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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The differential effects of Sternberg short- and long-term memory scanning on the late Nd and P300 in a dual-task paradigm.

We previously reported that the late negative difference (Nd) waveform elicited during dichotic listening was reduced in amplitude by a concurrent simulated flying task having a wide variety of cognitive demands (Psychophysiology, 39, 2002, 236). The main purpose of the present study was to determine how tasks involving the specific demands of short-term memory (STM) or long-term memory (LTM) would influence the early and late Nd waveforms. To this end, 16 participants performed dichotic listening alone and in conjunction with the varied-set (STM) and fixed-set (LTM) versions of Sternberg's memory scanning paradigm. Event-related brain potential (ERP) data was collected concurrently from both the auditory and visual tasks. The results showed that the STM task, but not the LTM task, reduced the amplitude of the auditory late Nd. The auditory early Nd component was unaffected by either task. Furthermore, both the auditory and visual P300s were decreased in amplitude by all the dual-task conditions. These data suggest that the auditory late Nd is linked to more specific working memory processes than is P300.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Evidence for preferential Ig gene usage and differential TdT and exonuclease activities in human naïve and memory B cells.

Memory B cells and the antibodies they encode are important for protective immunity against infectious pathogens. Characterization of naïve and memory B cell antibody repertoires will elucidate the molecular basis for the generation of antibody diversity in human B cells and the optimization of antibody structures that bind microbial antigens. In this study we aimed to investigate the influence of antigenic selection on the antibody genes of the two CD27+ memory B cell subsets, comparing them with the naïve repertoire in CD27- cells. We analyzed and compared the Ig heavy chain gene transcripts in three recently defined circulating naïve and memory B cell subsets (CD19+IgD+CD27- [naïve], CD19+IgD+CD27+ [un-class-switched memory] or CD19+IgD- CD27+ [class-switched memory]) at the single cell level. We found similar biased patterns of variable, diversity and joining heavy chain gene usages in all three groups of cells. CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells harbored as diverse an antibody gene repertoire as CD19+IgD-CD27+ memory B cells. Interestingly, CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells possessed a lower frequency of somatic mutations, a higher incidence of exonuclease activity at the 3' end of D regions, and a lower frequency of N and P nucleotide additions at both VH-D and D-JH junctions of CDR3 regions compared to CD19+IgD-CD27+ memory B cells. These data suggest distinct functional mechanisms underlying selection of this unique subset of un-class-switched memory B cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Differential effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonism on working memory failure due to deficiency of hippocampal cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission in rats.

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine significantly increased the number of errors (attempts to pass through two incorrect panels of the three panel-gates at four choice points) in the working memory task with a three-panel runway setup, when injected bilaterally at 3.2 microg/side into the dorsal hippocampus. Concurrent infusion of the selective and potent 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist Y-25130 (0.32 and 1.0 microg/side) significantly attenuated the increase in working memory errors induced by intrahippocampal 3.2 microg/side scopolamine. Intrahippocampal Y-25130 (1.0 microg/side) by itself did not affect working memory errors. On the other hand, intrahippocampal administration of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist (+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) at 32 ng/side caused a significant increase in the number of working memory errors. However, Y-25130 at 1.0 microg/side did not affect the increase in working memory errors when infused intrahippocampally together with 32 ng/side CPP. These results suggest that antagonism of hippocampal 5-HT3 receptors is ineffective against working memory failure resulting from blockade of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission, but that it can compensate deficiency of septohippocampal cholinergic activity involved in working memory function of rats.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1994

Differential effects of protein kinase inhibitors and activators on memory formation in the 2-day-old chick.

Thirteen protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) were investigated in chicks for their in vitro effects on PKC activity and for their in vivo effects on memory formation for a peak-avoidance task. Amnesia occurred by 15-30 min post-training when agents that inhibit primarily Ca2+/calmodulin were injected into brain. Amnesia occurred by 60 min post-training when agents that inhibit PKC-, PKA-, and/or PKG-dependent protein kinases, but not Ca2+/calmodulin, were injected. Enhancement of memory formation was accomplished by injecting bradykinin, but not forskolin. Both of these agents, however, attenuated the amnesia produced by H-7. These results are discussed as relevant neural processes involved in memory and synaptic plasticity.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2000

Differential effects of cue dependency on item and source memory.

The authors investigated the cue dependency of source and item memory. Individuals listened to words spoken by a man or a woman and later determined whether a test word was previously presented by a man or by a woman, or whether it was a new word. Cue dependent effects were assessed by presenting test words with (a) the same voice (match condition) that originally presented the word, (b) a different but familiar voice (mismatch condition), (c) a novel test voice (novel condition), and (d) no test voice (control condition). Compared with the control condition, source recollection was facilitated in matching-context conditions, disrupted in mismatching-context conditions, and not affected in novel test conditions. By contrast, item recognition was not affected by the match-mismatch manipulation but was significantly worse in novel test voice conditions. The authors propose an associative source interference view to account for the voice match-mismatch effects observed in source recollection.

Cues↗
PubMed1988

Differential effects of hippocampal ablations on dispositional and representational memory in the rat.

Long-Evans rats with electrolytic hippocampal ablations exhibited chronic impairment in performance on a spatial delayed nonmatching-to-sample task in the arms of a T-maze. The same rats exhibited only mild deficits, which disappeared with practice in dispositional memory-dependent discrimination in the stem. Both types of discrimination were learned rapidly preoperatively with no marked positive or negative interaction between types of discrimination. The present results suggest that hippocampal lesions in rats have far more serious consequences on the performance of representational memory-dependent tasks than similar lesions in monkeys. In agreement with our past studies, the present experiment demonstrated that dispositional and representational memory systems in rodents have at least partially distinct anatomical substrates in brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Differential effect of ketamine on the reference and working memory versions of the Morris water maze task.

The assumption that blockade of long-term potentiation by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists interferes with spatial memory was supported by experiments showing that 15 mg/kg ketamine impairs acquisition of navigation to a hidden platform but not to a visible platform. Higher doses were required to impair retrieval of overtrained place navigation. In a working memory version of the task, retrieval latencies were shorter than acquisition latencies with 4- to 15-min but not with 30- and 60-min delays. Latent learning was only effective with the 4-min delay. Ketamine prolonged the initial search of the hidden platform at 3 mg/kg and impaired latent learning but not active acquisition at 1.5-10 mg/kg. Comparison of behavioral and synaptic effects of ketamine suggests that long-term potentiation is a necessary condition, but not a sufficient condition, for acquisition of place navigation, because search strategy and latent place learning are impaired by ketamine doses not interfering with this synaptic phenomenon.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Differential roles of dorsal hippocampal subregions in spatial working memory with short versus intermediate delay.

In order to determine the role of subregions of the hippocampus in spatial working memory, this study combined selective neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampal subregions with a simple delayed nonmatching-to-place task on a radial maze in rats. Lesions of the dentate gyrus or the CA3, but not the CA1, subregion of the hippocampus induced a deficit in the acquisition of the task with short-term delays (i.e., 10 sec) and impaired performance of the task in a novel environment. All subregional lesions produced sustained impairment in performing the task with intermediate-term delays (i.e., 5 min) when rats were tested in a familiar environment. The results suggest a dynamic interaction among the dorsal hippocampal subregions in processing spatial working memory, with the time window (i.e., delay) of a task recognized as an essential controlling factor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential effects of damage within the hippocampal region on memory for a natural, nonspatial Odor-Odor Association.

Debate continues on whether the role of rodent hippocampus in memory is limited to the spatial domain. Recently, this controversy has been addressed with studies on the social transmission of food preference, an odor-odor association task with no spatial requirements. Multiple reports have concluded that damage to the hippocampal region impairs memory in this task, but there remain questions about the extent of damage essential to produce an impairment. Furthermore, a recent study () found no effect of hippocampal lesions on memory in this task. We tested animals with complete lesions of the hippocampus (H) lesions of the hippocampus plus subiculum (HS), and lesions of the adjacent, anatomically related cortices of the parahippocampal region (PHR). H lesions produced an impairment on spatial delayed alternation, but not on memory for the social transmission of food preference, whereas HS and PHR lesions produced severe and equivalent impairments on memory for the socially acquired food preference. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy with the results of and conclude that the hippocampus and subiculum together play a critical role in the formation of this form of nonspatial, relational memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Visual encoding differentially affects auditory event-related potentials during working memory retrieval.

Previous working memory studies using auditory stimuli at both encoding and retrieval show amplitude decreases in event-related potentials (N100 and late positive wave, LPW) at retrieval as a function of memory load. This study tested if these effects are associated with phonological or semantic coding by presenting visual stimuli at encoding and auditory stimuli at retrieval. We hypothesized that event-related potentials associated with phonological but not semantic coding would be affected by modality differences at encoding and retrieval. Memory sets having one, three, or five visual digits were followed by auditory probes that subjects classified as present or absent from the set. Reaction time increased and LPW amplitudes decreased with increases in memory load, but there were no significant effects of memory load on N100 amplitude. Results suggest that with respect to brain activity that covaries with memory load, probe N100 amplitude is associated with phonological coding and LPW amplitude is associated with semantic coding.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Differential impact of the FMR-1 full mutation on memory and attention functioning : a neuropsychological perspective.

Memory and attention processing were examined in a group of 15 adult Fragile-X syndrome (FXS) males with Fragile-X mental retardation 1 (FMR-1) full mutation and compared to two control groups: a learning disabled (LD) control and a normal functioning control. Performance was assessed across a wide range of tasks including working memory, recognition memory, selective attention, sustained attention, and attentional switching. All three groups performed at a comparable level on recognition memory tasks, and the Fragile-X males and LD control group performed worse than the control group on tasks of working memory and sustained attention. On a task of executive function, the Fragile-X males demonstrated a significant deficit in comparison to the LD control group and the normal control group, but performed better than the LD control group and at a comparable level to the control group on tasks of selective attention. Molecular analyses of the lymphocyte DNA provided little evidence for a correlation between expansion size and performance on tasks of memory and attention. The findings from the present study are discussed in the context of functional neuroimaging and brain-behavior-molecular correlates.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Differential effects of dunce mutations on associative learning and memory in Drosophila.

Initial learning, 30- and 180-min memory retention after Pavlovian conditioning of an odor avoidance response was quantified in dnc1, dnc2, dncM11 and Canton-S (wild-type) homozygotes and in dnc1/FM7, dnc2/FM7, dncM11/FM7, dncM11/Can-S, Can-S/FM7, dnc1/dncM11 and dnc2/dncM11 heterozygotes. Our results consistently showed that a) the dunce mutations are semi-dominant for initial learning and b) genetic variants carrying the enzymatically hypomorphic dnc2 mutation produce learning scores lower than those of the amorphic dncM11. Analysis of this particular set of retention intervals, using a modified statistical model designed to evaluate decay rates, revealed no discernable effects of the dunce mutations on memory formation 30 to 180 min after training. These results are consistent with a model of memory formation, in which dunce is hypothesized to disrupt acquisition and/or short-term memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Stimulus timing effects on Wada memory testing.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of presenting Wada memory stimuli at different times after intracarotid amobarbital injection on Wada memory asymmetries. DESIGN: Wada memory asymmetries from three timing series were related to the laterality of eventual temporal lobectomy. SETTING: Academic institution epilepsy surgery program. PATIENTS: Forty-three patients with complex partial seizures who later underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (left temporal lobectomy, 24 patients; right temporal lobectomy, 19 patients). No patient included had abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging scans to suggest a lesion other than gliosis. RESULTS: Memory performance for objects whose presentation began approximately 45 seconds after amobarbital administration differentiated laterality of seizure onset. Memory for items presented later and after partial return of language (on average 3 minutes 40 seconds postinjection) also differed as a function of ipsilateral vs contralateral injection, but at a lower level of statistical significance. Memory for items presented last during the procedure (on average 6 minutes postinjection) discriminated seizure groups at a still lower level of statistical significance. When used to predict lateralized temporal lobe impairment in individual patients, early object memory performance was significantly better than memory performance employing either middle (56%) or late (43%) stimulus presentation timings. CONCLUSION: The results of early object memory testing are superior to those obtained from stimulus presentation later in the procedure in documenting temporal lobe dysfunction associated with a lateralized seizure onset.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Short- and long-term components of working memory in the rat.

Previous experiments suggested that working memory of rats trained on a radial maze can be discussed in terms of its short- and long-term temporal components. For example, in Mizumori, Channon, Rosenzweig, and Bennett's (1985) study, long-term working memory was found to be susceptible to disruption by the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (ANI). In Experiment 1 of this report, we examined the neuropharmacological nature of short-term working memory of rats trained to retrieve food from all arms of a 12-arm radial maze. Delay intervals of varying length were placed between Choices 6 and 7. Lanthanum (LaCl3) and glutamate (GLU) injected bilaterally into the hippocampus effectively impaired retention over short delay intervals, which suggests a possible role for calcium and/or potassium and for glutamate in working memory. However, another equally likely explanation for the amnesic effects of LaCl3 and GLU is that these drugs impaired reference memory. To test more directly the hypothesis that LaCl3, GLU, or ANI might differentially affect working and reference memory, we tested the effects of these drugs on performance of rats trained to retrieve food from only 8 arms of the 12-arm maze in Experiment 2. The remaining 4 arms were never baited, in order to test reference memory function. We predicted that rats would make errors only in baited arms (i.e., errors of working memory). Instead, results of Experiment 2 showed that LaCl3, GLU, or ANI injection produced errors in unbaited arms even before a 120-min delay. If rats were injected with LaCl3 or GLU, baited-arm errors were observed only after the delay period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Expression of CD45 isoforms in lymph node reactive hyperplasia.

The CD45 antigen family consists of multiple molecular isoforms ranging from 180 to 220 kDa. The highest Mr isoforms are recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) designated CD45RA, while those recognizing the low Mr isoforms are designated CD45RO. T cells expressing CD45RA are "naive" or unprimed, while those expressing CD45RO have "memory." Further, stimulation of CD45RA+ T cells induces an isoform switch to the CD45RA-/CD45RO+ phenotype. The present study examined this in vitro process by determining the in vivo CD45 isoform expression of T cells from human hyperplastic lymph nodes. Hyperplastic, as opposed to nonhyperplastic, lymph nodes exhibited the expected CD45 isoform switch from CD45RA+ to CD45RO+ T cells that has been described in vitro. The percentage of CD45RO+ T cells did not correlate with other parameters of lymphoid activation. Thus, CD45RO expression probably represents a marker of differentiation and acquisition of "memory" or late cellular activation.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗