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PubMed1998

[Drinking water supply with reference to geogenic arsenic contamination].

Geogenic Arsenic in Drinking Water. Drinking water production of surface spring water in southern Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen, Germany) was reduced because of microbiological contaminations and unreliably variable water reserves. Surface spring water in general has a low arsenic content. As a consequence ground water has been increasingly used for drinking water. Thus, high geogenic concentrations of arsenic in the central "Buntsandstein" in southern Lower Saxony caused high arsenic contents in the groundwater. Under the regulation of the German Drinking Water Ordinance (1986) the limit for total arsenic (40 micrograms/l) was exceeded in 2% of 150 fountains, wells and sources in southern Lower Saxony. Because of the well-known cancerogenic potential of arsenic the limit for total arsenic in drinking water was reduced from 40 micrograms/l to 10 micrograms/l suspending the new standard value until January 1996. This regulation based on new calculations revealing a skin cancer risk of roughly 6:10,000 and a mortality risk of roughly 1:10(6) in respect of lifetime in case of arsenic concentrations of 10 micrograms As/l drinking water. After that limit change 40% of 150 wells and sources in southern Lower Saxony exceeded the arsenic limit of 10 micrograms/l drinking water. As a matter of fact, it became necessary for a large number of water supply works to eliminate arsenic from the drinking water by technical means or to dilute drinking water with high concentrations of arsenic.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2001

Effects of lifelong ethanol consumption on drinking behavior and motor impairment of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats.

The effects of drinking ethanol throughout a lifetime on voluntary drinking behavior and ethanol-induced motor impairment were studied in alcohol-preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) and alcohol-avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rats of both sexes. At the age 3 months, the rats were tested for individual voluntary ethanol (10% vol./vol.) intake and ethanol-induced motor impairment (2 g/kg, i.p.). The rats were housed in group cages, half of them having 12% (vol./vol.) ethanol as the only source of fluid and the other half having free access to water. Food was always available for all animals. At the age of 23 months, their individual voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-induced motor impairment were tested again. During forced drinking, the females of both strains consumed more ethanol than did the males. The ethanol consumption of the AA and ANA females and the ANA males increased significantly (P < .001) with age, but a slight decrease was seen in the ethanol consumption of the AA males. Time x strain interaction showed a significant (P < .05) difference in the ethanol consumption of male rats, with the AA males having a slight decrease in ethanol consumption with age, whereas the ANA males increased their ethanol consumption. After 19 months of forced ethanol exposure, AA males significantly decreased their individual voluntary ethanol consumption, and individual voluntary ethanol consumption by ethanol-exposed AA males was more pronounced (P < .001) than that of the AA rats that had free access to water (P < .05). For the female AA rats, those having free access to water significantly decreased their voluntary ethanol consumption (P < .05), but those having ethanol only did not. No significant changes in voluntary ethanol consumption with age or with different exposures were seen in the ANA rats. Body weights were higher in the groups having access to water than in the ethanol-only groups, but the differences were not significant within the AA and ANA strains. The ANA rats were significantly heavier in all groups. These results indicate that the voluntarily nondrinking ANA rats can drink almost as much ethanol as the voluntarily drinking AA rats when they are forced to drink ethanol and that lifelong forced ethanol drinking does not change their inherent drinking habits. When sensitivity to ethanol was measured with the tilting-plane test, the old AA female rats were more sensitive to ethanol than were the young ones. The young ANA females were more sensitive than the AA females when tested at 4 months. In males, aging did not produce any differences in ethanol sensitivity.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Limited access alcohol drinking in high- and low-alcohol preferring selected lines of mice.

BACKGROUND: Selection studies and genetic analyses of drinking behavior in rodents often involved unlimited access to alcohol over a period of weeks, with water and food freely available. Most studies investigating the pharmacology of alcohol drinking, on the other hand, use procedures in which access to alcohol is limited to a particular time each day. Reconciliation of findings between these two conditions likely depends on their sharing common genetic mechanisms as indicated, for example, by covariation in response to selection. To this end, high- and low-alcohol preferring (HAP and LAP, respectively) mice, selected for differences in 24-hr access alcohol drinking over a 4-week period, were subjected to a limited access alcohol drinking protocol. METHODS: During 2-hr sessions, mice had access to various concentrations of alcohol (7-15%, v/v) in the home cage for 2 hr a day, with ad libitum access to food and water. Additional sessions were conducted with no food present. RESULTS: Although both strains consumed alcohol and water during these sessions, HAP mice drank far more alcohol than did LAP mice. HAP but not LAP mice drank alcohol at a high rate early in the session compared with later in the session. Additionally, HAP mice responded to changes in alcohol concentration, whereas LAP mice did not. Removal of food did not influence alcohol drinking, although water drinking decreased following food removal. HAP mice reached appreciable blood alcohol concentrations after limited access. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that in these selectively bred mice, alcohol drinking during limited and unlimited access may be genetically related, and that drinking during limited access sessions in HAP mice is likely for the pharmacological properties of alcohol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Etiology of alcohol use among Hispanic adolescents: sex-specific effects of social influences to drink and problem behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Hispanic adolescents seem to be at greater risk for alcohol use; a greater understanding of the factors that predict alcohol use among Hispanic youth is needed. Social influences to drink and other problem behaviors often predict adolescent alcohol use. However, most past research has concentrated on samples of predominantly white adolescents residing in suburban areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine which demographic factors, social influences, and problem behaviors are associated with alcohol use among Hispanic adolescents and to eludicate the difference in the origins of alcohol use depending on sex. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Middle schools in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: This study focuses on 1410 adolescents in grade 7 from inner-city schools who identified themselves as Hispanic at the baseline assessment of an investigation of alcohol and other drug use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Alcohol initiation, alcohol consumption, and future drinking. RESULTS: The findings showed that social influences to drink and reported problem behaviors were associated with alcohol use across and within sex groups. In particular, friends' drinking was related to alcohol initiation, consumption, and plans to drink in the future across sexes and within both sex groups. Other predictors (mother's drinking, siblings' drinking, ease of obtaining alcohol, deviance, cigarette smoking, and marijuana use) exhibited sex-specific effects. CONCLUSION: These findings lend support to teaching social resistance skills to improve Hispanic adolescents' ability to resist social influences to drink and use other drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of alcohol advertising exposure on drinking among youth.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether alcohol advertising expenditures and the degree of exposure to alcohol advertisements affect alcohol consumption by youth. DESIGN: Longitudinal panel using telephone surveys. SETTING: Households in 24 US media markets, April 1999 to February 2001. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 15 to 26 years were randomly sampled within households and households within media markets. Markets were systematically selected from the top 75 media markets, representing 79% of the US population. The baseline refusal rate was 24%. Sample sizes per wave were 1872, 1173, 787, and 588. Data on alcohol advertising expenditures on television, radio, billboards, and newspapers were collected. MAIN EXPOSURES: Market alcohol advertising expenditures per capita and self-reported alcohol advertising exposure in the prior month. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported number of alcoholic drinks consumed in the prior month. RESULTS: Youth who saw more alcohol advertisements on average drank more (each additional advertisement seen increased the number of drinks consumed by 1% [event rate ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.02]). Youth in markets with greater alcohol advertising expenditures drank more (each additional dollar spent per capita raised the number of drinks consumed by 3% [event rate ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.05]). Examining only youth younger than the legal drinking age of 21 years, alcohol advertisement exposure and expenditures still related to drinking. Youth in markets with more alcohol advertisements showed increases in drinking levels into their late 20s, but drinking plateaued in the early 20s for youth in markets with fewer advertisements. Control variables included age, gender, ethnicity, high school or college enrollment, and alcohol sales. CONCLUSION: Alcohol advertising contributes to increased drinking among youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of depression on return to drinking: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The effect of depression on return to drinking among individuals with alcohol dependence is controversial. From February 1, 1993, to April 15, 1996, we consecutively recruited 40 women and 61 men hospitalized for alcohol dependence and followed them up monthly for 1 year to assess the effect of depression on drinking outcomes. METHODS: We conducted structured interviews during hospitalization and monthly following discharge for 1 year to determine whether depression at treatment entry affected the likelihood of return to drinking and whether this effect differed between sexes. Using survival analysis, we examined the effect of depressive symptoms and a diagnosis of current major depression at treatment entry on times to first drink and relapse during follow-up. RESULTS: A diagnosis of current major depression at the time of hospitalization was associated with shorter times to first drink (hazard ratio, 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-3.21; P=.003) and relapse (hazard ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.32-3.39; P=.002). There was no significant difference between women and men in this effect. Depressive symptoms as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory did not predict time to first drink or relapse in women or men. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnosis of current major depression at entry into inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence predicted shorter times to first drink and relapse in women and men. Our results differ from earlier reports that men and women differ in the effect of depression on return to drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Oral topiramate reduces the consequences of drinking and improves the quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Topiramate, a fructopyranose derivative, was superior to placebo at improving the drinking outcomes of alcohol-dependent individuals. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether topiramate, compared with placebo, improves psychosocial functioning in alcohol-dependent individuals and to discover how this improvement is related to heavy drinking behavior. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, controlled, 12-week clinical trial comparing topiramate vs placebo for treating alcohol dependence (1998-2001). PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty alcohol-dependent individuals, diagnosed using the DSM-IV. INTERVENTIONS: Seventy-five participants received topiramate (escalating dose of 25 mg/d to 300 mg/d), and 75 had placebo and weekly standardized medication compliance management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three elements of psychosocial functioning were measured: clinical ratings of overall well-being and alcohol-dependence severity, quality of life, and harmful drinking consequences. Overall well-being and dependence severity and quality of life were analyzed as binary responses with a generalized estimating equation approach; harmful drinking consequences were analyzed as a continuous response using a mixed-effects, repeated-measures model. RESULTS: Averaged over the course of double-blind treatment, topiramate, compared with placebo, improved the odds of overall well-being (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.60; P =.01); reported abstinence and not seeking alcohol (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.52-4.53; P =.001); overall life satisfaction (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.21-4.29; P =.01); and reduced harmful drinking consequences (OR = -0.07; 95% CI, -0.12 to -0.02, P =.01). There was a significant shift from higher to lower drinking quartiles on percentage of heavy drinking days, which was associated with improvements on all measures of psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: As an adjunct to medication compliance enhancement treatment, topiramate (up to 300 mg/d) was superior to placebo at not only improving drinking outcomes but increasing overall well-being and quality of life and lessening dependence severity and its harmful consequences.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

'Binge' drinkers at Massachusetts colleges. Prevalence, drinking style, time trends, and associated problems.

OBJECTIVE: To compare drinking patterns among college freshmen with those found among students at similar schools 12 years ago, and to describe in detail the differences between "binge" drinkers and "nonbinge" drinkers. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Fourteen 4-year colleges in Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1669 first-year college students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The survey instrument contains a variety of self-report measures of drinking behaviors, attitudes, and consequences. "Binge" drinking is defined as the consumption of five or more drinks on one or more occasions in the past 2 weeks. MAIN RESULTS: The proportion of "frequent-heavy" drinkers remained constant between the 1977 and 1989 surveys (30% vs 31% of men; 13% vs 14% of women), but today's students get intoxicated more often and are more motivated to drink to get drunk. The proportion of students who said "to get drunk" was a "somewhat" or "very important" reason for drinking was two to three times as high in 1989 as in 1977. Among students surveyed in 1989, binge drinkers drank greater quantities, with greater regularity, and experienced more intoxication and alcohol-associated problems than did nonbinge drinkers. Close to half of the binge drinkers (46.5% of men, 48.3% of women) were drunk twice or more in the past month, compared with 5% or fewer of the nonbinge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The stability over time of the prevalence of frequent heavy drinking among college students indicates an apparent failure of both social and institutional policies to alter this behavior. Binge drinkers in particular appear to be a population whose drinking patterns and attitudes place them and those around them at increased risk for adverse consequences.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Health risk assessment of drinking water contaminants in Canada: the applicability of mixture risk assessment methods.

The objectives of this article are: (i) to review the current approaches of Health Canada to the risk assessment of drinking water contaminants, and (ii) to examine the applicability of mixture risk assessment methods to drinking water contaminants. Health Canada's current approaches to drinking water risk assessment, like those of many regulatory agencies, focus almost solely on the effects of individual chemicals. As such, no formal method is currently used for developing mixtures guidelines or for modifying guidelines of individual chemicals to account for the possibility of the occurrence of interactions (supraadditive or infraadditive). Recent interest in the risk assessment of mixtures, at least in part, stems from concerns over the potential health risks of mixtures of very commonly occurring compounds in Canadian drinking water supplies, namely the disinfection by-products. Before any mixtures methods can be considered for incorporation into Health Canada's current approaches to the risk assessment of drinking water contaminants, it is essential to consider the limitations and data requirements of the various mixture risk assessment methods (i.e., whole mixture approach, similar mixture approach, components-based approaches, interactions-based assessment). Among the existing mixture risk assessment methods, the components-based and interactions-based approaches could be applicable to drinking water contaminants. Specifically, among the components-based approaches, dose-addition, response-addition, and the toxic equivalency factor approaches are the most applicable ones for drinking water contaminants. Until an interactions-based, mechanistic risk assessment approach (e.g., physiological model-based approach) becomes available for routine use, the components-based approaches remain the default methods for consideration. Progress in the development and validation of an interactions-based risk assessment methodology should facilitate a more realistic assessment of risk due to drinking water contaminants without increasing the levels of uncertainty in risk estimates above those associated with existing single-chemical methods.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Effects of third intracerebroventricular injections of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on ethanol drinking and food intake.

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide secreted by hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neurons, is thought to mediate stress-related behaviors. The tension reduction hypothesis suggests that ethanol drinking reduces stress; that drinking is reinforced by this reduced stress; and that the probability of drinking therefore subsequently increases. CRF also decrease food intake, and might decrease ethanol drinking similarly. We addressed these hypotheses directly by assessing the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) CRF upon ethanol drinking (1 h/day). Rats were provided drinking tubes containing ethanol solutions that were gradually incremented in concentration (from 2% to 8% w/v, over 38 days). Ethanol intakes remained stable, ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 g/kg per hour on average, and a two-bottle choice test revealed that ethanol was preferred reliably to water. Third-i.c.v. cannulae were surgically implanted and CRF or vehicle was acutely injected immediately prior to the sessions. CRF dose-dependently reduced ethanol intake by 31% (0.5 microg) and 64% (5.0 microg), and reduced 24-h food by 9% and 21%, respectively, but did not alter body weights. I.c.v. CRF reduced ethanol drinking despite any acute stress-like effects that may have been present. Hence, these data are inconsistent with the tension reduction hypothesis. On the other hand, our results support the concept that food intake and ethanol drinking may be mediated by similar mechanisms.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacological evaluation of a modified conflict procedure: punished drinking in non-water-deprived rats.

RATIONALE: Conflict procedures used to detect anxiolytic-like activity of drugs often rely on maintaining strict schedules of water or food availability. It is ethically and practically desirable to reduce such states of deprivation in animal testing. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present experiment was to develop and pharmacologically characterize a conflict drinking procedure that did not require the use of water-deprived animals. METHODS: Rats were tested during daily sessions with alternating unpunished drinking (no tone: lick = sucrose solution) and signaled punished drinking (tone: lick = sucrose + shock) components, and developed individual steady baselines over a brief training period (approximately 3-4 weeks). The drugs tested i.p. were the positive allosteric modulators of gamma-amino butyric acidA (GABA)A receptors, diazepam (0.03-30 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (0.03-30 mg/kg), lorazepam (0.03-10 mg/kg), zolpidem (0.3-10 mg/kg), pentobarbital (1-30 mg/kg), pregnanolone (1-30 mg/kg), and bretazenil (0.03-10 mg/kg); the 5-hydroxy tryptamine1A (HT)1A-mediated anxiolytics, buspirone (1-10 mg/kg) and ipsapirone (1-17 mg/kg); and the negative controls D-amphetamine (0.3-3 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.01-0.3 mg/kg), morphine (0.3-17 mg/kg), and imipramine (0.3-30 mg/kg). RESULTS: The experimental procedure was sensitive to increases in punished drinking by the GABAA-positive modulators, consistent with their known or putative anxiolytic activity. Further, the 5-HT1A-mediated anxiolytics increased punished drinking, although to a lesser extent and over a more narrow dose range than did the GABAergic drugs. In contrast, D-amphetamine, haloperidol, morphine, and imipramine failed to increase punished drinking up to doses that decreased unpunished drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that water deprivation is not a necessary condition to engender drinking conflict behavior or to obtain pharmacological effects similar to those obtained with other classical conflict procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Examination of a three-dimensional drinking motives questionnaire in a young adult university student sample.

The literature on drinking motives suggests that individuals drink for three distinct reasons: coping motives (CM: to reduce and/or avoid negative emotional states); social motives (SM: to affiliate with others); and enhancement motives (EM: to facilitate positive emotions). Cooper, Russell, Skinner and Windle (1992) [Psychological Assessment, 4, 123-132] developed a 3-dimensional self-report instrument, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ), with subscales designed to assess relative frequency of drinking for each of these three motives. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the DMQ in a large sample of young adult university students. Three hundred and fourteen students voluntarily served as subjects; 266 students (85% of the total sample; 196F and 70M) reported drinking on the DMQ. These students were divided into two age groups [20 yr and under (n = 117); 21 yr and older (n = 149)]. Analyses of variance indicated: (a) main effects of gender, with men scoring significantly higher on the DMQ-EM subscale and tending to score higher on the DMQ-SM subscale when compared to women; (b) a main effect of age group on the DMQ-EM subscale, with younger students scoring significantly higher than older students; and (c) a significant main effect of drinking motive, with the most relatively frequent drinking reported for SM and the least for CM overall. Although mild-to-moderate shared variance between subscales was noted, the three subscales of the DMQ were found to possess adequate-to-high levels of internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the hypothesized 3-factor model provided a better fit than either a unidimensional or 2-factor model in explaining the underlying structure of the DMQ. Some suggestions for improvements in DMQ item content are made. The present results replicate and extend previous findings by Cooper and colleagues to a sample of university students, and support the utility of using the DMQ in future investigations of the drinking motives of young adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of drinking and central angiotensin II stimulation on organ blood flow in conscious rats.

While the hemodynamic response pattern accompanying feeding behavior has been well characterized, there is less information about the hemodynamic changes associated with drinking. In the present study, we have measured organ blood flows in conscious, unrestrained rats during schedule-induced drinking behavior, using the tracer microsphere technique (diameter of spheres 15 +/- 3 microns; labels: 141Ce, 113Sn). In addition, we determined the hemodynamic response pattern following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 100 ng angiotensin II (ANG II) (a dose known to be dipsogenic) in rats that were not allowed to drink during the experiment. The hemodynamic responses during drinking behavior included (a) significant increases in blood flow through the kidney, stomach and small intestine, (b) a decrease in blood flow through skeletal muscle, and (c) no significant changes in the rest of the organs. ANG II i.c.v. elicited (a) significant decreases in blood flow through the kidney, stomach, small intestine and skin, (b) a significant increase in blood flow through the liver (hepatic artery), and (c) no significant changes in blood flow through the brain, heart, lung (bronchial arteries), colon, skeletal muscle (biceps) and testis. We conclude that spontaneous drinking behavior in rats is associated with a characteristic hemodynamic drinking response, which resembles a classical feeding reaction. In non-drinking rats the hemodynamic response pattern following ANG II i.c.v. was different from the drinking response, providing further evidence, that the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of the neuropeptide can be dissociated.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1975

Prandial drinking and the disruption of meal patterns in olfactory bulbectomized rats.

In order to determine the cause of the disrupted feeding pattern in bulbectomized and recovered LH lesioned rats and to study the role of prandial drinking in producing this feeding pattern, feeding and drinking patterns were simultaneously recorded in these lesioned preparations. It was found that in normal rats drinking occurred mainly before and after the meals. In bulbectomized rats, drinking occurred also before and after the meal, but the main part of the meal associated takes place during the numerous short pauses within the meal. In LH recovered rats the meal associated drinking occurred in a very rapid alternation between eating and drinking during feeding bouts (prandial drinking) and not during the meal pauses. It is suggested that the nibbling pattern seen in LH recovered rats as well as in bulbectomized rats is not due to the prandial drinking but results from the loss of an olfactory input to the LH area.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Primate drinking system as defined by electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB).

Four rhesus monkeys were examined by ESB for drinking sites in structures that had been previously demonstrated to support drinking behavior. Three yielded a significantly greater proportion of drinking sites than expected from the earlier study, and one yielded significantly less. As the exploration proceeded, the proportion of sites yielding drinking greatly increased in the drinkers and decreased in the nondrinker, and the ratio of stimulus-bound to nonstimulus-bound drinking sites increased in the drinkers but decreased in the nondrinker. Orienting responses decreased in both drinker and nondrinker as exploration proceeded. Two sites that had reliably supported drinking in the restraint chair failed to do so when telestimulated in a free environment, but instead yielded turning, walking, and climbing behavior. The results suggest that ESB-elicited drinking is determined by stimulation of several overlapping neural systems. These probably include ascending dopaminergic and cholinergic systems which are relatively thirst specific, and a nonspecific, cholinergic component of the reticular activating system which triggers the animal to execute a prepotent response which is specific to a given animal with a given history of stimulation under particular enviromental constraints. The learning of stimulus bound drinking is proposed to have its neural locus within the system which mediates the prepotent response, rather than in a thirst system or general activation system.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A probe for a histaminergic component of drinking in the rat.

Systemic antagonism of H1 or H2 receptors for histamine attenuated drinking elicited by SC 20 mg/kg histamine in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The H1 antagonist dexbrompheniramine (DXB; 0.5-16 mg/kg) and the H2 antagonist cimetidine (C; 0.5-100 mg/kg) each inhibited drinking elicited by histamine when given IP 10 min prior to SC histamine: The lowest doses to produce a statistically significant inhibition of drinking were 2 mg/kg DXB and 32 mg/kg C. While 1 mg/kg DXB alone or 16 mg/kg DXB plus 16 mg/kg C virtually abolished drinking elicited by histamine (1.25-20 mg/kg) in a dose-response study. In addition, such combined antagonism of H1 and H2 receptors failed to elicit drinking in the absence of exogenous histamine and failed to inhibit drinking elicited by deprivation from water for 7 or 24 hr. Because combined systemic antagonism of H1 and H2 receptors can specifically and completely inhibit drinking elicited by exogenous histamine, these findings provide a probe for a histaminergic component of drinking in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Histaminergic mechanism for drinking elicited by insulin in the rat.

Sprague-Dawley male albino rats showed in a dose-response study a maximal drinking response to a 5 U/kg dose of SC insulin in a 2-hr test. Drinking elicited by 5 U/kg insulin was reduced to baseline (i.e., no insulin) level by combined antagonism of H1 and H2 receptors for histamine using IP 1 mg/kg dexbrompheniramine plus 16 mg/kg cimetidine. Antagonism of histamine receptors in this fashion was specific for drinking elicited by histamine because such antagonism reduced to baseline level drinking elicited by 2.5 mg/kg SC histamine, but failed to inhibit drinking after 8- or 24-hr water deprivation or drinking after 0.63 mg/kg SC serotonin (5-HT). These results demonstrate a histaminergic mechanism for drinking elicited by exogenous insulin which is consistent with the published report that exogenous insulin can release gastric mucosal histamine in the rat. Moreover, because eating is known to elicit the release of endogenous insulin, the results reported here suggest a working hypothesis that endogenous insulin is a component for drinking around mealtime in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of skeleton photoperiod and food availability on the circadian pattern of feeding and drinking in rats.

Feeding and drinking behavior were measured in rats maintained under a 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycle or skeleton photoperiod (SPP). Feeding and drinking were closely associated during the normal LD cycle but under SPP conditions an increased feeding activity during the subjective day was not accompanied by an equivalent increment of water intake. This indicates a stronger coupling of drinking to the subjective night. A restriction of food availability to the subjective light phase did not cause an accompanying complete shift in drinking behavior. These results suggest that drinking is largely dependent on the influence of a circadian oscillator and this association is not disrupted by changes in feeding schedule. A change in food access to the subjective light phase caused partial but not permanent desynchronization between feeding and drinking behavior. Synchrony was reestablished within one day once food was available ad lib. Complete return to the original feeding and drinking patterning took 3 days. It is suggested that separate slave oscillators controlling feeding and drinking are governed by a hypothesized "master" circadian oscillator which remains definitely entrained to the original rhythm by the light pulses of the SPP condition.

Animals↗