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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Radiation dosimetry by automatic image analysis of dicentric chromosomes.

A system for scoring dicentric chromosomes by image analysis comprised fully automatic location of mitotic cells, automatic retrieval, focus and digitization at high resolution, automatic rejection of nuclei and debris and detection and segmentation of chromosome clusters, automatic centromere location, and subsequent rapid interactive visual review of potential dicentric chromosomes to confirm positives and reject false positives. A calibration set of about 15,000 cells was used to establish the quadratic dose response for 60Co gamma-irradiation. The dose-response function parameters were established by a maximum likelihood technique, and confidence limits in the dose response and in the corresponding inverse curve, of estimated dose for observed dicentric frequency, were established by Monte Carlo techniques. The system was validated in a blind trial by analysing a test set comprising a total of about 8000 cells irradiated to 1 of 10 dose levels, and estimating the doses from the observed dicentric frequency. There was a close correspondence between the estimated and true doses. The overall sensitivity of the system in terms of the proportion of the total population of dicentrics present in the cells analysed that were detected by the system was measured to be about 40%. This implies that about 2.5 times more cells must be analysed by machine than by visual analysis. Taking this factor into account, the measured review time and false positive rates imply that analysis by the system of sufficient cells to provide the equivalent of a visual analysis of 500 cells would require about 1 h for operator review.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of clinician judgment with digitized image analysis in the detection of induced optic disk change in monkey eyes.

PURPOSE: To compare the ability of clinicians to detect change in the photographic appearance of the optic disk with the performance of a system for digitized image analysis. METHODS: In 11 monkey eyes, a Topcon Imagenet System was used to acquire eight digitized image pairs and four stereoscopic photographs at an intraocular pressure of 10 mm Hg, and then, again, 45 minutes after intraocular pressure was increased to 45 mm Hg. We recently reported detection of global (ten of 11 eyes) and regional (11 of 11 eyes) change in the digitized images of these eyes by using two new statistical strategies for optic disk analysis. For the current study, we evaluated the ability of three clinicians (the authors) to detect a change within the stereoscopic photographs of these 11 optic disks. For each eye, the eight stereoscopic photographs (four at intraocular pressure of 10 mm Hg and four at intraocular pressure of 45 mm Hg) were developed as stereoscopic slides and arranged into four pairs (10/10, 45/45, 10/45, and 45/10 mm Hg). Thus, two pairs represented no change in intraocular pressure (10/10 and 45/45 mm Hg) and the other two pairs represented either an increase or a decrease in intraocular pressure (10/45 and 45/10 mm Hg). The 44 pairs of stereoscopic slides (four pairs for each of 11 eyes) were masked then randomly mixed. On two separate occasions, each clinician evaluated each pair of stereoscopic slides for the presence of absence of optic disk change. RESULTS: Reproducibility between the two readings of each clinician ranged from .50 to .64 (kappa statistic). Clinicians correctly detected change (as detected by image analysis) within 45% to 64% of the 10/45 and 45/10 pairs of stereoscopic slides. Clinicians correctly indentified no change within 86% to 100% of the 10/10- and 45/45-mm Hg pairs of stereoscopic slides. Clinicians correctly identified no change significantly more often than change (P < .01, chi 2 test). Change was not detected consistently by all three clinicians in any of the 11 eyes. CONCLUSION: In a controlled experimental setting, digitized image acquisition with extensive secondary statistical analysis more sensitively detected small short-term changes in the surface of the optic disks of monkeys than did three masked clinicians.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of cell-image analysis to the diagnosis of cellular atypias in sputum: a review.

The incidence of carcinoma of the lung continues to steadily rise, and attempts at early diagnosis to improve prognosis have not yet been rewarding. The goal of our research is to decrease the incidence of lung cancer by detecting premalignant bronchial dysplasias in individuals in whom development of lung cancer is potentially preventable. To achieve this, we have developed an atypia status index (ASI)--the assignment of numerical values to the various stages of atypical bronchial epithelial cells in sputum, and a cell atypia profile (CAP)--an ASI-generated scale of 200 such atypical bronchial epithelial cells in a single sputum specimen. Computerized cell-image analysis techniques and statistical data analysis are used to generate the ASIs and CAPs for each subject. This study is a step toward the development of an automated cell-image analysis system for mass screening of premalignant atypias in sputum of those considered at high risk for lung cancer (i.e., men and women of 40 yr of age and older, with more than 20 pack-yr of cigarette smoking).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Computer-assisted image analysis of intratumoral vessel density in mammary tumors from dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intratumoral microvessel density can be used to distinguish benign from malignant mammary tumors in dogs and to predict the outcome of surgical treatment for small volume (< 3-cm diameter) tumors. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissue sections from 58 mammary tumors (42 malignant and 16 benign) from dogs. PROCEDURE: Mammary tumors were stained by immunohistochemistry for factor VIII-related antigen. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to determine intratumoral vessel density in immunostained areas. Total vascular density (TVD), calculated from 3 non-overlapping fields, was analyzed for correlation with patient or tumor histomorphologic characteristics, and results obtained by surgical treatment of small volume tumors. RESULTS: Mean TVD of malignant tumors was significantly greater than that of benign tumors. Total vascular density was not correlated with patient age, sex, reproductive status, clinical tumor stage, or histologic type. For small volume (< 3-cm diameter) malignant tumors, mean TVD was higher in tumors that recurred after surgery than in tumors that did not recur; however, TVD was not predictive of time to recurrence. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis allowed objective quantitation of intratumoral microvessel density in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Tumors with high TVD were more likely to recur after surgical treatment than tumors with low TVD suggesting that TVD measurements can be used by the clinician, in addition to histologic type and clinical stage, to predict prognosis after surgical treatment. These data also provide rationale for use of antiangiogenesis strategies for treatment of malignant mammary tumors in dogs.

Angiography↗
PubMed1988

The PAR IS 2000: a new system for retinal digital image analysis.

We describe the PAR IS 2000, a new system of digital image analysis of the optic disc. The system uses a simultaneous stereoscopic camera and a video camera to acquire images directly from the optic disc and from optic disc photographs, respectively. The image data are stored on an optical laser disk capable of handling large amounts of data (4000 monochrome images/disk). These images can be analyzed using a modified digital interactive mapping program to generate stereometric parameters, contour maps, section profiles, pallor maps, depth maps, and three-dimensional topographic plots of the retina. A skeletonizing program permits determination and measurement of shifts in the position of retinal vessels. The system's wide range of capabilities may be helpful in improving patient care and ophthalmic research.

Computers↗
PubMed1994

Quantitation of satellite cell proliferation in vivo using image analysis.

A nonisotopic, double fluorescence technique was developed to study myogenic satellite cell proliferation in posthatch turkey skeletal muscle. Labeled satellite cell nuclei were identified on enzymatically isolated myofiber segments using a mouse monoclonal antibody (anti-BrdU) followed by fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody. Myofiber nuclei (myonuclei+satellite cell nuclei) were counterstained with propidium iodide (PI). The myofiber segment length, myofiber segment diameter, and the number of PI and FITC labeled nuclei contained in each segment was determined using a Nikon fluorescence microscope, a SIT video camera and Image-1 software. Data collected by three different operators of the image analysis system revealed 5.0 +/- 1.4 satellite cell nuclei per 1000 myofiber nuclei and 5284 +/- 462 microns3 of cytoplasm surrounding each myofiber nucleus in the pectoralis thoracicus of 9-week-old tom turkeys. BrdU immunohistochemistry coupled with the new approach of PI staining of whole myofiber mounts is an effective combination to allow the use of an efficient semi-automated image analysis protocol.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Light microscopic and color television image analysis of the development of staining on chlorhexidine-treated surfaces.

Tooth staining with the use of chlorhexidine preparations is the major problem of long term application. Evidence suggests that the staining arises from a cationic/anionic interacation of chlorhexidine with components of certain dietary materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare visually the development of tea and coffee staining on acrylic and tooth specimens treated with chlorhexidine and to follow the development of tea staining on perspex by light microscopy and color television image analysis. All specimens were maintained in their respective beverage for 5 days with test specimens removed three times a day and placed for 2 minutes in an 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. Both test tooth and acrylic specimens showed comparably and markedly increased staining by the beverages compared with control specimens. Color television image analysis of test specimens demonstrated more marked and rapid development of tea staining when studied on a daily basis. Microscopic examination revealed the staining to be made up of small particles of material which increased in size and coalesced with time. Again, marked differences were apparent in the stain on test and control specimens. The results of this in vitro method provided further evidence for a dietary aetiology to chlorhexidine staining and were consistent with clinical findings. Such a method may be useful to assess staining arising from the use of other anti-plaque agents.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1996

Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: comparison between enzyme immunoassay and computer-assisted image analysis of immunocytochemical assay.

Evaluation of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor content is now an important procedure in the management of breast cancer patients. Production of monoclonal antibodies to ER and PR has permitted development of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunocytochemical assay (ICA). This study compared the results of ICA and EIA to evaluate ER and PR in 197 breast cancers using the same monoclonal antibodies. The ICA results were obtained by automated computer-assisted image analysis using CAS 200. The cut-off values adopted were 15 fmol/mg protein for EIA and 10% of the positive neoplastic area of the nuclei for ICA. For statistical analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient and chi 2 were used. There was good correlation between ICA and EIA for both ER (r = 0.714; p < 0.0001) and PR (r = 0.815; P < 0.0001). Of 197 tumors, 136 (69.04%) were ER-ICA+, and 138 (70.05%) were ER-EIA+; 111 (56.35%) were PR-ICA+, and 115 (58.38%) were PR-EIA+. Results were concordant, positive or negative with both methods, in 175 cases for ER and in 173 cases for PR. ER and PR results were only discordant in 22 and 24 cases, respectively. Concordance of results obtained by the two methods was 88.83% (P < 0.0001) for ER and 87.81% (P < 0.0001) for PR. Correlation of results obtained by EIA and ICA to determine ER and PR was good. The data obtained suggest that ICA with automated image analysis is an effective means for evaluating ER and PR content in human breast cancer, especially when, as happens ever more frequently nowadays, the tumor is too small to perform EIA or when retrospective studies are performed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Automatic image analysis for quantification of apoptosis in animal cell culture by annexin-V affinity assay.

Apoptosis is a form of cell death in which the dying cell plays an active part in its demise. At the morphological level, it is characterised by cell shrinkage rather than the swelling seen in necrotic cell death. In cell culture, apoptosis limits the yield of economically and medically important products, and can result in synthesis of imperfect molecules. Therefore, this process must be identified, monitored and fully understood, so that a means to regulate it can be developed. We have developed a new automatic image analysis assay for detecting apoptosis in animal cell culture on the basis of the annexin-V affinity assay. The results of this assay were compared with data generated by flow cytometry and manual scoring. All three methods were found to correspond well but image analysis like flow cytometry offers operator-independent results, and can be used as a tool for rapid monitoring of viable cell number, apoptosis and necrosis in animal cell culture. Furthermore, reduction in cell size was measured and was found to precede the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computer-assisted image analysis of the distributions of peptidergic terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala: a preliminary study.

When viewed under dark-field illumination, peptidergic terminals in sections stained by the Sternberger PAP immunocytochemical method are seen as individual points of light. Under high magnification, the degree of brightness of various areas of immunoreactive terminals is seen to be a function of the density of terminals in these areas. By analyzying the relative brightness of the immunostained central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) with an EyeCom II PDP-11/34 image analysis system, we have obtained a relative evaluation of the density distribution of neurotensin (NT)-, substance P (SP), VIP-, angiotensin II (AII), m-enkephalin (m-ENK) and somatostatin (SS)-immunoreactive terminals in terms of normal morphology and following a brain lesion. The EyeCom II system divides the presented image into 307200 picture elements (pixels) and assigns one of 256 grey values to the average brightness with each pixel. We have aggregated the grey level frequencies into 5 levels where level 1 corresponds to the highest terminal density and level 5 to the lowest density. At level 1, only NT- and VIP-immunoreactive terminals occupy a significant percentage of the cross-sectional area of the CNA (20%). About 15% of the area of the CNA has VIP terminals with level 5 density. The distributions of the top 20% of the terminal density range of NT, SP, AII and VIP support a classical medial/lateral division of the nucleus. The distribution of the same range of SS- and ENK terminals suggests a dorsoventral division of the CNA. A preliminary study indicates that comparison of grey level frequency histograms generated by image analysis from homologous lesioned and unlesioned sections of the CNA can yield useful information regarding post-lesion changes in the distribution of immunoreactive terminals.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2003

[Application of automated image analysis system Allegro-MC for morphometric research].

Automated system of image analysis Allegro-MC is described, including its scheme and concise characteristic. System is used for automated macro- and micromorphometric studies. As the examples for the demonstration of system operation the following micropreparations were used: capillaries of rat uterus, demonstrated by Gomori alkaline phosphatase reaction, cerebral neurons, visualized using NADPH-diaphorase Hope and Vincent method, capillaries as demonstrated by electron microscopy. As a sample of macropreparation, carotid angiogram taken in direct projection, was used. The demonstration is supplemented by vital microscopic study of microvascular reaction in rat small intestinal mesenterium to irradiation with heliumneon laser.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A feasibility study of multispectral image analysis of skin tumors.

To develop a noninvasive, early-detection method for skin cancers, a feasibility study of multispectral image analysis was investigated. The three most frequently occurring skin cancer types, ten basal-cell carcinomas (BCCs), ten squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs) and five malignant melanomas (MMs) were studied, along with ten normal moles. Images were acquired by a charge-coupled device camera using eight narrow-band filters ranging from 450 nm to 800 nm, at 50-nm intervals. To extract main features of these tumors, principal components analysis (PCA) was performed, because it projects the multidimensional (here, eight-dimensional) data in the direction of maximum data variance. Then, the primary PCA components for red, green, and blue subset images were analyzed in terms of hue-saturation-intensity (HSI). By hue distributions, the BCCs and SCCs were differentiated from the MMs and normal moles. Texture information was used to further classify tumor types after the HSI analysis. The texture analysis, performed using a spatial gray-level co-occurrence matrix (SGCM), could separate MMs from normal moles. The BCCs and SCCs were further studied by Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. Distribution was described as a Gaussian mixture model. By this classification procedure, seven BCCs, eight SCCs, five MMs, and ten NMs were correctly classified. Three BCCs and two SCCs were unseparable. Thus, multispectral skin cancer image analysis has potential to diagnose skin cancers.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Combined immunocytochemical staining and image analysis for the study of lymphocyte specificity and function in situ.

Immunocytochemical staining methods were combined with computer-aided image analysis to quantitate relative intracytoplasmic and cell membrane products within single lymphoid cells. Lymphoid cells fixed to microscope slides were immunocytochemically stained and the densities of immunocytochemical stains for individual lymphoid cells were determined on video-camera-captured microscopic images to quantitate synthesized and fully assembled antibody molecules detected by an anti-idiotypic antibody. Similarly, expression of a lymphoid cell membrane molecule, Ly-1, was comparatively quantitated in individual lymphoid cells. Densitometric analysis of tissue sections was utilized to measure tissue areas and quantitate cell nuclei in tissues. Two-color immunocytochemical staining and sequential image analyzer-determined locations of individual cells in tissues allowed unambiguous identification of doubly stained cells in their native tissue environment. This analysis was applied to the in situ identification of antibody forming cells producing the CRIc idiotype of the BALB/c anti-arsonate response and a determination of the mu chain usage by those individual cells. Applications of combined immunocytochemistry and computerized image analysis to studies of in vivo immunologic functions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Morphonuclear characterization of drug resistance by means of digital cell-image analysis: an in vitro assessment.

The prediction of tumor resistance to antineoplastic drugs remains an important challenge in cancer chemotherapy. Several methods have been proposed in this connection, but they present a number of problems such as clinical relevance and applicability. In the present work we put forward an original methodology to assess the drug sensitivity of cancer cells. For this purpose we submitted chemosensitive and chemoresistant cell lines to different anticancer drugs and monitored the cell growth and the drug-induced morphonuclear effects by means of digital cell-image analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei. The results showed that drug-induced effects at the morphonuclear level correlated statistically with the effects produced at the cell proliferation level. For example, the mean nuclear size value increased as a function of the drugs' efficiency recorded at the cell proliferation level. In the same way, the frequency of large dense chromatin clumps also increased in accordance with the drugs' efficiency. The present work thus demonstrates that digital cell-image analysis can be applied to monitor the efficiency of chemotherapeutic treatment carried out on cell lines in vitro. The present methodology could possibly be used on solid tumors, from which biological material can be obtained serially by means of fine-needle aspiration. As evidence of this, the present methodology can also be applied to hematological cancers.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Differentiation of species of Eimeria from the fowl using a computerized image-analysis system.

Oocysts of Eimeria species from the fowl have been identified using a computerized image-analysis system (Leitz T.A.S. Plus Image-Analyser). The system enabled semiautomatic measurement of oocyst dimensions with subsequent species of diagnosis based on graphic statistical evaluation of size and shape of measured parasites. E. mitis, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. tenella and complex of E. necatrix and E. praecox were distinguishable both in pure cultures and in mixtures. It was not possible to distinguish E. praecox from E. necatrix using this system.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Image analysis of the effects of gonadectomy on colloidal carbon uptake in vivo by sinusoidal cells in liver and spleen of the mouse.

PROBLEM: The presence of androgen and estrogen receptors in macrophages was recently described. This suggests that both sex hormones directly act on reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity. Studies of the effect of gonadectomy on uptake and clearance of foreign materials make clear a role of the testis and ovary in RES regulation. However, there is still some disagreement as to the gonadal influence on RES. METHOD OF STUDY: We applied a computed image analysis system to the investigation of the effects of gonadectomy on colloidal carbon uptake by the liver and spleen sinusoidal cells in mice. Mice were gonadectomized or sham-operated. After a few weeks, they received colloidal carbon with or without pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thereafter, livers and spleens were taken for quantitative determination of the amounts of endocytosed carbon in the sinusoidal cells by means of digital image analysis. RESULTS: Ovariectomy did not significantly affect hepatic and splenic RES activities compared with sham-operated controls. Treatment of mice with LPS after ovariectomy also caused no significant changes of the RES activities compared with sham-operated and LPS-injected controls. In contrast, orchidectomy resulted in significant enhancement of splenic RES activity compared with sham-operated males, while hepatic RES activity did not significantly change with orchidectomy alone. However, LPS treatment to orchidectomized mice significantly augmented both hepatic and splenic RES activities compared with sham-operated and LPS-injected controls. CONCLUSION: The significant augmentation of RES activity by orchidectomy, but not by ovariectomy, indicates that male RES activity is physiologically downregulated in the presence of the testes. Furthermore, splenic RES is more sensitive to orchidectomy than hepatic RES.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Standardization of interphase Ag-NOR measurement by means of an automated image analysis system using lymphocytes as an internal control.

Using an automated image analysis system, we have developed a procedure for standardizing the measurement of silver-stained proteins of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in cancer cells, irrespective of the fixative employed and the time of the staining reaction. We observed that the area of Ag-NOR proteins from the same tumour was smaller in samples fixed with formalin-containing solutions, buffered formalin, and Bouin liquid, compared with those fixed with absolute ethanol and 'methcarn' solution (1.77 +/- 0.26micron 2 and 2.36 +/- 0.35 micron2 versus 3.34 +/- 0.54 micron2 and 3.72 +/- 0.61 micron2). Increased values of the Ag-NOR area were also observed after lengthening the silver staining reaction. However, in both cases no difference was observed in the ratio between Ag-NOR area of cancer cells and that of the lymphocytes infiltrating the stroma. The value of the ratio, which is called the 'Ag-NOR index', was in fact very similar, for the same cancer, after employing different fixatives or staining times. The use of lymphocyte Ag-NOR area as an internal control for the standardization of Ag-NOR evaluation in cancer tissues was made possible by the fact that lymphocyte Ag-NOR area is almost constant in human tumours independent of sex and age.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Adrenal medullary implants in the dopamine-denervated rat striatum. I. Acute catecholamine levels in grafts and host caudate as determined by HPLC-electrochemistry and fluorescence histochemical image analysis.

Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of the left nigrostriatal dopamine system were given intrastriatal implants of one cortex-free adrenal medulla divided into 4 pieces. Two pieces were placed in the center of the anterior part of the denervated caudate and two pieces in a more posterior position in lateral caudate. The distribution of catecholamines (CA) in grafts and host brain was studied 2, 100 and 400 min after grafting by HPLC-electrochemistry and Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry combined with computer-aided image analysis. Two minutes after implantation the chromaffin tissue grafts contained large amounts of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) and small amounts of dopamine (DA). The chromaffin cells had a relatively normal fluorescence histochemical appearance. From the grafts, CA had spread into the surrounding host brain tissue where high levels of A and NA and low levels of DA were now found in the denervated host striatum. Fluorescence histochemistry and image analysis showed the CA to have spread 1-1.5 mm in all directions from the grafts. The CA concentrations decreased almost linearly with increasing distance from the grafts. At 100 min after implantation approximately a third of the chromaffin cells were still strongly fluorescent while the rest of the cells were very weakly fluorescent or non-fluorescent. The amounts of A, NA and DA in the host brain had decreased considerably, while the size of the fluorescent halo around the grafts had not diminished. At 400 min after grafting, only scattered cells in the chromaffin implants were strongly fluorescent and the surrounding host striatum contained low amounts of CA. It is concluded that intrastriatal adrenal medullary implants acutely release or leak large amounts of CA into surrounding host brain tissue. Taken together with results from the accompanying paper these data show that the grafts can maintain CA levels in host striatum high enough to elicit strong rotational responses during approximately 200 min.

Adrenal Medulla↗