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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Processing of gustatory information by spiking local interneurons in the locust.

Despite the importance of gustation, little is known of the central pathways responsible for the processing and coding of different chemical stimuli. Here I have analyzed the responses of a population of spiking local interneurons, with somata at the ventral midline of the metathoracic ganglion, during stimulation of chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the legs of locusts. Volatile acidic stimuli were used to selectively activate the chemosensory neurons. Different members of the population of local interneurons received depolarizing or hyperpolarizing inputs during chemosensory stimulation. Many of the same interneurons that received chemosensory input also received mechanosensory inputs from tactile hairs on the leg, but others received exclusively mechanosensory inputs. Chemosensory inputs occurred with a short and constant latency, typical of monosynaptic connections. The chemosensory receptive fields of the spiking local interneurons mapped the surface of a hind leg so that spatial information relating to the location of a taste receptor was preserved. The amplitude of potentials in interneurons during chemosensory stimulation varied in a graded manner along the long axis of the leg, thus creating gradients in the chemosensory receptive fields of interneurons. Some interneurons were depolarized to a greater extent by chemical stimuli applied to basiconic sensilla on distal parts of the leg, whereas others were depolarized more by chemical stimulation of more proximal sensilla.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Synthetic strands of neonatal mouse cardiac myocytes: structural and electrophysiological properties.

The aim of the present study was to morphologically and electrically characterize synthetic strands of mouse ventricular myocytes. Linear strands of mouse ventricular myocytes with widths of 34.7+/-4.4 microm (W(1)), 57.9+/-2.5 microm (W(2)), and 86.4+/-3. 6 microm (W(3)) and a length of 10 mm were produced on glass coverslips with a photolithographic technique. Action potentials (APs) were measured from individual cells within the strands with cell-attached microelectrodes. Impulse propagation and AP upstrokes were measured with multisite optical mapping (RH237). Immunostaining was performed to assess cell-cell connections and myofibril arrangement with polyclonal antisera against connexin43 and N-cadherins and monoclonal antibodies against cardiac myosin. Light microscopy and myosin staining showed dense growth of well-developed elongated myocytes with lengths of 34.2+/-4.2 microm (W(1)), 36. 9+/-5.8 microm (W(2)), and 43.7+/-6.9 microm (W(3)), and length/width ratios of 3.9+/-0.2. Gap junctions were distributed around the cell borders (3 to 4 junctions/microm(2) cell area). Each cell was connected by gap junctions to 6.5+/-1.1 neighboring cells. AP duration shortened with time in culture (action potential duration at 50% repolarization: day 4, 103+/-34 ms; day 8, 16+/-3 ms; P:<0.01). Minimum diastolic potential and AP amplitude were 71+/-5 and 97.2+/-7.6 mV, respectively. Conduction velocity and the maximum dV/dt of the AP upstroke were 43.9+/-13.6 cm/s and 196+/-67 V/s, respectively. Thus, neonatal ventricular mouse myocytes can be grown in continuous synthetic strands. Gap junction distribution is similar to the neonatal pattern observed in the hearts of larger mammals. Conduction velocity is in the range observed in adult mice and in the higher range for mammalian species probably due to the higher dV/dt(max). This technique will permit the study of propagation, AP, and structure-function relations at cellular resolution in genetically modified mice.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

Design principles of molecular networks revealed by global comparisons and composite motifs.

BACKGROUND: Molecular networks are of current interest, particularly with the publication of many large-scale datasets. Previous analyses have focused on topologic structures of individual networks. RESULTS: Here, we present a global comparison of four basic molecular networks: regulatory, co-expression, interaction, and metabolic. In terms of overall topologic correlation--whether nearby proteins in one network are close in another--we find that the four are quite similar. However, focusing on the occurrence of local features, we introduce the concept of composite hubs, namely hubs shared by more than one network. We find that the three 'action' networks (metabolic, co-expression, and interaction) share the same scaffolding of hubs, whereas the regulatory network uses distinctly different regulator hubs. Finally, we examine the inter-relationship between the regulatory network and the three action networks, focusing on three composite motifs--triangles, trusses, and bridges--involving different degrees of regulation of gene pairs. Our analysis shows that interaction and co-expression networks have short-range relationships, with directly interacting and co-expressed proteins sharing regulators. However, the metabolic network contains many long-distance relationships: far-away enzymes in a pathway often have time-delayed expression relationships, which are well coordinated by bridges connecting their regulators. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate how basic molecular networks are distinct yet connected and well coordinated. Many of our conclusions can be mapped onto structured social networks, providing intuitive comparisons. In particular, the long-distance regulation in metabolic networks agrees with its counterpart in social networks (namely, assembly lines). Conversely, the segregation of regulator hubs from other hubs diverges from social intuitions (as managers often are centers of interactions).

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2001

Altered expression of novH is associated with human adrenocortical tumorigenesis.

NOVH belongs to the CCN (CTGF/CYR61/NOV) family of proteins, some of which have chemotactic, mitogenic, adhesive, and angiogenic properties. Whereas ctgf and cyr61 are growth factor-inducible, immediate-early genes, nov is expressed in growth-arrested or quiescent cells. As nov expression has been shown to be altered in both avian and human nephroblastomas and to be a target of WT1 regulation, NOV may play important roles in normal nephrogenesis and the development of Wilms' tumors. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in novH expression were associated with tumorigenesis in tissues other than those of the kidney. We showed by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry that among human adult endocrine tissues, the adrenal gland is a major site of novH expression, and that in adult and fetal adrenal tissue, novH is primarily expressed in the adrenal cortex. Studies with 12 benign and 18 malignant adrenocortical tumors revealed that the levels of novH mRNA and protein decreased significantly (P < 0.004) with progression of adrenocortical tumors from a benign to a malignant state. Although the localization of NOVH did not change, the N-glycosylation profile of benign and malignant tumors differed considerably from that of normal adrenocortical tissue, and these differences may affect the biochemical properties of the molecule. The properties of NOVH here provide the first evidence that this member of the CCN family could be involved in adrenocortical tumor development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

What is eHealth (4): a scoping exercise to map the field.

BACKGROUND: Lack of consensus on the meaning of eHealth has led to uncertainty among academics, policymakers, providers and consumers. This project was commissioned in light of the rising profile of eHealth on the international policy agenda and the emerging UK National Programme for Information Technology (now called Connecting for Health) and related developments in the UK National Health Service. OBJECTIVES: To map the emergence and scope of eHealth as a topic and to identify its place within the wider health informatics field, as part of a larger review of research and expert analysis pertaining to current evidence, best practice and future trends. METHODS: Multiple databases of scientific abstracts were explored in a nonsystematic fashion to assess the presence of eHealth or conceptually related terms within their taxonomies, to identify journals in which articles explicitly referring to eHealth are contained and the topics covered, and to identify published definitions of the concept. The databases were Medline (PubMed), the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Science Citation Index (SCI), the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), the Cochrane Database (including Dare, Central, NHS Economic Evaluation Database [NHS EED], Health Technology Assessment [HTA] database, NHS EED bibliographic) and ISTP (now known as ISI proceedings). We used the search query, "Ehealth OR e-health OR e*health". The timeframe searched was 1997-2003, although some analyses contain data emerging subsequent to this period. This was supplemented by iterative searches of Web-based sources, such as commercial and policy reports, research commissioning programmes and electronic news pages. Definitions extracted from both searches were thematically analyzed and compared in order to assess conceptual heterogeneity. RESULTS: The term eHealth only came into use in the year 2000, but has since become widely prevalent. The scope of the topic was not immediately discernable from that of the wider health informatics field, for which over 320000 publications are listed in Medline alone, and it is not explicitly represented within the existing Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) taxonomy. Applying eHealth as narrative search term to multiple databases yielded 387 relevant articles, distributed across 154 different journals, most commonly related to information technology and telemedicine, but extending to such areas as law. Most eHealth articles are represented on Medline. Definitions of eHealth vary with respect to the functions, stakeholders, contexts and theoretical issues targeted. Most encompass a broad range of medical informatics applications either specified (eg, decision support, consumer health information) or presented in more general terms (eg, to manage, arrange or deliver health care). However the majority emphasize the communicative functions of eHealth and specify the use of networked digital technologies, primarily the Internet, thus differentiating eHealth from the field of medical informatics. While some definitions explicitly target health professionals or patients, most encompass applications for all stakeholder groups. The nature of the scientific and broader literature pertaining to eHealth closely reflects these conceptualizations. CONCLUSIONS: We surmise that the field -- as it stands today -- may be characterized by the global definitions suggested by Eysenbach and Eng.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1993

[Morphometric study of the lumbosacral plexus innervating the muscles of the rat pelvic floor].

Motoneurons of the pelvic muscles in the lumbo-sacral segment of the spinal cord have been extensively studied in different species. However, few informations occur in the literature about the individual morphology of each group of neurons and their connections. Thus, in the Rat we have studied the neuronal mapping of 5 pelvic muscles, bulbospongiosus, ischio-cavernosus, levator ani, sphincter ani, sphincter urethrae, using a retrograde tracer, the horseradish peroxidase (H.R.P.). Most of the muscles injected by H.R.P. receive their innervation from the motoneurons located in the homolateral side of the spinal cord. The motoneurons of sphincter ani (+/- 40) and those of the bulbo-spongiosus (+/- 50) have the same morphology. Their dendrites contact contralateral motoneurons. They are situated in the dorso-medial nucleus of the L5-L6 segments of the spinal cord. The motoneurons of the ischio-cavernosus (+/- 80) and those of sphincter urethrae (+/- 40) are situated in the dorsolateral nucleus of the L5-S1 segments of the spinal cord where they form two distinct groups. On the contrary, in the ventro-medial nucleus, the neurons are mixed. The dendrites in the dorso-lateral nucleus form an important longitudinal network. The motoneurons of the levator ani (+/- 50) are situated in the ventral nucleus of the L5-S1 segments. Our works demonstrate the significance of the dendritic networks: they could play a role in the synchronization and the activity of the pelvic muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The mapping of brain biopotentials during the solving of a verbal task].

Reverse averaging of cortical potentials from the moment of the motor response followed the verbal task solving (anagram riddle) revealed some brain potentials correlations with the process of a decision making. In the case of task solving the negative frontal wave with the latency 900-400 ms from the motor response was recorded. Intracortical interaction mapping of this potential showed the regular patterns of cortical functional connections in different frequency ranges (alpha, beta). Successful solving of the task was characterized with predominant interaction foci topography in the frontal and left-temporal cortical areas in alpha band and parietal zones in beta. The absence of the task solution was characterized with the parieto-occipital interaction foci in alpha band and their frontal localization in beta.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Peptide binding induces large scale changes in inter-domain mobility in human Pin1.

Pin1 is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) essential for cell cycle regulation. Pin1-catalyzed peptidyl-prolyl isomerization provides a key conformational switch to activate phosphorylation sites with the common phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro sequence motif. This motif is ubiquitously exploited in cellular response to a variety of signals. Pin1 is able to bind phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro-containing sequences at two different sites that compete for the same substrate. One binding site is located within the N-terminal WW domain, which is essential for protein targeting and localization. The other binding site is located in the C-terminal catalytic domain, which is structural homologous to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) class of PPIases. A flexible linker of 12 residues connects the WW and catalytic domain. To characterize the structure and dynamics of full-length Pin1 in solution, high resolution NMR methods have been used to map the nature of interactions between the two domains of Pin1. In addition, the influence of target peptides on domain interactions has been investigated. The studies reveal a dynamic picture of the domain interactions. 15N spin relaxation data, differential chemical shift mapping, and residual dipolar coupling data indicate that Pin1 can either behave as two independent domains connected by the flexible linker or as a single intact domain with some amount of hinge bending motion depending on the sequence of the bound peptide. The functional importance of the modulation of relative domain flexibility in light of the multitude of interaction partners of Pin1 is discussed.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1999

High-resolution, human-bovine comparative mapping based on a closed YAC contig spanning the bovine mh locus.

A closed YAC contig spanning the mh locus was assembled by STS content mapping with seven microsatellite markers, eight genes or EST, and nine STS corresponding to YAC ends. The contig comprises 27 YACs, has an average depth of 4.3 YACs, and spans an estimated 1.2 Mb. A linkage map was constructed based on five of the microsatellite markers anchored to the contig and shown to span 7 cM, yielding a ratio of 160 kb/1 cM for the corresponding chromosome region. Comparative mapping data indicate that the constructed contig spans an evolutionary breakpoint connecting two chromosome segments that are syntenic but not adjacent in the human. Consolidation of human gene order by means of whole genome radiation hybrids and its comparison with the bovine order as inferred from the contig confirm conservation of gene order within segments.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Somatotopic reciprocal connections between the somatosensory cortex and the thalamic Po nucleus in the rat.

Retrogradely labeled neurons are observed in the posterior group of the thalamus (Po) after injection of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat somatosensory cortex. These neurons are organized in rods elongated rostrocaudally, defining a clear somatotopic map. Injections of tritiated leucine in the somatosensory cortex indicate that these somatotopically organized connections are reciprocal. Injections of tritiated leucine in the dorsal column nuclei label afferent fibers in a small area dorsal to Po but not in the core of the nucleus. Po does not receive direct projections of ascending somatosensory afferents. It is hypothesized that this thalamic area participates in a thalamo-cortico-thalamic loop.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1998

Synchronizing retinal activity in both eyes disrupts binocular map development in the optic tectum.

Spatiotemporal correlations in the pattern of spontaneous and evoked retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity are believed to influence the topographic organization of connections throughout the developing visual system. We have tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of interfering with these potential activity cues during development on the functional organization of binocular maps in the Xenopus frog optic tectum. Paired recordings combined with cross-correlation analyses demonstrated that exposing normal frogs to a continuous 1 Hz of stroboscopic illumination synchronized the firing of all three classes of RGC projecting to the tectum and induced similar patterns of temporally correlated activity across both lobes of the nucleus. Embryonic and eye-rotated larval animals were reared until early adulthood under equivalent stroboscopic conditions. The maps formed by each RGC class in the contralateral tectum showed normal topography and stratification after strobe rearing, but with consistently enlarged multiunit receptive fields. Maps of the ipsilateral eye, formed by crossed isthmotectal axons, showed significant disorder and misalignment with direct visual input from the retina, and in the eye-rotated animals complete compensatory reorientation of these maps usually induced by this procedure failed to occur. These findings suggest that refinement of retinal arbors in the tectum and the ability of crossed isthmotectal arbors to establish binocular convergence with these retinal afferents are disrupted when they all fire together. Our data thus provide direct experimental evidence that spatiotemporal activity patterns within and between the two eyes regulate the precision of their developing connections.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

A locus for autosomal recessive pseudoxanthoma elasticum, with penetrance of vascular symptoms in carriers, maps to chromosome 16p13.1.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a heritable systemic disorder characterized by calcification of the elastic fibers of the connective tissue. Symptoms are predominantly noted in the eye, the skin, and the cardiovascular system, resulting in visual loss, skin lesions, and life-threatening vascular disease. In the study we combined homozygosity mapping and genome scanning with 374 markers in affected individuals from a PXE family from a genetically isolated population in The Netherlands. Initial homozygosity in two or three patients was found with up to 20 markers, among which D16S292 located in 16p13.1. Upon refined and more extensive family screening of the latter region, close linkage without recombination was found with the marker D16S764 (Zmax = 6.27). Despite clear autosomal recessive inheritance of the ocular symptoms in PXE, vascular symptoms appear in 40%-50% of the heterozygotes.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1991

Two-dimensional echocardiography in the pre- and postoperative management of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

The records of 23 infants who underwent surgical repair of isolated totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection were reviewed to assess the accuracy of pre- and postoperative echocardiographic diagnoses. Preoperative echocardiographic diagnoses were accurate in 22 of 23 patients, including the sites of connection of the individual pulmonary veins. Cardiac catheterization in 13 patients confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Analysis of multiple pre- and postoperative variables revealed no statistically significant difference between the infants with and without catheterization, although there was a tendency toward a higher mortality rate in the catheterized group. Postoperative echocardiographic examination revealed obstruction to pulmonary venous return in 7 of 19 patients. Catheterization confirmed the echocardiographic findings, localizing the obstruction in one patient. The size of the venoatrial anastomosis was measured on postoperative echocardiograms performed on 14 patients. The cross-sectional area of the anastomosis was less than 0.3 cm2/m2 of body surface area in the four patients with obstruction of the anastomosis, and greater than 0.95 cm2/m2 in all long-term survivors examined. Two-dimensional echocardiography with pulsed Doppler examination and Doppler color flow mapping is an excellent means of diagnosing totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The connections of the individual pulmonary veins can be identified in nearly all cases. Surgical repair can usually be undertaken on the basis of echocardiographic diagnosis alone. Echocardiography also provides an extremely accurate method of evaluating surgical repair and of identifying and localizing postoperative obstruction to pulmonary venous return.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed2006

Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees.

Limb amputation results in plasticity of connections between the brain and muscles, with the cortical motor representation of the missing limb seemingly shrinking, to the presumed benefit of remaining body parts that have cortical representations adjacent to the now-missing limb. Surprisingly, the corresponding perceptual representation does not suffer a similar fate but instead persists as a phantom limb endowed with sensory and motor qualities. How can cortical reorganization after amputation be reconciled with the maintenance of a motor representation of the phantom limb in the brain? In an attempt to answer this question we explored the relationship between the cortical representation of the remaining arm muscles and that of phantom movements. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) we systematically mapped phantom movement perceptions while simultaneously recording stump muscle activity in three above-elbow amputees. TMS elicited sensations of movement in the phantom hand when applied over the presumed hand area of the motor cortex. In one subject the amplitude of the perceived movement was positively correlated with the intensity of stimulation. Interestingly, phantom limb movements that the patient could not produce voluntarily were easily triggered by TMS, suggesting that the inability to voluntarily move the phantom is not equivalent to a loss of the corresponding movement representation. We suggest that hand movement representations survive in the reorganized motor area of amputees even when these cannot be directly accessed. The activation of these representations is probably necessary for the experience of phantom movement.

Amputation Stumps↗
PubMed1987

Converging cerebellofugal inputs to the thalamus. I. Mapping of monosynaptic field potentials in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus.

The extent of thalamic projections from punctate sites in the cerebellar nuclei was examined in 22 acutely prepared cats by mapping monosynaptic field potentials evoked in the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus by stimulation of the interpositus and dentate nuclei (IN and DN). The monosynaptic field potentials were evoked in the VL by low current stimulating pulses applied at high frequency to these cerebellar nuclei. Quantification of the projections was possible since the conditions of stimulation and recording were strictly controlled. The incoming volley recorded in the brachium conjunctivum caudally to the VL was also analysed. It was composed of two amplitude peaks with different latencies, corresponding to two groups of fibres conducting at 60-90 m/s and 20-25 m/s respectively. The negative field potentials in VL also showed two amplitude peaks and different latencies. The differences in latency between the first and second peaks in the presynaptic and postsynaptic field potentials are compatible with the possibility that both groups of afferent fibres may be monosynaptically connected to VL relay cells. The cerebello-thalamic projections were mapped and their density gradient was established. Two or three small thalamic strips of dense projections surrounded by a large zone of weaker projections were observed to emerge from each punctate cerebellar site. In the discussion of the functional significance of these findings, it is suggested that this organization might constitute a modulatable morphological support for a mechanism focalizing the cerebello-cortical inputs.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Plasticity of neuronal connections in developing brains of mammals.

Although mature nervous systems show substantial malleability following various surgical or environmental manipulations, developing brains show far more prominent plasticity, particularly in terms of morphological features. Neuronal circuits, for example, can be dramatically rewired following neonatal but not adult brain lesions. It remains unknown why neuronal circuits in developing brains show such remarkable plasticity. A number of anatomical and physiological studies suggest that there are transient projections in developing brains and they are eliminated by cell death and/or collateral elimination as development proceeds. This raises a possibility that aberrant projections observed following various surgical or environmental manipulations such as partial denervation, results from retention or stabilization of transient projections. However, evidence suggests that cell death does not play an important role in developmental fine-tuning of neuronal projections. Furthermore, although the elimination of axon collaterals takes place, individual neurons appear to elaborate axonal arbors in appropriate target areas, resulting in a net increase in the size of axonal arbor emerging from individual neurons. In accord with these observations, the number of synapses appear to increase during the period when axonal elimination proceeds. Taken together, reinforcement of appropriate projections rather than elimination of excessive connections plays a major role in developmental specification of neuronal connections. Appearance of aberrant projections after partial denervation may not be a consequence of disordered axonal growth, since they form topographic maps which precisely mirrors those for normal projections. They may be induced due to reinforcement of pre-existing neuronal connections rather than to construction of novel pathways. Observations of axonal morphology in denervated areas indicate that lesion-induced enlargement of projections is due to transformation of axonal morphology, from simple and poorly branched to multiply branched. Perhaps such simple and poorly branched axons in inappropriate target areas may represent ones in the course of elimination but they may serve as a source of sprouting when denervated. In other words, after total elimination of axons any surgical or environmental manipulation cannot induce enlargement of projections. The mechanisms underlying such modifiability of neuronal connections remains unclarified but possible participation of an activity-dependent competitive mechanism is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Definition of EGF-like, closely interacting modules that bear activation epitopes in integrin beta subunits.

Integrin beta subunits contain four cysteine-rich repeats in a long extracellular stalk that connects the headpiece to the membrane. Most mAbs to integrin activation epitopes map to these repeats, and they are important in propagating conformational signals from the membrane/cytosol to the ligand-binding headpiece. Sequence analysis of a protein containing only 10 integrin-like, cysteine-rich repeats suggests that these repeats start one cysteine earlier than previously reported. By using the new repeat boundaries, statistically significant sequence homology to epidermal growth factor-like domains is found, and a disulfide bond connectivity of the eight cysteines is predicted that differs in three of four disulfides from a previous prediction of epidermal growth factor-like modules [Berg, R. W., Leung, E., Gough, S., Morris, C., Yao, W.-P., Wang, S.-x., Ni, J. & Krissansen, G. W. (1999) Genomics 56, 169-178]. N-terminally truncated beta2 integrin stalk fragments were well expressed and secreted from 293 T cells when they began at repeat boundaries but not when they began one cysteine earlier or later. Furthermore, peptides that correspond to module 3 or modules 2 + 3 were expressed in bacteria and refolded. The module 2 + 3 fragment was as reactive with three mAbs to activation epitopes as a beta2 fragment expressed in eukaryotic cells, indicating a native fold. Only one residue intervenes between the last cysteine of one module and the first cysteine of the next. This arrangement is consistent with a tight intermodule connection, a prerequisite for signal propagation from the membrane to the ligand binding headpiece.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Isolation and characterization of a 1 Mb region of 5q23.3-q31.2 surrounding the human lysyl oxidase gene.

Lysyl oxidase (EC 1.4.3.13) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue integrity in both the normal and pathological states. It is a member of a newly discovered gene family that exhibits a complex mode of regulation. To date the resources necessary to begin to address its regulation have not been assembled. In part, this reflects the instability of this region of the genome when cloned into cosmid vectors. The paucity of long range restriction endonuclease sites suitable for mapping this region of the genome has further hampered progress. To begin to address this issue 2 YAC clones of 920 kb and 245 kb that contain the human lysyl oxidase gene were isolated. Long range physical mapping revealed that the 245 kb clone was centrally located within the 920 kb clone. The corresponding map of this region is congruent with that observed in the human genome. Thus, these YACs faithfully represent this region of the human genome. The results of our cloning and mapping studies described in this communication should accelerate the advance of our understanding of this new connective tissue gene family.

Base Sequence↗