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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Temporal profiles of physical health in family members of heart transplant recipients: predictors of health change during caregiving.

This study examined patterns of change in the physical health and well-being of 133 family caregivers to heart transplant recipients during the 1st year after transplant. Caregivers were assessed at 2, 7, and 12 months after transplant. Cluster analysis was used to identify temporal profiles reflecting unique patterns of change in the direction and nature of caregivers' physical health; their temporal profiles showed either (a) a worsening of general medical condition, with weight gain (14% of the sample); (b) worsening medical condition with weight loss (15%); (c) weight gain with stable medical condition (41%); (d) weight loss with slightly improving medical condition (21%); or (e) worsening health perceptions with relatively little objective evidence of change in medical condition or weight (8%). Subsequent multivariate analyses indicated that caregiver characteristics measured at baseline and reflecting caregiving burden, coping styles, demographics, and health history reliably predicted membership in the pattern-of-health-change groups. Among the findings, caregivers who showed a pattern of medical decline with weight loss had a poorer health history and weaker coping styles (lower mastery and higher use of avoidance coping) than other caregivers. Caregivers who experienced medical decline with weight gain had the greatest levels of caregiver burden. These findings are relevant to the design of interventions to maximize not only caregivers' health, but the health of the family members for whom they provide care.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning.

Although frequently mentioned in contemporary neuropsychology, the term executive functioning has been a source of considerable confusion. One way in which the meaning of a variable can be investigated involves examining its pattern of relations with established cognitive abilities. This method was applied to a variety of variables hypothesized to assess executive functioning in 2 data sets, 1 consisting of 328 adults between 18 and 93 years of age and a 2nd composite data set based on nearly 7,000 healthy adults between 18 and 95 years of age. Most of the hypothesized executive functioning variables were strongly related to reasoning and perceptual speed abilities, and very few had any unique relations with age after taking into consideration the relations of age through the cognitive abilities. These results raise questions about the extent to which neuropsychological tests of executive functioning measure a distinct dimension of variation in normal adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Age and health indications assessed by silhouette photographs.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that overweight and central fat distribution make people look older and have poorer health. DESIGN: We asked 201 male and 161 female observers aged 28-67 y with body mass index (BMI) 17-45 kg/m2, to estimate the age of eight silhouette photographs of female volunteers with known BMI and waist and hips. Silhouette photographs were presented individually and grouped in three trios for analysis: trio A, each subject had waist to hip ratio = 0.7, BMI for each subject was 22, 24, 29 kg/m2; trio B, each subject had BMI = 22 kg/m2, waist to hip ratio for each subject was 0.66, 0.73, 0.99; and trio C, each subject had BMI = 29 kg/m2, waist to hip ratio for each subject was 0.76, 0.88, 0.99. The observers were then asked to judge the likelihood of developing heart disease, health and longevity of the silhouettes which were presented in four pairs controlling either for BMI or waist to hip ratio. RESULTS: The age of a silhouette with BMI 22 kg/m2 was estimated to be 35 y, 24 kg/m2 to be 45 y, and 30 kg/m2 to be 55 y, when waist to hip ratio was matched at 0.7. When BMI was controlled at either 22 or 29 kg/m2, higher waist to hip ratio led to a greater age estimation. An increase from a 65 cm to 88 cm waist circumference led to an estimate of 25 y older. Narrow hips was also judged as older. The silhouettes judged the more likely to be healthy and live longer were those with the lower waist to hip ratio (by 70% observers), and the lower BMI (by 90% observers). Waist to hip ratio appeared less influential when BMI of the silhouettes was high. The observers' own BMI, age or sex had little influences on their assessments of the age and health status of the silhouette photographs. CONCLUSIONS: Using novel sets of silhouette photographs, it was shown that overweight or central fat distribution and narrow hips suggest a person is older and has poorer health: People with BMI 29.7 kg/m2 appear to be 15-18 y older than those with BMI 22.2 kg/m2, each extra cm on the waist makes women appear to look a year older, and progressively less healthy. BMI and age of the observers had little influences on the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of two methods of follow-up in a trial of prophylactic volume expansion in preterm babies.

The outcome at age 2 years of preterm babies recruited into a three-arm randomised controlled trial of prophylactic volume expansion was ascertained in two ways: from a neurodevelopmental assessment performed by a paediatrician and from responses on a brief questionnaire completed by the child's personal health visitor. Of 776 babies recruited into the trial, 604 survived to the age of 2 years and the findings of a paediatric assessment were available for all survivors. Questionnaires were sent to the health visitors of 601 of the survivors; 513 (85.4%) were returned. There was sufficient information on the returned questionnaires to categorise 449 of the children as normal, impaired, moderately disabled or severely disabled. We were unable to detect a response bias by severity of disability. Agreement on individual questions ranged between 86.3% and 98.4%. There was some mismatch in the reporting of vision (weighted kappa = 0.71) and hearing (weighted kappa = 0.73), with differences in perception of level of severity of sensory loss. Health visitors tended to underestimate the child's functional level compared with the paediatrician. However, of 56 children classified as severely disabled by the paediatrician, 48 were classified similarly and eight as moderately disabled on the basis of the questionnaire. The end point of the trial was death or severe disability at 2 years of age. There was close similarity in the trial results whether based on the paediatric assessment or on the questionnaire. Further refinement of the questionnaire is needed, but this methodology may be useful in ascertaining the frequency of severe disability in large cohorts of babies.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a functional knee brace for ACL insufficiency during treadmill running.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a functional knee brace (FKB) for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency (ACLI) on physiological and perceptual parameters during treadmill running. METHODS: Thirteen ACLI subjects (time since injury, 5.8 +/- 5.3 yr), performed an incremental test to exhaustion and two constant load 20-min tests, one at an intensity below lactate threshold (bLT), and the other at an intensity above LT (aLT) each with and without their FKB. RESULTS: Bracing had no effect on peak variables except for higher ratings of perceived exertion at the legs (RPE-L) at the velocities associated with a blood lactate concentration [HLa] of 4.0 mM and at peak. Bracing had no effect when exercising at bLT but did significantly alter the metabolic profile developed during the performance of the aLT tests (83 +/- 0.03% VO2peak). In particular, FKB resulted in elevated blood [HLa] (23%), VO2 (4%), VE (12%), VCO2 [corrected] (7%), and VE/VO2 (7%). HR and slow component VO2 did not differ between the brace and no brace aLT tests. RPE-L and RPE-knee were significantly elevated during aLT when the brace was worn. Suspected mechanisms include alterations in muscle recruitment patterns and/or occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: When ACLI individuals wear a FKB during high intensity straight-ahead running exercise of long duration, physiological parameters are affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent eating behavior.

Girls' perception of what constitutes normal body weight is often unrealistic. Many of them are preoccupied with fear of being fat. Such misconceptions can strongly influence eating behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Selective processing of eating, weight and shape related words in patients with eating disorders and dieters.

The Stroop colour-naming task was used to investigate selective processing of eating, weight and shape related words in two groups of dieters, patients with anorexia nervosa, patients with bulimia nervosa and a group of non-dieting controls. 'Normal dieters' were not different from the non-dieting controls. Dieters with a history of features of an eating disorder but no diagnosis and the patients with anorexia nervosa, like the patients with bulimia nervosa, showed selective processing of information related to eating, weight and shape.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1997

Selective processing of three types of stimuli in eating disorders.

A modified version of the Stroop colour naming task was administered to patients with anorexia nervosa, patients with bulimia nervosa and a control group. Stimuli were separated into three areas of concern. Compared to the controls, both patient groups showed selective processing of information related to eating and weight. Patients with anorexia nervosa also showed selective processing of information related to shape. There were no differences between the two patient groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Human localisation of band-pass filtered noise.

In this work we study the influence and relationship of five different acoustical cues to the human sound localisation process. These cues are: interaural time delay, interaural level difference, interaural spectrum, monaural spectrum, and band-edge spectral contrast. Of particular interest was the synthesis and integration of the different cues to produce a coherent and robust percept of spatial location. The relative weighting and role of the different cues was investigated using band-pass filtered white noise with a frequency range (in kHz) of: 0.3-5, 0.3-7, 0.3-10, 0.3-14, 3-8, 4-9, and 7-14. These stimuli provided varying amounts of spectral information and physiologically detectable temporal information, thus probing the localisation process under varying sound conditions. Three subjects with normal hearing in both ears have performed five trials of 76 test positions for each of these stimuli in an anechoic room. All subjects showed systematic mislocalisation on most of these stimuli. The location to which they are mislocalised varies among subjects but in a systematic manner related to the five different acoustical cues. These cues have been correlated with the subject's localisation responses on an individual basis with the results suggesting that the internal weighting of the spectral cues may vary with the sound condition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of joint position and direction of joint motion on proprioceptive sensibility in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient athletes.

We studied a group of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient athletes to identify whether joint position and direction of joint motion have a significant effect on proprioception. Twenty-nine anterior cruciate ligament-deficient athletes were tested for their threshold to detect passive motion at both 15 degrees and 45 degrees moving into the directions of both flexion and extension. The single-legged hop test was used to identify function in the deficient limb. Results demonstrated statistically significant deficits in threshold to detect passive motion for the deficient limb at 15 degrees moving into extension. For the deficient limb, threshold to detect passive motion was significantly more sensitive moving into extension than flexion at a starting angle of 15 degrees; at a starting angle of 15 degrees moving into extension threshold was significantly more sensitive than at a starting angle of 45 degrees moving into extension. We conclude that in deficient limbs proprioception is significantly more sensitive in the end ranges of knee extension (15 degrees) and is significantly more sensitive moving into the direction of extension. To effectively restore reflex stabilization of the lower limb we recommend a rehabilitation program emphasizing performance-based, weightbearing, closed kinetic chain exercise for the muscle groups that act on the knee joint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

RPE, pain, and physiological adjustment to concentric and eccentric contractions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare perceptual (RPE and pain), cardiac (heart rate), lactate, and endocrine (cortisol) responses with concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) resistance exercise protocols using the same absolute workload. METHODS: Eight healthy men with resistance-training experience participated in the study. Subjects completed two experimental trials consisting of either CON contractions or ECC contractions at the same absolute workload for each of four exercises: bench press, leg extension, military press, and leg curl. Subjects performed four sets of 12 repetitions at 80% of 10-RM with 90-s rest periods. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 15-min postexercise. RESULTS: There was a significant trial effect for RPE, with CON exercise eliciting a higher RPE than ECC exercise (6.71 +/- 0.51 and 4.10 +/- 0.27, respectively). A significant trial effect was also demonstrated for pain, with CON exercise producing a higher pain rating than ECC exercise (5.59 +/- 0.41 and 3.23 +/- 0.27, respectively). Significantly higher heart rates and lactates were also demonstrated during the CON trial. For cortisol, a significant interaction was revealed between the pre- and immediate posttrial measures but not an overall trial effect. Correlational analyses revealed a significant relationship between RPE and pain for both trials. CONCLUSIONS: CON exercise elicits greater perceptual (higher RPE and pain rating), cardiac, lactate and cortisol response than ECC exercise at the same absolute workload. Data demonstrate that relative to absolute load, RPE and pain respond to resistance exercise in a similar fashion. Additionally, physiological cues are consistent with these perceptual data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Methodological concerns when using silhouettes to measure body image.

This paper discusses methodological concerns of using silhouette figures to measure body images. These include concerns related to scale coarseness (limiting response options to one of a finite number of drawings), restriction of range, method of presentation, and scale of measurement. Recommendations are made to address these limitations, and an alternative silhouette scale using continuous scale measurements is proposed.

Body Image↗
PubMed2004

Perceptions of the social and personal characteristics of hypermuscular women and of the men who love them.

A predominately European American sample of middle class college students rated hypermuscular female bodybuilders and the men who were romantically involved with them on measures of perceived gender traits, personality traits, social behaviors, and heterosexual behaviors. Participants perceived hypermuscular women, as compared to the average woman, as having more masculine and fewer feminine interests, less likely to be good mothers, and less intelligent, socially popular, and attractive. However, participants also perceived them as being less likely to engage in socially deviant behaviors or to be sexually manipulative and more likely to be extraverted, conscientious, and open to new experiences than the average woman. Participants perceived men who are romantically involved with hypermuscular women as having stronger masculine traits, interests, and identities than the average man. The authors found no relationships between the perceiver's gender type and his or her perceptions of hypermuscular women or the men who were romantically involved with them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Potassium iodate toxic retinopathy: a report of five cases.

BACKGROUND: Potassium iodate (KIO3) is an iodized salt used for iodine supplementation in areas endemic for goiter. KIO3 overdose in humans is rare. The authors report unusual cases of retinal toxicity from KIO3 overdose that caused acute vision loss. METHODS: The clinical manifestations, toxic dosage of iodate, and ocular changes in five patients who had taken a KIO3 overdose were analyzed. Electroretinography, visual evoked potential (VEP), and fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) were performed to study retinal function and changes. RESULTS: Two men and three women (age 22-65 years) ingested KIO3 solution at a concentration between 187 and 470 mg/kg body weight. Visual acuity ranged from light perception with projection to counting fingers and decreased from 2 to 12 hours after ingestion. Fundus FA showed bilateral extensive areas of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) window defects, and electroretinography and VEP showed marked impairment of retinal function. Visual acuity improved from counting fingers to 20/80 in 3 months. CONCLUSION: Potassium iodate can produce retinal toxicity that damages RPE and photoreceptor cells. The recovery of retinal function depends on the amount of chemical absorption, the regeneration of RPE, and the recovery function of photoreceptor cells.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Correlates of physical fitness improvement among a Navy remedial exercise sample.

This study investigated influences on physical fitness improvement among Navy remedial exercise program participants. Subjects were 27 Navy personnel who had failed to pass the body composition, aerobic fitness, or curl-up portion of the semiannual physical readiness test. The remedial exercise program consisted of three 1-hour exercise sessions per week for 16 weeks, with primary emphasis on running and walking. To determine influences on physical fitness improvement, physical readiness test and self-report survey data were collected and analyzed through bivariate Pearson correlation. No correlations were found between any of the study variables and weight change. Initial body fat was positively correlated (r = 0.470, p < 0.05), whereas initial body weight (r = -0.490, p < 0.05) and perceptions of exercise leadership (r = -0.690, p < 0.05) were negatively correlated with reductions in body fat. Positive correlates of improvements in 1.5-mile run time were initial run failure (r = 0.637, p < 0.01), perceived exercise benefits (r = 0.574, p < 0.01), and perceptions of social support (r = 0.543, p < 0.05). Exercise mode (walking group) was negatively correlated (r = -0.445, p < 0.05) with improvements in run time. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that various personal, program, and environmental factors influence improvements in physical fitness status.

Adult↗