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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Paratuberculosis in a cattle herd: comparison of allergic, serologic and faecal microscopic tests.

In a beef herd of 230 cows kept on pasture and infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, faecal samples were tested microscopically and the blood serum by the complement fixation and the immunodiffusion test. Intradermal tests were carried out simultaneously with bovine and avian tuberculin as well as with two dilutions (0.86 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml tuberculoprotein) of paratuberculin. In the tested herd 35.2% of the cows gave positive faecal tests while 10 and 9.1% were positive in the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and complement fixation test (CFT), respectively. The allergens showed wide variations, but as a whole they were positive in 58.1% of the faecal positive, and in 60.9 and 76.2% of the AGID and CFT positive ones, respectively. The allergic tests were positive in 54.4, 53.7 and 52.2% of the faecal, AGID and CFT negative cows, respectively. The prognosis of such herds is disadvantageous. Elimination of infection can only be expected if after improvement of hygienic circumstances the diseased animals are continuously culled and a new breeding stock reared in isolation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Economic losses caused by paratuberculosis in a dairy herd: case report.

The impact of clinical paratuberculosis in a 500 cow Jersey x Holstein dairy herd of loose housing system was followed up for three years. There was an increasing fall in annual milk production, namely 49, 474, and 1030 litres per cow, a decrease in the average age from 63.9 to 57.0 months, and of feed conversion from 60 to 39%. The effect of certain management deficiencies, existing throughout the study, is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

[The control of paratuberculosis].

Satisfactory results were obtained in the control of paratuberculosis in the province of Friesland during the period from 1954 to 1963. 465 Post-mortem findings positive for Johne's disease were observed on a number of farms prior to the start of control, in contrast with thirty-eight (8 per cent) positive findings in comparable conditions following this period. Unsatisfactory results in the Netherlands were reported in recent papers. This was attributed to modern stock farming in loose housings, the problems in carrying out free calf rearing and the fact that the johnin and complement fixation tests were not sufficiently reliable. It should also have been pointed out that incorrect regulations were adopted in controlling the disease, that the number of veterinarians engaged in studies under field conditions was not sufficient and, particularly, that investigators were not interested in working in the field. Vaccination may support control by reducing the pressure resulting from infection, though rapid elimination of shedders of M. Johnei as well as free calf rearing will continue to be essential in the effective control of 'clinical para-tuberculosis.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1985

[Experimental paratuberculosis: biological diagnosis in calves inoculated with strains of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria].

During an experiment on the pathogenicity of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria strains for calf, the kinetics of antibody formation during infection was studied. The progress of cellular immunity was followed by examining delayed hypersensitivity using four allergens (bovine tuberculin HCSM, avian tuberculin HCSM, avian tuberculin PPD, and johnin PPD), and that of humoral immunity using complement fixation test and ELISA. Simultaneously, the elimination of bacilli in the faeces was examined. The excretion of bacilli, although intermittent, appeared to be the most demonstrative proof of infection: it could be shown at any stage of the disease. On the contrary, the delayed hypersensitivity using the avian tuberculin, and the serologic tests (the complement fixation test and ELISA), were positive only at defined periods of the disease: hypersensitivity reactions developed earlier than humoral reactions. The results obtained during these experiments confirmed that the mycobactin-dependent strains of "wood-pigeon" mycobacteria caused a disease in calves similar to the disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Evaluation of the organized control of paratuberculosis in the province of Friesland].

The results of organized control of Johne's disease in the Province of Friesland are evaluated in the present retrospective study. The relationship between the methods of diagnosis adopted and the post-mortem findings is examined. In addition, the results of this control on a number of farms taking part were studied with reference to the number of animals taken over by the Animal Health Service. Organized paratuberculosis control in the Province of Friesland was not successful in reducing the number of cases of Johne's disease. Both the number of participating farms and the number of animals taken over increased. The numerical yield of control was low. Control failed because of the fact that the diagnostic procedures adopted (complement fixation test and intradermal johnin test) are inadequate. Other methods should therefore be considered. Vaccination against Johne's disease would appear to offer good prospects and is cheaper.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Age and milk production data of cattle culled from a dairy herd with paratuberculosis.

Statistical assessment of age and milk production data revealed a significantly shorter life expectancy and reduced milk production of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected dairy cows, when compared with non-infected herdmates. High producing cows were frequently culled after their 1st or 2nd gestation, contributing to an undetermined economic loss with regard to their potential breeding value. Cows with subclinical infection frequently had problems of infertility and of mastitis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

A mycobacteriosis in a sheep resembling paratuberculosis (Johne's disease).

In a sheep which was euthanased because of severe emaciation and weakness, slight thickening of the ileum was seen grossly. Microscopically there was a granulomatous ileitis with obliterative lymphangitis and lymphangiectasis. Granulomatous lesions were also present in the liver and some mesenteric lymph nodes. Large numbers of acid-fast bacilli were present within epithelioid macrophages in the lamina propria of the ileum. Although the identity of the Mycobacterium spp. involved was not established, the possibility of paratuberculosis is discussed. The apparent rarity of this disease in sheep in South Africa is considered. Particular attention is drawn to the absence of diarrhoea in this case, to the slightness of the gross changes and to the importance of submitting material for mycobacterial culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Mammary gland exposure of cows to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis injected into the mammary gland was transported to the supramammary lymph nodes in 5 of 6 cows and to the intestine of 1 cow. The bacillus caused hypersensitivity to johnin and stimulated the production of complement-fixing antibodies. Apparently, the bacillus is not a cause mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of two ELISA techniques for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis].

A sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 98% were obtained in the evaluation of a serological method (commercial absorbed ELISA, Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Parkville, Australia) for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis. The population used in the study consisted of 20 infected, suspect and non-infected herds from the region of the Plateau de Diesse. Another evaluated non-absorbed ELISA test had a sensitivity of 30% and a specificity of 91%.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Use of the in vitro enzymatic amplification method for the detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in feces].

A polymerase chain reaction was developed, using as target sequence an insertion element of 1,451 base pairs (IS 900), specific for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (15-20 copies per genome). The test was performed in three stages: (1) extraction of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), from faeces stored at +4 degrees C, -20 degrees C, in 70% ethanol or in a buffer solution; (2) amplification of the target DNA by means of thermostable DNA polymerase; (3) detection of the amplified DNA by electrophoresis, confirmed by dot blot assay after hybridisation with an internal labelled oligonucleotide of digoxigenin. Reproducible results were obtained with DNA extracted from faeces stored at -20 degrees C or in 70% ethanol. The sensitivity and specificity of the method used, particularly double amplification and hybridisation, are discussed by comparing the results obtained by bacterial culture from faeces.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Subcutaneous exposure of calves to Myobacterium paratuberculosis compared with intravenous and oral exposures.

Three groups of calves, 21 days of age, were exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Fecal cultural examination and intradermal tests were made, and at 150 days after exposure, the calves were euthanatized and tissues were collected for histopathologic and bacteriologic cultural examination. Calves in the 3 groups were infected. Those exposed intravenously had significantly higher colony counts than did either of the other groups. There was no significant difference between colony counts of cultures from tissues of calves exposed orally and those of calves exposed subcutaneously.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of PCR products from Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis using oligonucleotides containing multiple 2,4-dinitrophenyl reporter groups.

A pool of five oligonucleotides has been used to detect the pathogenic organism Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in PCR-amplified DNA from ruminants. The oligonucleotides were labelled at the 5'-end with three dinitrophenyl reporter groups and hybridised to the target DNA, which was fixed to a nylon membrane by ultraviolet irradiation. Colourimetric detection of the PCR product was carried out using an anti-DNP antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or to alkaline phosphatase. Detection with alkaline phosphatase was more sensitive than with horseradish peroxidase but, in both cases, the PCR product could be easily detected. The DNP labelling system offers an economic and effective alternative to biotin, digoxigenin or fluorescein for the detection of PCR-amplified DNA.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Absence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the microdissected granulomas of Crohn's disease.

The etiology of Crohn's disease remains unknown with inflammatory, infectious, and/or genetic causes suspected. Granulomatous inflammation is a characteristic feature of the disorder, resembling the tissue response to mycobacterium. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent in Johne's disease, a chronic ulcerative intestinal condition in cattle, and has been implicated as a likely candidate. We carefully microdissected the granulomas from the paraffin-embedded resection specimens of 18 patients with well-established Crohn's disease. The DNA obtained was PCR amplified for the IS900 and IS1311 repeat elements of MAP, PCR product size maintained at 101 and 124 base pairs, respectively. Archival tissue from bovine Johne's disease was used as a positive control. MAP-specific DNA, confirmed by sequencing and comparison with prototype strain sequence, was appropriately amplified from the positive control. None of the Crohn's disease cases yielded a positive amplification product, failing to support a role for the organism in the pathogenesis of this illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Use of short-term culture for identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in tissue from Crohn's disease patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's disease (CD), using short-term mycobacterial culture media. METHODS: Sixty-three tissue specimens from 27 CD patients and 36 controls were processed and inoculated into a modified 7H9 broth base medium and incubated at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2 for up to 1 year. Acid-fast staining, determination of mycobactin dependency, PCR analysis using two IS900-derived oligonucleotides and hybridization with an internal probe were performed. RESULTS: MAP was present in six of seven (86%) surgically resected tissue samples and in four of 20 (20%) biopsies, with an overall 37% from CD patients, as compared to two of 36 (5.6%) of control specimens. The presence of MAP in Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) cultures was detected within 10-12 weeks for surgically resected tissue and after 40 weeks for biopsy specimens, with no MAP growth detected in 12B* Bactec cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Because MAP was present in 86% of resected tissue compared to 20% of biopsy specimens from CD patients, we speculate that MAP resides in the submucosal layer closer to the active part of the ulcer rather than on the surface of the mucosal cells. Thus, surgically resected tissue cultured in MGIT medium is a favorable protocol for rapid cultivation of MAP and for investigating its role in CD pathogenesis. The data support the mycobacterial role in CD pathogenesis.

Crohn Disease↗
PubMed1990

Polyclonal antibodies raised against Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Mycobacterium duvalii, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis used to detect mycobacteria in tissue with the use of immunohistochemical techniques.

Commercially available polyclonal antibodies raised against strains of mycobacteria were used to detect organisms in tissue sections from 34 cases of tuberculosis, leprosy, and atypical mycobacteria. Thirty-two cases of fungal infections, granulomatous inflammation, and sarcoidosis were used as negative controls. Sections stained with the use of antibodies raised against Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Mycobacterium duvalii (MD), and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MP) were compared with Kinyoun and Fite-stained tissue sections. In caseating granulomata, clumps of mycobacterial debris, cells, and cell fragments stained. In histiocytic granulomata of mycobacterial infections, histiocyte cytoplasm contained both organisms and debris. The three antibodies showed cross-reactivity against the four groups of mycobacteria tested. Mycobacterial staining using immunoperoxidase was apparent in most cases at low-power (scanning) magnification. Thirty-two of 34 cases of mycobacterial infection, including all 24 Kinyoun-Fite-positive cases, were positive for immunoreactive organisms and debris using anti-MD, anti-BCG, and/or anti-MP. Eight of ten cases of culture-proven mycobacterial infection, in which Kinyoun and Fite stains were negative, had immunoreactive organisms or antigen with anti-BCG, MD, or MP. The antibodies also stained organisms in five cases of sporotrichosis in which the organisms were identified as yeast forms in tissue sections.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Humoral and cellular immune responses in sheep immunized with a 22 kilodalton exported protein of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

An immunogenic 22 kilodalton exported Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) lipoprotein (P22) was previously identified, and found to belong to the LppX/LprAFG family of mycobacterial lipoproteins. N-terminal polyhistidine-tagged P22 was produced and purified from Escherichia coli. Antibody recognition of P22, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses in vitro using blood from a sheep vaccinated with Neoparasec, confirmed its immunogenicity. To evaluate the immunogenicity of P22 in vivo, five sheep were immunized with a single dose containing 0.8 mg recombinant P22 protein in adjuvant. Blood was collected at 4, 13 and 29 weeks post-immunization (p.i.) and tested for anti-P22 antibodies and P22-specific IFN-gamma production. P22-specific antibodies were detected by Western blot analysis in all five Neoparasec-immunized sheep at the three time points. Three out of five P22-immunized sheep produced P22-specific antibodies for up to 13 weeks p.i., and two gave a response at 29 weeks p.i. Recombinant P22 was able to stimulate significant IFN-gamma production in blood of P22-immunized sheep at 13 and 29 weeks p.i. Recombinant P22 also elicited an IFN-gamma response in blood of sheep immunized with Neoparasec.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1974

Growth and metabolic characteristics of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

The cultural characteristics of newly isolated strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on a variety of media were studied. The mycobactin dependence ascribed to this species of Mycobacterium was found to be easily circumvented by incorporation of 1% ferric ammonium citrate in serum or egg yolk media, but the earliest and most abundant growth occurred on serum medium that contained mycobactin and sodium pyruvate. In the presence of ferric ammonium citrate, respiration did not decrease during 5 days; but in the presence of all other agents studied, respiration decreased after the first day.

Agar↗