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PubMed2004

Calcium bioavailability and kinetics of calcium ascorbate and calcium acetate in rats.

The objective was to investigate the bioavailability and mechanism of calcium absorption of calcium ascorbate (ASC) and calcium acetate (AC). A series of studies was performed in adult Sprague-Dawley male rats. In the first study, each group of rats (n = 10/group) was assigned to one of the five test meals labeled with (45)Ca: (i) 25 mg calcium as heated ASC or (ii) unheated ASC, (iii) 25 mg calcium as unheated AC, (iv) 3.6 mg Ca as unheated ASC, or (v) unheated AC. Femur uptake indicated better calcium bioavailability from ASC than AC at both calcium loads. A 5-min heat treatment partly reduced bioavailability of ASC. Kinetic studies were performed to further investigate the mechanism of superior calcium bioavailability from ASC. Two groups of rats (n = 10/group) received oral doses of 25 mg Ca as ASC or AC. Each dose contained 20 micro Ci (45)Ca. Two additional groups of rats (n = 10/group) received an intravenous injection (iv) of 10 micro Ci (45)Ca after receiving an unlabeled oral dose of 25 mg calcium as ASC or AC. Sequential blood samples were collected over 48 hrs. Urine and fecal samples were collected every 12 hrs for 48 hrs and were analyzed for total calcium and (45)Ca content. Total calcium and (45)Ca from serum, urine, and feces were fitted by a compartment kinetics model with saturable and nonsaturable absorption pathways by WinSAAM (Windows-based Simulation Analysis and Modeling). The difference in calcium bioavailability between the two salts was due to differences in saturable rather than passive intestinal absorption and not to endogenous secretion or calcium deposition rate. The higher bioavailability of calcium ascorbate was due to a longer transit time in the small intestine compared with ASC.

Absorption↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of tests for fecal lactoferrin and fecal occult blood for colorectal diseases: a prospective pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective pilot study was conducted to compare the usefulness of measuring fecal lactoferrin (Lf) to that of fecal occult blood (FOB) test for detection of colorectal diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects were 351 patients who underwent colonoscopy. A fecal sample was obtained on the day before colonoscopy. Fecal Lf was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The FOB test was performed by combined assay (latex agglutination) of hemoglobin and transferrin. RESULTS: The specificities of the fecal Lf and FOB tests were the same (88.7%). For patients with colorectal cancer (13), colorectal polyp (69), ulcerative colitis (18), Crohn's disease (13), non-specific colitis (8), internal hemorrhoids (60), colon diverticulum (27), and miscellaneous diseases of the colon (10), the rates of positivity for fecal Lf were 7/13, 14/69, 12/18, 7/13, 4/8, 22/60, 8/27, and 6/10, respectively. The corresponding rates for FOB were 8/13, 12/69, 11/18, 4/13, 4/8, 9/60, 2/27, and 1/10. For patients with internal hemorrhoids, the rate of positivity for fecal Lf was significantly higher than that for FOB. In other disease groups, there was no significant difference in the rate of positivity between fecal Lf and FOB. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that measurement of fecal Lf is as useful as FOB in detecting colorectal diseases.

Colonic Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Effect of creep feed consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of group-housed weanling pigs.

To assess the effects of creep feed consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of group-housed weaned pigs, 16 litters (149 piglets) were fed a commercial creep feed (3,040 kcal NE/kg, 15.2 g lysine/kg) supplemented with 1% chromic oxide. Another five litters (48 piglets) were not given access to creep feed (no-feed). Piglets were weaned at 28 d after birth. On d 18, 22, and 27 of age, fecal samples from all the piglets were taken using fecal loops. A green color of the feces indicated that the piglet had eaten creep feed. Piglets that had green-colored feces three times were considered as eaters. Piglets that never showed green-colored feces were considered as non-eaters. At weaning 22 piglets of each type (no-feed, non-eaters, and eaters) were selected based on BW, litter origin, and sex. These 66 pigs were assigned to six pens equipped with computerized feeding stations. Eaters, non-eaters, and no-feed pigs were equally divided over all six pens. After weaning a prestarter (d 0 to 13) and a starter diet (d 14 to 34) were offered for ad libitum consumption. The individual feed intake characteristics of latency time (interval between weaning and first feed intake) and initial feed intake (intake during the first 24 h following first feed intake) and performance traits were determined for all piglets. The pigs that were designated as eaters needed less time between weaning and first feed intake than the pigs that were designated as non-eaters and no-feed pigs (P = 0.04 and P = 0.06, respectively). Initial feed intake was not affected (P > 0.1) by feed intake prior to weaning. However, during d 0 to 8 the eaters had more visits per day during which feed was consumed than both the non-eaters and no-feed pigs. Averaged over the first 8 d after weaning, the ADFI and ADG of the eaters were higher than that of the non-eaters and no-feed pigs (P < 0.05). Averaged over the total 34-d period the effect of creep feed intake on postweaning ADFI was much less pronounced (P = 0.20), whereas ADG of the eaters was the highest (P < 0.05). Creep feed intake during the sucking period stimulates early postweaning feed intake as well as postweaning performance.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. III. Experimental studies on virus excretion and non-arthropod transmission.

A total of 80 Neotropical bats of five species was inoculated with one of four strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus. Virus was detected in the oropharynges of 56% of bats, and most regularly in Artibeus jamaicensis (75%). Titers of virus in oropharyngeal secretions were occasionally very high (8.5 log10 SMicLD50/ml in one A. jamaicensis). Only 2 of 123 urine samples from 50 bats and 2 of 86 fecal samples from 46 bats yielded VE virus. No contact or aerosol virus transmission from bat to bat was detected. VE virus passed transplacentally from two infected mothers to their fetuses, which were aborted. Virus did not pass from one infected mother to her nursing young.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Determination of the occurrence of Arcobacter butzleri in beef and dairy cattle from Texas by various isolation methods.

Arcobacter butzleri is a pathogenic bacterium that has been found in dairy cattle, pigs, poultry, and humans. As of this writing, there are no data on the incidence of A. butzleri in beef cattle. Given the differences in rearing practices used for feedlot cattle and those used for dairy cattle, differences in the incidences of this organism in various types of cattle may also exist. Numerous culture methods have been used to isolate A. butzleri, but there are few data on the comparative efficacies of these methods. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of A. butzleri in cattle from Texas and to compare the effectiveness levels of the Johnson-Murano (JM) method (consisting of enrichment in JM broth followed by plating on JM agar) and the Collins method (consisting of enrichment in EMJH-P80 broth followed by plating on Cephalothin, Vancomycin, and Amphotericin B [CVA] agar) in the isolation of this organism. Fifty cattle each from two feedlots, a dairy, and a stocker yard were sampled. Fecal swabs were obtained from cattle, and each sample was cultured by the JM method, the Collins method, and combinations of the two methods with the broth of one method being used with the agar of the other. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the isolates for confirmation of A. butzleri. Samples from 18 of 200 cattle tested positive for A. butzleri. This organism was detected by the JM method in 4.5% of the samples and by the Collins method in 2.5% of the samples. An incidence of 4.0% was found when JM broth was used with CVA agar, while no samples tested positive for A. butzleri when EMJH-P80 broth was used with JM agar.

Agar↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the transportation of beef cattle from the feedyard to the packing plant on prevalence levels of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp.

Two hundred steers and heifers from a large feedyard (65,000-head capacity) were used to determine the prevalence levels of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 (EHEC O157) and Salmonella spp. prior to and after shipping to a commercial packing facility. Two samples, a ventral midline hide swab and a fecal sample, were aseptically collected from each animal 2 weeks prior to the date of transportation and at the packing plant immediately after exsanguination. Samples were collected from all trailers (n = 46) before animals were loaded for transport to the packing facility. The average prevalence levels of EHEC O157 on hides (18%) and in feces (9.5%) at the feedyard decreased (P > 0.05) at the packing plant to 4.5 and 5.5%, respectively. The average prevalence levels of Salmonella spp. on hides (6%) and in feces (18%) at the feedyard increased to 89 and 46%, respectively, upon arrival at the packing plant. Average prevalence levels for EHEC O157 and Salmonella spp. on the trailers were 5.43 and 59%, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that transportation may be a potential stressor for cattle, as evidenced by the increased shedding of Salmonella spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A survey of infectious diseases in wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) from Arkansas.

Wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) trapped as part of a relocation program by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission were tested for selected infectious diseases and parasites. The 45 birds were trapped at four locations in Pope, Scott, and Montgomery counties (Arkansas, USA). Forty-four blood samples for serology, 27 blood smears and 12 fecal samples were collected. Of the serum samples tested, 20 of 44 (45%) were positive for Pasteurella multocida by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 42 of 44 (95%) were positive for Bordetella avium by ELISA, and 15 of 44 (34%) were positive for Newcastle disease virus antibody by the hemagglutination inhibition test. All serum samples were negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, avian paramyxovirus 3, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Marek's disease, avian encephalomyelitis, laryngotracheitis, Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum. Haemoproteus meleagridis was found in eight of 27 (30%) and Leucocytozoon smithi in nine of 27 (33%) blood smears; all smears were negative for Plasmodium hermani. Enteric parasites included Ascaridia dissimilis, Heterakis gallinarum, Eimeria dispersa and Raillietina spp. This study was an attempt to document the health status and disease exposure of wild turkeys in Arkansas to aid in managing and preventing the spread of disease agents to wild turkeys and other species of birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Three outbreaks of yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection.

Three outbreaks of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection during 1982 to 1984 in Okayama Prefecture, Japan are described. In outbreak A, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis a causal organism was detected in 16 patients (serotype 5A). The latent period of the infection was 2 to 20 days estimating, from time of ingesting food suspected of being contaminated and onset of the illness. Outbreak B and C occurred in remote mountain areas. In outbreak B, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacilli were detected in the feces of 35 out of 276 people (serotype 4B in 34 stools, 2C and 4B in one stool). In outbreak C, 12 children became sick; one of the 4 patients whose stools were examined, showed an organism belonging to serotype 4B. The inhabitants in the area of outbreak B and C took unchlorinated mountain stream and well water for drinking. After the outbreak B and C, we examined water and wild animals fecea in these areas for the bacilli. As a result, they were detected in 3 out of 51 water samples (serotype 4A in one, 6 in 2 samples) and 2 out of 57 wild animal fecal samples (serotype 2C in 2 samples) in B area, and 4 out of 33 water samples (serotype 4A in 2, 4B in 2 samples) in C area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Wrinkled Hornbill and other birds in the Kuala Lumpur National Zoo.

The occurrence of a coccidian parasite, Cryptosporidium, among birds in the Kuala Lumpur National Zoo was investigated in this study. A hundred bird fecal samples were taken from various locations of the zoo. Fecal smears prepared using direct smear and formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique were stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Samples positive for Cryptosporidium with Ziehl-Neelsen stain were later confirmed using the immunofluorescence technique and viewed under the epifluorescence microscope. Six species of bird feces were confirmed positive with Cryptosporidium oocysts. They included Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros corrugatus), Great Argus Pheasant (Argusianus argus), Black Swan (Cygnus atratus), Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides), Marabou Stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus), and Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccencis). These birds were located in the aviary and lake, with the Moluccan Cockatoo routinely used as a show bird. Results obtained in this study indicated that animal sanctuaries like zoos and bird parks are important sources of Cryptosporidium infection to humans, especially children and other animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

To culture or not to culture: fecal lactoferrin screening for inflammatory bacterial diarrhea.

Because of its low yield in unselected specimens, stool culture is often cost ineffective. We tested 55 fecal samples from Fairfax Hospital (46 patients with diarrhea and 9 from controls without diarrhea) for lactoferrin by latex agglutination (LFLA) with the Leukotest (Techlab, Blacksburg, Va.) as a marker for inflammatory diarrhea. Of the 28 samples with Salmonella, Shigella, or Campylobacter infection, 93% had detectable fecal lactoferrin at > or = 1:50 (61% had LFLA titers of > or = 1:400), while 83% of 18 samples with rotavirus or no detectable pathogen were LFLA negative at a titer of 1:50 (100% were negative at 1:400). All 9 controls without diarrhea were LFLA negative at 1:50. The use of fecal lactoferrin to screen for inflammatory diarrhea selects specimens for which stool culture is fivefold more likely to yield an invasive bacterial pathogen (reducing the cost per positive result by over $800) and thus may greatly enhance a cost-effective approach to evaluating diarrheal illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of fecal glucocorticoids in the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis).

Very little is known about the endocrinology of the baleen whales. The highly endangered North Atlantic right whale (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis) is a good model species, because most NARW individuals are photo-identified with known histories. We used an 125I corticosterone assay, shown to reliably measure cortisol metabolites, to determine glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in 177 NARW fecal samples collected between 1999-2004 in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations varied significantly with sex and reproductive category, being highest in pregnant females (mean +/-SE: 238.14+/-74.37 ng/g) and mature males (71.6+/-11.36), intermediate in lactating females (39.33+/-5.82), and lower in non-reproducing females (23.11+/-4.25) and immature males (34.33+/-5.01) and females (14.0+/-0.41). One case also suggests that glucocorticoids rise markedly in response to severe entanglement in fishing lines. Whales with fecal glucocorticoid content over 100 ng/g (termed "high-cort" samples) were rare, and included most pregnant females, some mature males, a fatally entangled whale, and several very young animals. Glucocorticoid concentrations were highly correlated with androgen concentrations in males and pregnant females. We analyzed the elution profiles of glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites in 13 samples with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the extent to which androgen metabolites cross-react with our glucocorticoid assay. Males, pregnant females, non-pregnant females, and "high-cort" whales each had distinctly different immunoreactive HPLC profiles of glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites. A major glucocorticoid metabolite was prominent in all "high-cort" whales including the fatally entangled whale. The major fecal androgen was not testosterone but was instead a more nonpolar steroid (possibly dihydrotestosterone), which may be diagnostic of males. Androgen metabolites showed only minor cross-reactivity to our glucocorticoid assay, having a slight influence on glucocorticoid results in particular individuals. We conclude that fecal glucocorticoid analysis appears to be a useful measure of adrenal activity and reproductive condition for NARW.

Androgens↗
PubMed1980

Isolation and serotyping of Streptococcus mutans from teeth and feces of children.

Streptococcus mutans were detected in the feces from 10 of 29 caries-active patients, aged 4 to 9 years. The percentage of S. mutans to the total counts of facultatively anaerobic streptococci on mitis salivarius agar (Difco Laboratories) varied from 0 to 72.5%. S. mutans were then isolated from dental plaque of sound teeth and carious dentin of the 10 subjects known to harbor S. mutans in the feces. The frequency distribution of various serotypes of these dental and fecal isolates of S. mutans was compared by the immunodiffusion technique. Of the total 1,047 isolates (290 isolates from feces, 289 from dental plaque, and 468 from carious dentin), type c isolates were most prevalent (ca. 66%). Serotype d, e, f, and g isolates were also found but in far lower frequencies. Plural serotypes of S. mutans were occasionally found in dental and fecal samples of a single subject. For two subjects, relatively rare serotypes of S. mutans in the population examined, serotype e, f, or g, were predominantly found in their fecal and dental samples and those of their siblings and mother, suggesting an intrafamilial transmission of S. mutans.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal variation in selenium status of different classes of grazing goats in a semi-arid region of Pakistan.

The selenium status of three different classes of goats ((i) female lactating, (ii) female non-lactating, and (iii) male goats) grazing semi-arid pasture in the southern part of the Punjab province, Pakistan and that of selenium concentration of soil and dietary sources, ingested by those animals were investigated during two different seasons of the year (winter and summer). Soil, forage, feed, water from the pasture and blood plasma, urine, faeces, and (if applicable) milk from these goats were collected fortnightly. The samples were analyzed for selenium concentrations. Soil selenium showed both seasonal and sampling periods effect on its concentration while forage selenium was affected only by the seasonal changes. No significant effect of seasons or fortnights on feed selenium level was observed. In fecal samples selenium concentration in lactating and non-lactating and plasma of male goats were affected by sampling periods. While fecal selenium in male goats showed significant effect on its concentration both seasonal and within fortnights. Severe deficient level of soil selenium during both seasons and marginal deficient level of forage selenium during summer were observed. Selenium concentrations in feed slightly exceeded the requirements of ruminants in feed during both seasons of the year. Plasma selenium concentrations in all goat classes were higher in winter than that in summer showing no seasonal or fortnight variation and its concentration was slightly lower in lactating goats as compared to other classes. On the bases of these results, it is concluded that overall selenium status of the goats based on plasma selenium concentration may be considered adequate mainly due to the mineral supplement provided all over the year, since soil and forage selenium concentrations were low to deficient.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cryptosporidium sp. in children suffering from acute diarrhea at Uberlândia City, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

This study's objective was to search for Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic feces from children aged zero to 12 years and cared for at medical units within Universidade Federal de Uberlândia or at a private practice in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from September 1992 to August 1993. Three fecal samples preserved in 10% formalin, were collected from 94 children. Oocyst concentration was performed through Ritchie's (modified) method and staining of fecal smears for each sample (total of 1128 slides) was done by the "Safranin/Methylene Blue" and the "Kinyoun (modified)" techniques. The Hoffmann, Pons & Janer method was also employed to look for other enteroparasites. From 94 children, 4.26% excreted fecal Cryptosporidium oocysts. The infection seemed to vary according to age: 5.08% of patients aged zero to two years old; 33.33% of those aging eight to ten years (P > 0.05). Cryptosporidium appeared in November, December and March, during the rainy season. 20.21% of the children harbored at least one enteroparasite different from Cryptosporidium, mainly Giardia intestinalis (12.77%). From Cryptosporidium infected patients, two had only this kind, another harbored Giardia intestinalis; the last one hosted Strongyloides stercoralis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Development of a duplex PCR assay for detection of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli in pig feces.

A duplex PCR (D-PCR) amplifying portions of the Brachyspira hyodysenteriae NADH oxidase gene and the B. pilosicoli 16S rRNA gene was developed and then tested on DNA extracted from 178 porcine fecal samples. The feces also underwent anaerobic culture and species-specific PCRs. Fecal extraction-D-PCR detected seven additional samples containing B. hyodysenteriae and five more containing B. pilosicoli.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2003

A novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction approach for detection of four human infective Cryptosporidium isolates: Cryptosporidium parvum, types H and C, Cryptosporidium canis, and Cryptosporidium felis in fecal and soil samples.

A nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach was adopted for the simultaneous detection of 4 human infective genotypes of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Specific PCR primers were designed for the heat shock protein 70 gene of 2 genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum (human and bovine types), Cryptosporidium canis, and Cryptosporidium felis. These 4 genotypes have all been found in human fecal samples. The primers amplified DNA fragments of specific sizes, each representing a unique genotype. The limit of detection of the method was found to vary between 10 and 100 oocysts per 1 ml fecal material. There appeared to be no cross-reactivity with other organisms commonly present in feces and soil, and the approach has a high specificity. The rapid identification of various human infective Cryptosporidium isolates is a part of the authors' long-term aim of determining the routes of infection with oocysts and thereby increase their epidemiological understanding of Cryptosporidium infection in humans and animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sequence of the Escherichia coli O121 O-antigen gene cluster and detection of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O121 by PCR amplification of the wzx and wzy genes.

The DNA sequence of the 15,155-bp O-antigen gene cluster of Escherichia coli O121 was determined, and 14 open reading frames were identified (all had the same transcriptional direction). Analyses of results indicated that the wzx (O-antigen flippase) and wzy (O-antigen polymerase) genes were E. coli O121 specific, so regions in these two genes were chosen for development of PCR assays. The PCR assays using DNA from 99 E. coli O121 strains, strains representative of non-O121 E. coli serogroups, and strains of other bacterial genera and PCR assays using DNA from seven enrichments of swine fecal samples naturally contaminated with E. coli O121 showed specificity for E. coli O121. Thus, the PCR assay can be employed to reliably identify E. coli O121 and to potentially detect the organism in food, fecal, and environmental samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

[Studies on the incidence of the intestinal protopozoa in the mountainous area of Chollapuk-do]

This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the prevalences of the intestinal protozoan infection according to localities and the mode of the infestation in the mountainous area of Chollapuk-do, Korea during the year 1970-1971. 8,508 of fecal samples were collected among the inhabitants of the mountainous area, which covered 18 Myens(=Township) from 6 Guns(=County) in the eastern part of Chollapuk-do. Most of the inhabitants of this area were engaged in farming and living under lower economic and poor sanitary conditions. The samples were examined twice repeatedly by iodine stained direct fecal smear method. For the study on the mode of infestation, with the exception of drinking water, the zinc sulfate floatation technic was applied for the examinations of hog-feces, manure heap, garden soil, sewage, dishtowel, dust in room and floor, house fly and house rat. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Among total 8,508 fecal specimens examined, 3,152(37.6 %) were positive for the intestinal protozoa: E. histolytica 9.8 %, E. coli 25.6 %, E. nana 7.2 %, G lamblia 6.8 %, I. butschlii 0.6 %, and C. mensnili 0.7 %. 2. A single infection of the intestinal protozoa was the highest(68.3 %), and double infection(22.3 %) triple, quadruple and quintuple infections were in decreasing order. 3. The highest distribution (39.8 %) was observed in the group aging 41-50, and the lowest (27.3 %) in the group above 61. The groups under 10 years showed a relatively high positive rate among all age groups. 4. Sexual distribution of protozoan infection showed slightly higher rate (38.6 %) in male than that (35.4 %) of female. 5. Jangsoo-gun showed the highest positive rate (42.9 %) and Namwon-gun was the lowest (32.5 %). The prevalence of E. histolytica showed the highest (11.6 %) in Imsil-gun and the lowest (6.9 %) in Jangsoo-gun. 6. E. histolytica cysts were found 9.1 % among total 99 samples of hog feces, 4.8 % among 78 samples of manure heap, 0.6 % among 164 samples of fingernail dirt, 5.3 % among 57 samples of drinking water, 15.8 % among 19 samples of sewage, 7.1 % among 42 samples of dishtowel, 0.1 % among 780 samples of house fly and 5.0 % among 40 samples of house rat.

Journal Article↗