire's reconstruction without a pouch and Longmire's reconstruction with a pouch of varying sizes, we evaluated the quality of life for 41 patients during the first postoperative year. The quality of life was examined by an EORTC questionnaire and an organ-specific module. There were no statistically proven benefits for pouch reconstruction in comparison with Longmire's reconstruction alone. Some benefits are shown for the large pouch but it was only a trend. This is especially so with regard to diarrhea and food consumption. A definitive answer to the question about the value of a pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy has not yet been attained. It is possible that there will be significant differences between reconstruction groups during the long-term follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis (AIM) of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to stably transform the entomopathogenic deuteromycete Beauveria bassiana to hygromycin B resistance by integration of the hph gene of Escherichia coli into the fungal genome. The transformation protocol was optimized to generate a library of insertion mutants of Beauveria. Transformation frequencies around 10(-4) and suppression of background growth were achieved. Over 90% of the AIM mutants investigated contained single-copy T-DNA integrations at different chromosomal locations. Integrated T-DNAs were re-isolated from ten transformants by a marker rescue approach. When the sequences flanking these T-DNAs were compared with the corresponding locations of the wild-type genome, truncations of T-DNA borders were found to be common, while none of the sites of integration had suffered deletion or rearrangement. Thus, AIM can be considered a promising tool for insertional mutagenesis studies of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2005

The predictive value of additional late blood pool imaging to the three-phase bone scan in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in hemiplegic patients.

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a relative common sequel after hemiplegia. The diagnosis of RSD in hemiplegic patients presents difficult clinical problems, as the symptoms and signs of RSD are not specific and RSD may be due to reasons other than hemiplegia. Bone scintigraphy has been routinely used for the diagnosis of RSD; however, the optimal acquisition protocols, diagnostic patterns and the utility of quantitation are controversial. This prospective study was conducted to demonstrate the higher predictive value of an additional late blood pool image to the three-phase bone scan compared to the regular three-phase bone scans in RSD patients associated with hemiplegia. Thirty-four RSD patients were enrolled into the study. Bone scans according to the new protocol were obtained for all patients. Those patients with either negative or positive bone scans with no evidence of RSD were followed for 6 months. The patients had positive bone scan findings and were symptomatic at the time of the study. Of these, seven patients (58.3%) subsequently became symptomatic and five patients (41.7%) remained asymptomatic at 6 months. None of the patients with negative bone scans had symptoms of RSD on presentation except one case. We conclude that the addition of a late blood pool image increases the predictive value and has an impact on initiating early treatment in asymptomatic patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Imaging skeletal anatomy of injured cervical spine specimens: comparison of single-slice vs multi-slice helical CT.

Our objective was to compare a single-slice CT (SS-CT) scanner with a multi-slice CT (MS-CT) scanner in the depiction of osseous anatomic structures and fractures of the upper cervical spine. Two cervical spine specimens with artificial trauma were scanned with a SS-CT scanner (HighSpeed, CT/i, GE, Milwaukee, Wis.) by using various collimations (1, 3, 5 mm) and pitch factors (1, 1.5, 2, 3) and a four-slice helical CT scanner (LightSpeed, QX/i, GE, Milwaukee, Wis.) by using various table speeds ranging from 3.75 to 15 mm/rotation for a pitch of 0.75 and from 7.5 to 30 mm/rotation for a pitch of 1.5. Images were reconstructed with an interval of 1 mm. Sagittal and coronal multiplanar reconstructions of the primary and reconstructed data set were performed. For MS-CT a tube current resulting in equivalent image noise as with SS-CT was used. All images were judged by two observers using a 4-point scale. The best image quality for SS-CT was achieved with the smallest slice thickness (1 mm) and a pitch smaller than 2 resulting in a table speed of up to 2 mm per gantry rotation (4 points). A reduction of the slice thickness rather than of the table speed proved to be beneficial at MS-CT. Therefore, the optimal scan protocol in MS-CT included a slice thickness of 1.25 mm with a table speed of 7.5 mm/360 degrees using a pitch of 1.5 (4 points), resulting in a faster scan time than when a pitch of 0.75 (4 points) was used. This study indicates that MS-CT could provide equivalent image quality at approximately four times the volume coverage speed of SS-CT.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed2005

Multislice CT of the pelvis: dose reduction with regard to image quality using 16-row CT.

To optimize examination protocols of 16-row multi-detector CT (MDCT) of pelvis for dose reduction with regard to image quality. MDCT of pelvis was performed on 12 cadaver specimens with stepwise reduction of tube current from 160 mA (113, 80, 56, 40, 28) to 20 mA at 120 kV. Scan parameters were 16 x 1.5 mm collimation. Reconstructions of axial and coronal images were used for evaluation of cortex, trabeculum, image quality, image noise, acetabulum and iliosacral (ISJ) joints. After data were blinded, evaluation of images was done by three radiologists according to 5-point Likert scale. Accuracy of the observers in sorting films according to dose reduction was determined with kappa coefficient. Mean values of image evaluation were determined. Pronounced deterioration of image quality for all criteria was observed between 80 and 28 mA. Adequate image quality was obtained at 40 mA [effective dose (E): 2.2 mSv, CTDI(w): 2.8 mGy] for criterion detailed definition of acetabulum and ISJ and at 80 mA (E: 4.4 mSv, CTDI(w): 5.6 mGy) for remaining criteria. Moderate agreement was observed between the three observers (kappa coefficient: 0.31). All observers were excellent in arranging images according to decreasing dose. Using 16-row MDCT image quality of pelvis is acceptable at 80 mA and 120 kV. This translates into a dose reduction of 33% of average value of the nationwide survey of the German Roentgen Society (1999) for this type of examination.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed2001

Low field-low cost: can low-field magnetic resonance systems replace high-field magnetic resonance systems in the diagnostic assessment of multiple sclerosis patients?

As low-field MR imaging is becoming a widely used imaging technique, we aimed at a prospective assessment of differences in imaging quality between low- and high-field MR imaging in multiple sclerosis patients possibly interfering with diagnostic or therapeutic decision making. Twenty patients with clinically proven multiple sclerosis were examined with optimized imaging protocols in a 1.5- and a 0.23-T MR scanner within 48 h. Images were assessed independently by two neuroradiologists. No statistically significant interrater discrepancies were observed. A significantly lower number of white matter lesions could be identified in low-field MR imaging both on T1- and on T2-weighted images (T2: high field 700, low field 481; T1: high field 253, low field 177). A total of 114 enhancing lesions were discerned in the high-field MR imaging as opposed to 45 enhancing lesions in low-field MR imaging. Blood-brain barrier disruption was identified in 11 of 20 patients in the high-field MR imaging, but only in 4 of 20 patients in low-field MR imaging. Since a significantly lower lesion load is identified in low-field MR imaging than in high-field MR imaging, and blood-brain barrier disruption is frequently missed, caution must be exercised in interpreting a normal low-field MR imaging scan in a patient with clinical signs of multiple sclerosis and in interpreting a scan without enhancing lesions in a patient with known multiple sclerosis and clinical signs of exacerbation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of a conventional cardiac-triggered dual spin-echo and a fast STIR sequence in detection of spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis.

The current optimal imaging protocol in spinal cord MR imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis includes a long TR conventional spin-echo (CSE) sequence, requiring long acquisition times. Using short tau inversion recovery fast spin-echo (fast STIR) sequences both acquisition time can be shortened and sensitivity in the detection of multiple sclerosis (MS) abnormalities can be increased. This study compares both sequences for the potential to detect both focal and diffuse spinal abnormalities. Spinal cords of 5 volunteers and 20 MS patients were studied at 1.0 T. Magnetic resonance imaging included cardiac-gated sagittal dual-echo CSE and a cardiac-gated fast STIR sequence. Images were scored regarding number, size, and location of focal lesions, diffuse abnormalities and presence/hindrance of artifacts by two experienced radiologists. Examinations were scored as being definitely normal, indeterminate, or definitely abnormal. Interobserver agreement regarding focal lesions was higher for CSE (kappa = 0.67) than for fast STIR (kappa = 0.57) but did not differ significantly. Of all focal lesions scored in consensus, 47% were scored on both sequences, 31% were only detected by fast STIR, and 22% only by dual-echo CSE (n.s.). Interobserver agreement for diffuse abnormalities was lower with fast STIR (kappa = 0.48) than dual-echo CSE (kappa = 0.65; n. s.). After consensus, fast STIR showed in 10 patients diffuse abnormalities and dual-echo CSE in 3. After consensus, in 19 of 20 patients dual-echo CSE scans were considered as definitely abnormal compared with 17 for fast STIR. The fast STIR sequence is a useful adjunct to dual-echo CSE in detecting focal abnormalities and is helpful in detecting diffuse MS abnormalities in the spinal cord. Due to the frequent occurrence of artifacts and the lower observer concordance, fast STIR cannot be used alone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

A large preclinical animal model to assess ex vivo skin gene therapy applications.

Because of its easy accessibility, the skin is a very attractive target for gene therapy purposes. To study potential clinical applications in a preclinical setting, appropriate animal models are needed. Pig skin is very similar to human skin, and a variety of human diseases that are potentially amenable to gene therapy applications also occur in pigs. Only a few studies have analyzed the engraftment of transduced keratinocytes (KC) in pigs, however, with limited success. We describe a porcine model in which pig KC were transduced ex vivo with a retroviral vector encoding a marker gene and subsequently grafted onto the autologous host, utilizing a relatively simple grafting technique. Enhanced transduction efficiency was achieved by an optimized transduction protocol including centrifugation of the retroviral vector at a temperature of 32 degrees C. Transduced KC were then seeded onto acellular dermis, forming a stratified epidermis. Grafting was performed by creating full thickness wounds and placing the skin graft onto the muscle fascia, covered by a protective skin flap for several days. Successful engraftment of transduced KC was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry of biopsies taken at different time points, showing transgene expression in 40-50% of grafted KC. After 4 weeks, KC expressing a foreign marker gene was lost, suggesting a transgene-specific immune response in the immunocompetent pigs and highlighting the potential problems for clinical gene therapy studies when transferring new genetic material into a patient. The model presented here may be used to examine applications of skin gene therapy, where retroviral vectors encoding endogenous pig genes will be expressed in the skin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Multilocus genetic analysis of single interphase cells by spectral imaging.

Numerical chromosome aberrations are detrimental to early embryonic, fetal and perinatal development of mammals. When fetuses carrying a chromosomal imbalance survive to term, an aberrant gene dosage typically leads to stillbirth or causes a severely altered phenotype. Aneuploidy of any of the 24 chromosomes will negatively impact on human development, and a preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis test should thus score as many chromosomes as possible. Since cells available for analysis are likely to be in interphase, we set out to develop a rapid enumeration procedure based on hybridization of chromosome-specific probes and spectral imaging detection. The probe set was chosen to allow the simultaneous enumeration of ten chromosome types and was expected to detect more than 70% of all numerical chromosome aberrations responsible for spontaneous abortions, i.e., human chromosomes 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, and Y. Cell fixation protocols were optimized to achieve the desired detection sensitivity and reproducibility. We were able to resolve and identify ten separate chromosomal signals in interphase nuclei from different types of cells, including lymphocytes, uncultured amniocytes, and blastomeres. In summary, this study demonstrates the strength of spectral imaging, allowing us to construct partial spectral imaging karyotypes for individual interphase cells by assessing the number of each of the target chromosome types.

Blastomeres↗
PubMed2004

Fabry disease in the era of enzyme replacement therapy: a renal perspective.

Fabry disease, the second most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder after Gaucher disease, is caused by mutations of the gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-galactosidase A. The enzymatic defect is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion and leads to systemic glycosphingolipid deposition, resulting in profound dysfunction of neurological, renal, cardiac, and cerebrovascular systems. Although symptoms typically appear in childhood in hemizygous males and some heterozygous females, the diagnosis is often delayed or unrecognized, owing to variable presentations and low incidence. The initial phase begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by neuropathic pain, angiokeratomas, and ocular deposits. The later phase is distinguished by progressive cardiac, cerebral, and renal involvement, leading to multi-organ dysfunction and death. Recently published clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy in decreasing neuropathic pain and substrate deposition in target organs. Pediatricians have a key role to play in making the diagnosis, so that therapy can be initiated before irreversible tissue injury develops. Further research is required to determine optimal dosing protocols for treatment and to establish whether therapy can retard the progression of organ dysfunction, or even prevent these complications altogether.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Molecular histochemical analysis of estrogen receptor alpha and beta expressions in the mouse ovary: in situ hybridization and Southwestern histochemistry.

It is well known that estrogen plays important roles in the female reproductive organs, including the ovary, through estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta). It is suggested that selective effects of estrogen on a discrete set of genes may reside in promoters that are differentially responsive to ERalpha and ERbeta, while the relative biological significance of ERalpha and ERbeta is unclear. Therefore, for a better understanding of the physiological and pathological states of ovarian cells, it seems to be essential to analyze the cellular expression of ERalpha and ERbeta, at both the protein and mRNA levels. For this purpose, we have optimized the protocols for immunohistochemistry and nonradioactive in situ hybridization, respectively, using the mouse ovary. These techniques have been established as useful histochemical methods for the localization of specific protein and/or mRNA expression at the cellular level. Moreover, we also attempted to evaluate ERs as binding proteins to estrogen responsive elements, using Southwestern histochemistry, which permits us to analyze the localization in situ of transcription regulatory proteins. By employing these methods, more precise understanding of specific gene expression and evaluation of its biological significance in the ovary would be possible.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fluorescence imaging of heat-stress induced mitochondrial long-term depolarization in breast cancer cells.

Various thermotherapies are based on the induction of lethal heat in target tissues. Spatial and temporal instabilities of elevated temperatures induced in therapy targets require optimized treatment protocols and reliable temperature control methods during thermotherapies. Heat-stress induced effects on mitochondrial transmembrane potentials were analyzed in breast cancer cells, species MX1, using the potential sensor JC-1 (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Germany). Potential dependant labeling of heat-stressed cells was imaged and evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and compared with control cells. JC-1 stains mitochondria in cells with high mitochondrial potentials by forming orange-red fluorescent J-aggregates while in cells with depolarized or damaged mitochondria the sensor dye exists as green fluorescent monomers. In MX1 cells orange-red and green fluorescence intensities were correlated with each other after various heat-stress treatments and states of mitochondrial membrane potentials were deduced from the image data. With increasing stress temperatures the intensity of red fluorescent J-aggregates decreased while the green fluorescence intensity of JC-1 monomers increased. This heat-stress response happened in a nonlinear manner with increasing temperatures resulting in a nonlinear increase of red/green fluorescence ratios. These data indicated that mitochondria in MX1 cells were increasingly depolarized in response to increasing ambient temperatures.

Benzimidazoles↗
PubMed2006

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in chronic pain management.

Chronic pain is one of the frequently encountered clinical problems that is difficult to cure. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been reported in chronic pain syndromes with promising results. In this review, we focus on the effectiveness of HBO in fibromyalgia syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, migraine, and cluster headaches. HBO may be beneficial if appropriate patients are selected. HBO is a reliable method of treatment. However, physicians performing HBO must be aware of oxygen toxicity. Another problem regarding HBO is the scarcity of centers administering it. Further research is required focusing on the optimal treatment protocol, the cost/benefit ratio, and the safety of HBO in chronic pain management.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1988

Intravenous fenoldopam in heart failure: comparing the hemodynamic effects of dopamine1 receptor agonism with nitroprusside.

Dopamine1 receptors mediate hemodynamic effects that may be beneficial in patients with congestive heart failure. We infused the selective dopamine1 receptor agonist, fenoldopam mesylate (SKF 82526 J), to evaluate hemodynamic and neurohumoral changes during continuous intravenous infusion in patients with congestive heart failure and compared them with the effects of nitroprusside, a traditional vasodilator that works by a distinctly different mechanism. In 15 patients with a mean radionuclide ejection fraction of 17%, the agents were infused in a random-ordered, double-blinded, crossover, active drug-controlled protocol after optimal dosing was determined during a titration period. Hemodynamic changes were induced in minutes with both drugs during a mean (+/- standard deviation) infusion dose of 1.45 +/- 1.66 micrograms/kg/min for fenoldopam and 2.99 +/- 1.59 micrograms/kg/min for nitroprusside. At 1 hour, mean blood pressure decreased and cardiac index rose with both drugs, and the effect lasted throughout the 6-hour infusion period. Nitroprusside, but not fenoldopam, reduced right heart filling pressures (including mean pulmonary capillary wedge, mean right atrial, and mean pulmonary artery pressures) during the infusion period. Both drugs caused significant reduction in systemic vascular and pulmonary arteriolar resistances. No significant change occurred in plasma norepinephrine levels. Fenoldopam ameliorates some of the adverse hemodynamic changes that occur during heart failure but does not reduce right heart filling pressures as does nitroprusside. Because of fenoldopam's unique characteristics, it may benefit certain patients with heart failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms: morphologic correlates of therapeutic response.

GTN were evaluated histologically in reference to biologic behavior and response to chemotherapy. GTN requiring more intensive, multiple drug chemotherapy usually exhibited increased mitotic activity, nuclear atypias, compact growth of cytotrophoblast, and little maturation, as compared to lesions that responded more favorably. Fibrinoid at the interface of tumor and host tissues was associated with a favorable response to drug therapy. Patients requiring more intensive chemotherapy were more likely to present with distant metastases and high levels of hCG prior to treatment and to reach remission only after many courses of treatment. The clinical and morphologic features of fatal cases suggest that these represented the extreme of a biologic continuum, with collapse of defense mechanisms despite chemotherapy. The early recognition by the pathologist of those lesions that may be resistant to chemotherapy is important to the clinician in selection of an optimal treatment protocol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Species differences in circulating prostaglandin metabolites. Relevance for the assay of prostaglandin release.

The profiles of circulating metabolites of prostaglandin F2 alpha were investigated in a number of species, viz. rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cattle and sheep. The aim of the study was to identify in each animal major plasma metabolites that outlast the initially formed, short-lived 15-keto-13, 14-dihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha and might thus serve as better parameters for monitoring prostaglandin production in vivo. Tritium-labeled prostaglandin F2 alpha was injected intravenously and frequent blood samples were collected. The metabolic profiles at different stages were visualized using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography. Identification of circulating products was achieved by comparison with reference compounds using several chromatographic methods, and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in cases where larger amounts of the prostaglandin had been administered. In the rabbit a similar study was also done with tritium-labeled prostaglandin E2. Certain species differences were seen in the removal of labeled compounds from the circulation, the elimination being most efficient in the guinea pig. Further differences were seen in the profiles of circulating prostaglandin metabolites. The first appearing major prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite was always 15-ketodihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha. However, this compound was later replaced in the circulation by a number of more degraded products, the profiles of which were relatively typical for each species. Thus, in cattle, rat and guinea pig, the earliest-formed metabolites, 15-ketodihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha and its tetranor counterpart, 5 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprostanoic acid, remained comparatively prominent plasma products, whereas highly polar dicarboxylic acids rapidly dominated the metabolite spectrum in the ovine and lapine circulation. These differences were further supported by separate kinetic experiments, using unlabeled prostaglandin F2 alpha and radioimmunological determination of formed products. These latter experiments also demonstrated further pronounced species differences in the rat of elimination of the different prostaglandin metabolites. A considerable interconversion between prostaglandin E and F compounds was also demonstrated in some species. In conclusion, the traditional prostaglandin parameters in plasma, the 15-ketodihydrometabolites, were found not to be the best parameters in all species. It is suggested that species differences in prostaglandin metabolism are taken ito consideration when the optimal analytical protocol is sought for future biological studies. Some alternatives are suggested in the present paper.

Animals↗