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PubMed1994

Relationship between subjective effects and drug preferences: ethanol and diazepam.

The relationship between subjective effects and drug preferences in normal volunteers was explored in a meta-analysis of several previously published studies. Subjective effects of, and preference for, ethanol and diazepam vs. placebo were measured using a choice procedure. Subjects were grouped according to their drug choices: 'non-choosers' never chose drug, whereas 'choosers' always chose drug. The two groups were compared on their subjective responses to drug and on demographic variables. Ethanol decreased Arousal, Elation, Positive Mood and Vigor, and increased Anxiety, Depression and Fatigue in the non-choosers, whereas it increased Arousal and Vigor in the choosers. Ethanol choosers were also more likely to be males and/or full-time students than non-choosers. Diazepam produced sedative-like effects in both choosers and non-choosers, but markedly decreased Anxiety and increased Friendliness in choosers only. Diazepam choice was also associated with more frequent recreational use of marijuana and stimulants. Thus, both demographic variables and subjective drug effects were related to drug preference.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The sensitive period and optimum dosage for induction of audiogenic seizure susceptibility by kanamycin in the Wistar rat.

The incidence and severity of audiogenic seizures in kanamycin (KM)-treated rat pups, from a Wistar strain which is inherently seizure-resistant, was analyzed as a function of (a) postnatal age at the time of KM injection (i.p.) and (b) KM dosage. The vigor of the pinna reflex response on postnatal day (PND) 28 was correlated with (a) age at the time of injection, (b) dosage and (c) individual audiogenic seizure severity scores on PND 28 or PND 32. The data indicate that PNDs 9-12 are the developmental period when the rat has its greatest sensitivity to induction of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures by KM. The pinna reflex data suggest that cochlear vulnerability to KM intoxication is also greatest during this period. The optimum dosage for the induction of susceptibility was 100 mg/kg X 4 days. Use of higher doses resulted in a reduction of both incidence and severity of audiogenic seizures. The pinna reflex generally exhibited a supranormal vigor in animals having the most severe seizures. The behavioral attributes of induced audiogenic seizures at postnatal ages of 28 and 32 days are described and discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Atrial sensing performance of the single-lead VDD pacemaker during exercise.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the atrial sensing performance of the single-lead VDD pacing system during exercise and concomitant changes in the amplitude of the atrial electrogram. BACKGROUND: Studies of conventional dual-chamber pacing have demonstrated an overall reduction in the atrial signal amplitude and a variable incidence of atrial undersensing during vigorous exercise. METHODS: The telemetered atrial electrogram and simultaneous surface electrocardiogram (ECG) were continuously recorded in 12 patients (mean age 70.8 years) with an implanted single-lead VDD pacing system during treadmill stress testing. The atrial signal amplitude was measured at peak exercise, and the patients were monitored for maintained atrial synchronized ventricular pacing during the entire exercise and recovery period. RESULTS: The atrial electrographic voltage decreased an average of 19.5% (p < 0.05) during peak exercise, and the reduced P wave amplitude ranged from 6.9% to 59.4% of the preexercise values in 8 of 12 patients. Three patients showed a modest increase in atrial signal amplitude, and one patient had no change. The telemetered electrogram displayed persistent and intact atrial synchronous ventricular pacing throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Despite relatively low atrial signal amplitudes at rest and further decreases during exercise, the single-lead VDD pacemaker maintains reliable atrial tracking and ventricular pacing during vigorous exercise.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mood effects of alcohol and expectancies across the menstrual cycle.

To examine menstrual cycle phase variations in alcohol absorption and mood before and after drinking alcohol, 96 volunteers female heavy drinkers, unaware they were in a menstrual cycle study, were randomly assigned to 12 equal-sized groups with controls for the effects of alcohol, expectancy, and menstrual cycle phase. Alcohol subjects received sufficient alcohol to raise their blood alcohol level to .07 mg %. Mood, assessed with the Profile of Mood States, did not differ across menstrual cycle phases at baseline, failing to support the notion of menstrual phase-related moods. The only mood changes were a Beverage by Trials interaction on the Vigor and Confusion scales and a main effect for trials on the Tension-Anxiety and Vigor scales. Peak intoxication level did not differ across phases. The present findings of an absence of menstrual cycle phase-related differences in mood or alcohol absorption support social learning theory and suggest that phasic variations in mood are socially learned. They also suggest the need for systematic study of methodologic factors in this research area.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Correlation of immunoreactivity and polymer formation to DTPA modification of a monoclonal antibody.

The protocol used for coupling of monoclonal antibodies with mixed anhydride of DTPA for subsequent radiolabeling with indium-111 affects the integrity of the immunoreactivity of the antibody preparations. To analyze the effect of minor methodological variations on coupling characteristics, a two-step addition of DTPA to antimyosin antibody with gentle mixing was compared to a single addition with vigorous stirring. The molar ratios of DTPA to antibody were also varied. The polymer formation was assessed by SDS-PAGE and immunoreactivity was assessed by solid phase radioimmunoassay using human heart myosin as the antigen. The immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in the two-step, gentle-mixing method where polymer formation was evident. The one-step, vigorous-stirring method of DTPA incorporation produced no polymerization and no loss of immunoreactivity.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In utero lead exposure in squirrel monkeys: motor effects seen with schedule-controlled behavior.

Timed-pregnant squirrel monkeys were exposed orally to lead during the last 1/2 to 2/3 of gestation such that maternal lead levels ranged from 21 to 70 micrograms/dl in blood. Offspring of these lead-exposed monkeys were compared to gender-matched, untreated controls (blood-lead levels from 4 to 9 micrograms/dl), born at about the same time. When the monkeys were 3 to 7 years old they were trained to pull a T-shaped bar against 1 kg spring through a displacement of 1 cm. This performance was examined during acquisition of different fixed-ratio (1, 5, and 20) and fixed-interval (120", 300", and 600") schedules of reinforcement and during steady state under the fixed-ratio 5 and fixed-interval 600". Monkeys exposed prenatally to lead showed an increased number of responses failing to meet the requirement of pulling against 1 kg spring through a 1 cm displacement when behavior was maintained by a fixed-ratio schedule, which engenders a vigorous, high-rate pattern of responding. This increased number of incomplete responses first appeared in the acquisition of a fixed-ratio 5 and fixed-ratio 20 schedules of reinforcement, remained after the fixed-ratio 5 schedule was allowed to reach steady state, and did not appear under the fixed-interval schedule. Neither body weight not response rate were affected by lead, but it was necessary to control for these variables using multiple regression to isolate lead's effect. The appearance of incomplete responses while the monkeys pulled vigorously against a 1 kg spring suggests that lead exposure during gestation produced subtle motor impairments years after exposure has ended. Deficits in the acquisition of behavior (learning) under Concurrent Random Interval schedules of reinforcement have also been reported with these monkeys. Together, these reports reveal prolonged deficits in learning and motor function resulting from in utero exposure to lead at maternal blood lead levels (21-70 micrograms/dl) that could result from exposure to ambient air in heavily polluted urban environments or in occupational settings meeting current World Health Organization standards.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ethnic, socioeconomic, and sex differences in physical activity among adolescents.

Regular physical activity is recommended for health maintenance in adolescence, but basic descriptive epidemiological data are lacking for this age group. The present study examined socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic, and sex differences in physical activity in a multiethnic sample of 1871 high school students in San Diego, California. Surveys were completed in required classes by a diverse sample of students from a low-income school district and by Anglo students from a nearby more affluent district. Boys reported more vigorous exercise outside of school and during school physical education, as well as more participation in sports teams, but girls reported taking more activity-related lessons and classes. High-SES students had more frequent physical education classes, spent more time in vigorous exercise in those classes, and participated in more activity lessons outside of school. There were few ethnic differences on summary physical activity or physical education variables. There were no SES differences, but there were ethnic differences on 5 of 22 specific activities. Demographic differences in 25 psychological, social, and environmental variables that may influence physical activity were also examined. Differences between boys and girls were found on several variables, which may explain some of the boys' higher activity levels. Ethnic and/or SES differences were found in 10 of 25 potential correlates of physical activity. These data may be used to identify specific activities that may be preferred by subgroups of adolescents and specific mediating variables that can be targeted in physical activity promotion programs for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modification of tonic-clonic convulsions by atracurium in multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of two different doses of atracurium on the modification of tonic-clonic convulsions in multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy (MMECT). To compare recovery time and adverse reactions of these doses. DESIGN: Clinical study. Anesthesiologist was blinded in the evaluation of post-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) myalgia and other side effects. SETTING: University-affiliated veterans general hospital. PATIENTS: Two groups of twelve psychiatric inpatients who suffered from major depression or catatonic-type schizophrenia that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy. INTERVENTIONS: Under single-channel, prefrontal electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, patients were given either 0.3 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg of atracurium intravenously (IV) after anesthetic induction with methohexital 1 mg/kg i.v. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Evoked electromyographic responses of the adductor pollicis muscle was obtained by train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist every 20 seconds. The first twitch depression (T1) of neuromuscular blockade was maintained within 11% to 25% (atracurium 0.3 mg/kg) or 0% to 10% (atracurium 0.5 mg/kg) of control during the entire session of MMECT. Patients pretreated with atracurium 0.5 mg/kg had significantly fewer ECT-induced moderate and vigorous convulsions when compared with patients receiving atracurium 0.3 mg/kg (16.7% vs. 78.4%, moderate; 0% vs. 8.3%, vigorous). However, patients pretreated with atracurium 0.5 mg/kg took a longer time to attain a T4 ratio of 0.5 than did patients receiving atracurium 0.3 mg/kg (9.2 +/- 0.8 minutes vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 minutes). There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to cumulative seizure duration or frequency of bradycardia, sialorrhea, postseizure myalgia, nausea, headache, or confusion. No patient in either group recalled any event concerning electroconvulsive shock. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas full neuromuscular blockade by atracurium 0.5 mg/kg i.v. is very effective in the modification of tonic-clonic convulsions induced by ECT, we suggest that a lower dose of atracurium (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) be used if one needs to ascertain the occurrence of ECT-induced seizures as indicated by minimum peripheral muscle activity at the time of EEG recording during MMECT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population.

The relation between plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, the main metabolite of sun-induced vitamin D, and major coronary heart disease risk factors was examined in 295 men, aged 35 to 64 years, who were randomly sampled from the general population. Men who did regular vigorous leisure-time activity had a mean plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level that was 4.8 nmol/L (95% confidence limits: 0.1, 9.5) higher than that in inactive men, with the increase greatest in the winter months. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was positively associated with weekly hours of sun exposure (r = 0.27, P < 0.01), and showed a weak inverse association with age (r = -0.12, P < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.15, P < 0.05), although this latter finding was no longer significant when allowance was made for the effects of age and season on vitamin D levels. In contrast, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 had no relation with either serum total or high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels, body mass index, or cigarette smoking. We hypothesize that vigorous leisure-time activity may protect against coronary heart disease, in part, by increasing body levels of vitamin D.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of ability to recall physical activity of several years ago.

In this study we assessed the reliability of recall of physical activity. Study participants were members of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adult Study (CARDIA) cohort who reported physical activity at each CARDIA examination. In this study, we asked 81 participants to recall activity patterns for the year prior to 2 to 3 years ago so that we could compare recalled activity patterns to those reported 2 to 3 years ago (labeled as "distantly recalled") as well as to activity patterns reported at the other CARDIA examinations. We found that distantly recalled physical activity patterns were highly correlated with those reported at the time of the examination where they were obtained (vigorous activity r = 0.84, moderate activity r = 0.64, and total activity r = 0.81). Distantly recalled activity was less highly associated with activity reported currently (vigorous activity r = 0.57, moderate activity r = 0.45, total activity r = 0.59). The activity recalled the best was jogging or running (r = 0.76) and the activity with the poorest recall was racket sports (r = 0.53). Distantly recalled physical activity also was related to resting pulse rate obtained during the time period of the recalled activity (r = -0.21). These findings suggest that people can recall activity patterns of several years ago with high reliability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating change in physical activity with the building of a multi-use trail.

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies suggest a positive association between the presence of trails and physical activity participation. Prospective evaluations of the impact of building a multi-use trail, in terms of change in physical activity levels among nearby residents, are needed. DESIGN: The study was designed as a quasi-experimental noncontrol pre-post design. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 366 adults aged > or =18 years living within 2 miles of the evaluated trail. INTERVENTION: A railway of >23 miles was under development for conversion to a multi-use trail in central North Carolina. A segment of the trail was evaluated by randomly selecting and telephone interviewing adults living within 2 miles of the planned trail before trail construction began and approximately 2 months after completion of construction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were time spent in leisure activity, leisure activity near home, walking, bicycling, moderate activity, vigorous activity, and transportation activity. RESULTS: At follow-up, of the 366 adults living within 2 miles of the trail, 11.0% had not heard of the trail, and 23.1% had heard of the trail and had used it at least once. In multivariable logistic models, leisure activity, leisure activity near home, moderate activity, vigorous activity, and walking for transportation did not significantly change for those who used the trail compared to those not using the trail. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study of the building of a multi-use trail did not demonstrate an increase in physical activity among adults living near the trail. Other prospective studies are encouraged, to take advantage of rigorously evaluating different types of trails that are to be constructed in rural and urban settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Observed environmental features and the physical activity of adolescent males.

BACKGROUND: It has recently been reported that adult physical activity was associated with environmental features. The aim of this study was to determine whether environmental features were associated with physical activity among male adolescents. METHODS: Physical activity levels of 210 Boy Scouts were assessed for 3 days by accelerometry during 2003 and 2004. Mean minutes of sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity were calculated. Environmental features within a 400-meter radius of each participant's home address were assessed by direct observation using the Systematic Pedestrian and Cycling Environmental Scan (SPACES) instrument. Principal component factor analysis reduced the 35 SPACES items to four factors. Hierarchical and spatial regressions were conducted with physical activity as the dependent variable and environmental factors, age, body mass index, and ethnicity as independent variables. RESULTS: Four factors were obtained: walking/cycling ease, tidiness, sidewalk characteristics, and street access and condition. Sidewalk characteristics were negatively associated with minutes of sedentary behavior while age was positively associated. Sidewalk characteristics were positively associated with minutes of light-intensity physical activity and age negatively associated. No environmental factor correlated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: A sidewalk characteristics factor, composed of sidewalk location, sidewalk material, presence of streetlights, and number and height of trees, was positively associated with light-intensity physical activity among male adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors in childhood: the Iowa Bone Development Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity tracking studies can determine when children settle into activity patterns and their risk for maintaining sedentary behaviors. This study examined the tracking of activity and sedentary behavior in relation to adiposity during middle childhood. METHODS: Activity intensities and patterns were examined during a 3-year interval in a population-based study of children using accelerometry and survey methods. Data were collected and analyzed from 1998 to 2004. Participants (n = 379) were, on average, 5.6 (standard deviation [SD] +/- 0.5) years at baseline and 8.6 (SD +/- 0.5) years at follow-up. Adiposity was measured with whole-body, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Correlation coefficients and odds ratios were used to assess tracking. The association of activity with adiposity was tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: Over the 3-year interval, Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients between baseline and follow-up activity measures were low to moderate (r = 0.18 to 0.39). Sedentary behavior was more predictable than overall activity, and tended to be more stable (r = 0.37 to 0.52), with the exception of video playing in boys (r = 0.18). Children maintaining a high degree of vigorous activity and low levels of TV viewing were less likely than peers to be in the upper quartile for adiposity at follow-up, and were less likely to gain adiposity during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Sedentary behavior, including TV viewing, is moderately stable during middle childhood. Health promotion programs that specifically target maintaining high levels of vigorous activity and low levels of TV viewing may help reduce the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Physical activity assessment: validation of a clinical assessment tool.

BACKGROUND: Physicians report that they fail to counsel patients about physical activity due to a lack of practical tools, time, reimbursement, knowledge, and confidence. This paper reports concurrent and criterion validation of the Physical Activity Assessment Tool (PAAT), designed to rapidly assess patient physical activity in clinical settings and reduce time for assessment, and thus to facilitate counseling. METHODS: Adult volunteers (n=68) completed the PAAT and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ-Long) twice and wore a Manufacturing Technology, Inc. (MTI) accelerometer for 14 days in 2003. Continuous and categorical measures of physical activity by PAAT were compared to MTI accelerometer and IPAQ-Long in analyses conducted in 2003 to 2006. Consistent with national recommendations, participants were classified as active if they accumulated more than 150 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) or more than 60 minutes per week of vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: The PAAT was significantly correlated with the IPAQ (r=0.562, p<0.001) and MTI (r=0.392, p=0.015) for MVPA. Seven-day test-retest reliability was comparable for PAAT (r=0.618, p<0.001) and MTI (r=0.527, p<0.001). PAAT classified participants as "active" or "under-active" concordantly with MTI for 69.8% of participants and with IPAQ for 66.7%; strength of agreement was fair (kappa=0.338 and 0.212, respectively). The PAAT classified fewer participants as active than either the MTI (p=0.169) or IPAQ (p<0.001), and measured physical activity more like the direct objective measure (MTI) than did IPAQ. CONCLUSIONS: The concurrent and criterion validity of the PAAT are comparable to self-report instruments used in epidemiologic research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Stress reduces the neuroprotective effect of exercise in a rat model for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the striatum. To further understand PD, researchers have developed standardized animal models of PD. In this study, Long Evans (LE) rats were unilaterally lesioned by injection of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the left hemisphere. The rats were divided into three groups randomly; group 1 (runners) were housed in individual cages with attached running wheels, group 2 (stressed-runners) had access to individual free running wheels, except post-lesion when the rats were subjected to immobilization of the running wheel for 1 h per day for 14 days, as well as one session of 24-h food deprivation and a 7-h shift in the light/dark cycle. Group 3 (non-runnners) were housed individually in cages with attached running wheels that were permanently immobilized. Subcutaneous injection of the DA agonist, apomorphine, caused stressed-runners and non-runners to rotate vigorously away from the side of the lesion (contralaterally). Apomorphine-induced rotations provide a behavioural measure of the extent of the lesion, a depletion of more than 80% of DA neurons is required to produce vigorous contralateral rotations in response to apomorphine injection. Runners rotated significantly less than non-runners and stressed-runners. The number of rotations performed by stressed-runners was not significantly different from non-runners, suggesting that stress had cancelled the neuroprotective effect of running. Immunohistochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in the SNc revealed slightly less destruction of DA neurons in the runners than in stressed-runners or non-runners, although these differences did not achieve statistical significance. The behavioural results confirm a previous finding suggesting that voluntary exercise is neuroprotective. A novel finding is that mild stressors cancel the neuroprotection afforded by voluntary exercise.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of biodegradable polymeric hollow microspheres using O/O/W emulsion stabilized by Labrafil.

Biodegradable hollow microspheres were prepared by double oil and water emulsion using a lipophilic surfactant, Labrafil M 1944 CS. Olive oil was emulsified in biodegradable polymer-dissolved dichloromethane mixed with Labrafil by vigorous sonication. This oil-in-oil emulsion was directly re-emulsified in 0.1% poly(vinyl alcohol) solution, subsequently solidified by evaporating dichloromethane. Olive oil and Labrafil were extracted from the microspheres by using hexane. After vigorous washing with n-hexane, the hollow microsphere was freeze-dried and examined under scanning electron microscopy, confirming the morphology of hollow microspheres with thin walls and huge blank cores inside. The concentration of poly(l-lactide) in dichloromethane affected the size of hollow microspheres while the volume of olive oil or dichloromethane did not. This hollow microsphere is expected to be employed as an imaging contrast agent and a novel drug delivery vehicle.

Emulsions↗
PubMed2026

Cryopreservation-induced proteomic alterations in P&#xea;ga donkey (Equus asinus) spermatozoa.

Semen cryopreservation is a key tool for assisted reproduction and genetic conservation, but its efficiency remains limited in donkeys, compromising post-thaw sperm quality. This study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of P&#xea;ga donkey spermatozoa and to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with cryopreservation-induced impairment of sperm function. Semen samples were collected from P&#xea;ga jacks and evaluated for sperm motility and vigor before and after cryopreservation. Quantitative proteomic analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS, followed by bioinformatic characterization of differentially abundant proteins. Cryopreservation markedly reduced sperm motility in all animals, whereas sperm vigor showed only a non-significant tendency toward reduction, suggesting sublethal cryoinjury primarily affecting flagellar efficiency. Proteomic profiling identified 554 proteins, of which 98 were differentially abundant between in natura and cryopreserved spermatozoa. Functional enrichment analyses showed that these proteins were mainly associated with energy metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, cytoskeletal organization, signal transduction, proteostasis, and oxidative stress response. Notably, proteins involved in ATP production, mitochondrial function, and axonemal organization were significantly altered, supporting a mechanistic link between metabolic dysfunction, flagellar structural disorganization, and reduced post-thaw motility. Overall, cryopreservation induced coordinated and compartment-specific remodeling of the donkey sperm proteome, particularly affecting pathways essential for motility and functional competence. These findings provide new molecular insights into the cryobiological vulnerability of donkey spermatozoa and establish a mechanistic basis for the development of more effective, biology-driven cryopreservation strategies for this species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

24 hours on-call and acute fatigue no longer worsen resident mood under the 80-hour work week regulations.

PURPOSE: Studies in on-call residents have shown that mood is worsened by fatigue as indicated by increased scores on measures of depression, anxiety, confusion, and anger using the Profile of Mood States (POMS). In prior sleep deprivation studies, mood has been shown to be more affected than either cognitive or motor performances. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the 80-hour work week regulations on resident mood in general and in a post-call period (PC). METHODS: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained to survey the residents and publish the results. POMS is a 65-item adjective questionnaire that includes subscales for measuring tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, depression-dejection, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment, with the summation of the scales forming a total mood disturbance score. Surgical residents were tested at a 9 am didactic curriculum session (9 am has been shown to correlate with the nadir of performance). Residents were tested after nights off call (NOC) or after PC. Time asleep in the preceding 24 hours and other demographic data were also collected. Acute fatigue (AF) was defined as <4 hours sleep. The two-sample t-test and linear regression were used to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: A total of 123 standardized POMS mood questionnaires were administered on 4 occasions to 51 surgical residents, 35 men and 16 women at levels PGY-1 through PGY-5. Overall, 33 tests (27%) were taken after PC and 90 (73%) were taken after NOC. Acute fatigue residents had a mean sleep time of 2.2 (+/-1.5) hours, whereas rested (R) residents had a mean sleep time of 6.7 (+/-2.2) hours (whether PC or NOC). No statistical differences in mean values of vigor, anger, depression, concentration, fatigue, tension, or total score were observed between PC and NOC or between AF and R residents. There was no significant relationship between acute sleep deprivation and total mood disturbance, whether PC or NOC. In linear relationships, NOC total score and hours slept had r2 = 0.01 (p = 0.44), whereas PC total score and hours slept had r2 = 0.07 (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Although POMS was given 4 times, only 27% were PC, which reflects our 1 in 4 night in-house coverage. In contrast to earlier studies, resident mood, as measured by POMS, is no longer related to PC/NOC or acute fatigue. Previous studies have shown that loss of sleep was associated with declining mood. The lack of such a relationship in this study may be related to the new regulations. It has been assumed that people can adapt to chronic sleep loss but have a harder time coping with the effects of acute sleep deprivation. If, however, the new regulations have relieved chronic sleep deprivation, then a well-rested resident can periodically cope with the effects of acute sleep deprivation. Perhaps by eliminating chronic sleep debt, work hour restrictions seem to have removed the negative impact of PC seen in the prior era. Further studies should increase the number of residents studied, have numerous repeat NOC and PC pairs in same subjects, compare different services with different workloads, junior and senior residents, and in-house and at-home call schedules.

Adult↗