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PubMed1984

Studies of stools from pseudomembranous colitis, rotaviral, and other diarrheal syndromes by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.

Thirty-five patients with various diarrheal syndromes and 22 controls were studied. All stool samples were carefully cultured for Clostridium difficile, using selective isolation media. Cytotoxin assays with proper antitoxin neutralization were done in MRC-5 cells. The stool samples were extracted four times, three times at pH 2 and once at pH 10, using CHCl3 or ether. Derivatizations of extracts were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-ethanol, and all derivatives were analyzed by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (FPEC-GLC). A dedicated computer was used to assist in both qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Isocaproic acid (iC6) was always found in stool from which C. difficile was isolated and was absent in C. difficile-negative specimens. p-Cresol was found frequently in both persons with pseudomembranous colitis and controls. Tryptamine was found in stool containing C. bifermentans. The FPEC-GLC profiles of persons with acute diarrhea were very different from those of normal persons. Diarrhea associated with adenovirus and rotavirus, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia spp. showed different FPEC-GLC patterns. Stools from well persons consistently contained full-scale peaks of pyruvic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids. In rotavirus stools isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were reduced in quantity from those found in control stools, whereas propionic and butyric acids were increased.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Use of modified norleucine-tyrosine broth in identification of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.

Gas-liquid chromatography was employed to analyze the volatile and nonvolatile acids produced in modified norleucine-tyrosine (MNT) broth by various gram-positive cocci. The MNT broth consists of 0.5% Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), 0.5% yeast extract (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 0.2% L-norleucine, and 0.1% L-tyrosine. The microorganisms included reference strains and clinical isolates of Peptostreptococcus spp. (P. anaerobius, P. asaccharolyticus, P. indolicus, P. magnus, and P. prevotii), Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saccharolyticus), and Streptococcus spp. (S. agalactiae, S. intermedius, S. mutans, S. sanguis I, and S. sanguis II). Only Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strains produced caproic and valeric acids in MNT broth cultures. All 11 P. anaerobius strains produced valeric acid in MNT broth, and only 1 strain failed to produce caproic acid in the medium. This unique feature aids in rapid, reliable identification of P. anaerobius with a minimum number of tests.

Acids↗
PubMed2003

Herbal creams used for atopic eczema in Birmingham, UK illegally contain potent corticosteroids.

AIMS: To determine whether "herbal creams" reported as being effective for the treatment of childhood atopic eczema contained corticosteroids. METHODS: Patients attending the paediatric dermatology clinic at Birmingham Children's Hospital, April 2001 to March 2002, and who reported using "herbal creams" with good effect for atopic eczema were asked to submit the cream for analysis. Hydrocortisone, clobetasone butyrate, betamethasone valerate, and clobetasol propionate were analysed by HPLC. RESULTS: Twenty four creams from 19 patients, median (interquartile range) age 3.82 (0.69-7.98) years were analysed. All five creams labelled Wau Wa and the two labelled Muijiza cream contained clobetasol propionate. Thirteen of 17 unnamed creams contained corticosteroids: clobetasol proprionate (n = 4), clobetasol proprionate + hydrocortisone (n = 1), betamethasone valerate (n = 2), clobetasone butyrate (n = 3), and hydrocortisone (n = 2); there was an unidentified peak in one. Further analysis suggested Wau Wa cream contained approximately 20% proprietary Dermovate Cream in a paraffin base. No parents were aware that the creams contained steroid. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of herbal creams analysed illegally contained potent or very potent topical steroids. There is an urgent need for tighter regulation of herbal creams and for increased public education about the potential dangers of alternative therapies.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of serum oestrogen concentrations in post-menopausal women taking oestrone sulphate and oestradiol.

Mean serum concentrations of oestradiol-17beta, oestrone, and oestrone sulphate in postmenopausal women were the same when measured up to six hours after treatment with either piperazine oestrone sulphate 1.5 mg or oestradiol valerate 2 mg. Maximum concentrations of oestradiol were less than those of oestrone, but oestrone sulphate reached concentrations about 30 times higher than those of oestrone. The rapid conversion of oestradiol valerate to oestrone and oestrone sulphate does not support the suggestion that in menopausal women oestradiol is less likely to be associated with a risk of endometrial carcinoma than oestrone sulphate, since the two preparations appear to become identical after ingestion.

Climacteric↗
PubMed1969

Adrenal function during topical oral corticosteroid treatment.

Plasma cortisol (hydrocortisone) levels were measured in 42 subjects before and during administration of topical oral corticosteroids. Topical administration of 0.3-0.4 mg. of betamethasone disodium phosphate daily caused partial suppression of adrenal function in 8 out of 10 subjects tested. The adrenal function remained normal in 14 patients treated with 10 mg. of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate daily for periods of up to three years. Betamethasone 17-valerate also failed to cause adrenal suppression in doses of 0.4 mg. per day in 17 patients. The adrenal glands failed to respond normally to stimulation with Synacthen (tetracosactrin) in selected subjects with depressed plasma cortisol levels. Therapeutic doses of topical oral hydrocortisone hemisuccinate and betamethasone 17-valerate may be used in adults with oral lesions without fear of affecting adrenal function. Betamethasone disodium phosphate, however, should be avoided, as it may cause adrenal suppression.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Detection of Clostridium difficile in faeces by direct gas liquid chromatography.

Stool specimens examined for the presence of Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin were screened by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of volatile fatty acids and p-cresol. Twenty seven of 110 (25%) stools yielded C difficile or cytotoxin; iso-valeric acid was detected in 63/110 (57%) and iso-caproic acid in 18/110 (16%) stools. Para-cresol was found in 24/71 (34%) stools examined. Iso-valeric acid was detected in 85% of stools positive for C difficile, whereas iso-caproic acid (41%) and p-cresol (52%) were found in much lower numbers of C difficile-positive stools. It is concluded that gas chromatographic detection of volatile fatty acids or p-cresol in faeces are not satisfactory screening tests for the presence of C difficile.

Caproates↗
PubMed1979

Fertility of norgestomet treated suckler cows.

Four studies are described involving 3050 single suckled mainly Hereford-Friesian cross beef cows treated with norgestomet and oestradiol valerate to control the ovarian cycle. In study 1 the effect of insemination timing on pregnancy rate was studied. A greater proportion of cows inseminated 48 and 72 hours after treatment became pregnant than after a single insemination at 48 hours. In study 2 large variations in fertility among farms were recorded in field trials of norgestomet and oestradiol valerate. In study 3 the effect on fertility of nutrition, weight and body condition was examined. In study 4 57.9 per cent of 1113 treated cows became pregnant to insemination at 48 and 72 hours. Cows were fed a balanced ration designed to provide for a predicted daily milk yield of 9.0 kg for a 12-week period starting six weeks before insemination. The range of fertility was from 36.7 per cent to 94.9 per cent.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

Plasma progesterone and gonadotrophin concentrations following norgestomet treatment with and without cloprostenol in beef cows.

Twelve Hereford cross Friesian cows received subcutaneous implants containing 6 mg norgestomet and intramuscular injections of 5 mg oestradiol valerate and 3 mg norgestomet. Six of the cows also received 0.5 mg cloprostenol eight days later and all implants were removed on day 9. When treatment was commenced between days 3 and 5 of the ovarian cycle, luteal function was not prevented although the luteal phase was shortened in some cases. When treatment was commenced between days 8 and 14 of the cycle progesterone concentrations remained above basal levels for five to seven days. Cows with corpora lutea that were given cloprostenol underwent rapid luteolysis. It is concluded that oestradiol valerate does not control luteal function adequately, particularly if administered early in the cycle, and this may explain failure of oestrus synchronisation in some cases. Administration of prostaglandin 24 hours before norgestomet implant removal may improve the degree of oestrus synchronisation in groups of cyclic cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Odor structure-activity relationships of carboxylic acids correspond between squirrel monkeys and humans.

With use of a conditioning paradigm, the ability of four squirrel monkeys to distinguish n-valeric acid from n-forms and isoforms of other carboxylic acids (acetic acid to octanoic acid) was investigated. All four animals were clearly able to discriminate between all odor pairs tested and showed a significant negative correlation between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants in terms of differences in carbon chain length of the carboxylic acids. Branching of the carbon chain was also found to affect odorant quality because all animals performed better in discriminating n-valeric acid from isoforms of other carboxylic acids compared with the corresponding n-forms of these substances. With use of a triple forced-choice procedure, 10 human subjects were tested on the same tasks in parallel and showed a very similar pattern of discrimination performance compared with the squirrel monkeys. Thus the results of this study provide evidence of well-developed olfactory discrimination ability in squirrel monkeys for carboxylic acids and support the assumption that human and nonhuman primates may share common principles of odor quality perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The increase of anterior pituitary dopamine in aging C57BL/6J female mice is caused by ovarian steroids, not intrinsic pituitary aging.

We describe how the increase of anterior pituitary dopamine (DA) during aging in female mice is related to altered secretion of ovarian steroids during reproductive senescence. A number of age-correlated neuroendocrine changes in female rodents result from cumulative exposure to ovarian steroids over a lifetime of estrous cycles, or from the altered pattern of ovarian steroid secretion concomitant with reproductive senescence. Pituitary DA has been shown to increase with age in female rats. To examine how the age-correlated increase of pituitary DA may depend on estradiol (E2), we measured pituitary DA and serum prolactin (PRL) in the following groups of female mice: young (7 months) cycling, middle-aged (14 months) cycling and non-cycling, old (17 months) non-cycling, old (17 months) ovariectomized (OVX) at 4 months, and young mice given 0.2 mg E2 valerate or E2 implants. Mice from some of these groups were OVX 1, 4 or 8 weeks before sacrifice. Compared with young controls, 14-month-old cycling or non-cycling mice had 3-fold higher pituitary DA, and 17-month-old non-cycling mice had 5-fold higher pituitary DA. OVX for 2 or 13 months before sacrifice abolished the effect of age; OVX of young mice had no effect on pituitary DA. Three weeks after implantation of E2 into OVX young mice or 7 weeks after injection of E2 valerate in intact young mice, pituitary DA was elevated. The E2-sensitive fraction of pituitary DA does not appear to decrease PRL secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Galanin-like immunoreactivity is influenced by estrogen in peripubertal and adult rats.

Galanin gene expression in the anterior pituitary is potently stimulated by estrogen in adult rats. To evaluate the influence of estrogen on galanin during the peripubertal period 30- to 32-day-old female rats were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 10 IU s.c., 10.00 h). Galanin-like immunoreactivity (galanin-LI) in hypothalamic and pituitary tissues was evaluated 1, 2 or 3 days after PMSG treatment between 17.00 and 19.00 h. The PMSG treatment stimulated 17 beta-estradiol secretion, which induced a midafternoon LH surge 2 days after the PMSG treatment. Concentrations of galanin-LI at the time of this LH surge were elevated 82% in the anterior pituitary and 58% in the hypothalamus (without the median eminence) when compared to saline-treated female rats. On the 3rd day after the PMSG injection, galanin-LI was increased 236% in the anterior pituitary, 88% in the neurointermediate lobe and 39% in the median eminence compared to saline-treated female rats. These changes in galanin-LI were not observed in similarly aged male rats or ovariectomized rats treated with PMSG. In adult male rats, daily injections with 17 beta-estradiol valerate (10 micrograms/daily s.c.) for 1 week increased galanin-LI in the median eminence and neurointermediate lobe to an extent similar to that seen in juvenile female rats following PMSG treatment. In contrast, the high serum levels of 17 beta-estradiol achieved after 17 beta-estradiol valerate treatment increased galanin-LI in the anterior pituitary 65-fold. These studies indicate that galanin-LI is influenced by estrogen in peripubertal and adult rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Estrogen induces synaptic plasticity in adult primate neurons.

The number of axosomatic synapses, the length of the synaptic plates and the perimeter of the post synaptic neuronal perikarya were assessed on thin sections from the infundibular hypothalamic nucleus and from the ventrobasal thalamus of 3 adult ovariectomized African green monkeys that were treated with estradiol valerate and of 3 control animals that were injected with vehicle. Estradiol valerate treatment resulted in a 61% [corrected] decrease in the number of axosomatic synapses in the infundibular hypothalamic nucleus. The length of the synaptic plates and the perimeter of the postsynaptic cells were not affected by the hormonal treatment. The decrease in the number of axosomatic synaptic inputs in the infundibular hypothalamic nucleus was accompanied by a significant increase in the glial ensheathing of neuronal somas. No effect of the hormonal treatment was detected in the ventrobasal thalamus. The results indicate that estrogen may induce glial and synaptic plasticity in the hypothalamus of adult primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Neurokinin B gene expression is increased in the arcuate nucleus of ovariectomized rats.

Hypertrophy and increased gene expression of tachykinin neurons occur in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus of postmenopausal women. We have hypothesized that the alterations in tachykinin gene expression in the hypothalami of postmenopausal women are secondary to ovarian failure and not due to age per se. In this study, in situ hybridization and computer-assisted microscopy were used to determine whether ovariectomy modulates neurokinin B (NKB), substance P (SP) or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the rat arcuate nucleus. Four groups were examined: proestrus; diestrous day 1; ovariectomized, and constant estrus induced by a single injection of 20 mg/kg estradiol valerate. Rats were sacrificed 2 months after treatment. Computer-assisted microscopy was used to determine the number of tachykinin neurons, cell areas, and the autoradiographic grain density of labeled neurons. We report marked changes in NKB gene expression in ovariectomized rats. The number of neurons containing NKB gene transcripts was significantly greater in ovariectomized rats (16.9 +/- 1.0 neurons/arcuate section) than all other groups. There was also a significant difference in the number of NKB neurons/arcuate section between proestrous (8.9 +/- 1.8 neurons) and diestrous (4.8 +/- 1.0 neurons) rats. The lowest number of neurons was detected in the estradiol valerate-injected rats (2.9 +/- 0.6 NKB neurons/arcuate section). Furthermore, the autoradiographic grain density of NKB neurons was doubled in the ovariectomized group compared to all other groups. In contrast, few SP neurons were identified in the rat arcuate nucleus and no changes were detected during the estrous cycle or in response to ovariectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Difference in amounts between titratable acid and total carboxylic acids produced by oral streptococci during sugar metabolism.

The acid produced by the resting cells of Streptococcus mutants NCTC 10449 and HS 6 and S. sanguis ATCC 10556 during sugar metabolism was estimated with a pH-stat and a carboxylic acid analyzer. Lactic, formic, acetic, pyruvic, and carbonic acids were detected in the reaction mixtures, but propionic, citric, succinic, iso-butyric, butyric, iso-valeric, and valeric acids were not detected. The amount of titratable acid estimated by alkaline titration with the pH-stat was larger than the amount of total carboxylic acids estimated with the carboxylic acid analyzer. The difference in quantity between the titratable and the total carboxylic acids increased significantly with an increase in the period of incubation with sugar. Moreover, the value of the alkaline titration of standard lactic, formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids was equal to the amount analyzed with the carboxylic acid analyzer. The results indicated that these two streptococci produced not only these carboxylic acids but also other acid(s), possibly non-carboxylic acid(s), during their sugar metabolism.

Carboxylic Acids↗
PubMed1989

Histochemical demonstration of neurotoxic esterase.

We developed a histochemical method for localizing neurotoxic esterase (NTE), defined as the phenylvalerate (PV)-hydrolyzing esterase that is resistant to 40 microM paraoxon (A) but inactivated by paraoxon plus 50 microM mipafox (B). NTE is considered to be the target enzyme in the production of organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Cryostat sections were incubated in a medium containing alpha-naphthyl valerate and 6-benzamido-4-methoxy-m-toluidine diazonium chloride (fast violet B) after treatment with the above-mentioned inhibitors, leading to formation of an aqueous insoluble precipitate at sites of enzymatic activity. NTE activity was estimated as staining detectable in A but not in B. In the central nervous system (CNS) of chicken, NTE appeared to be present primarily in the somata of most neurons, but at sites indistinguishable from those of the other inhibitor-resistant and -sensitive alpha-naphthyl valerate-hydrolyzing esterases. It could not be distinguished in the CNS of cat, probably because it constitutes less than 3% of the total PV-hydrolyzing activity in the CNS of that species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of relaxin in a model of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis.

A reduction in the incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis is seen in pregnant women. Relaxin, a hormone of pregnancy, has been implicated in decreased immune responsiveness. Consequently, the effects of relaxin and estradiol valerate, alone or in combination, were assessed in the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Combination hormone therapy reduced adjuvant-induced paw inflammation. Radiographic analysis of the tarsal joints showed that estradiol valerate plus relaxin treatment minimized soft tissue damage and bone changes when compared to vehicle-treated arthritic controls. These results indicate that relaxin may be a factor in reducing inflammation during pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ovary-dependent degeneration in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.

The effects of estradiol valerate and constant light exposure on the histological appearance of the arcuate nucleus were assessed in female rats. Both of these treatments caused significant increases in the numbers of reactive microglial cells and astrocytic granules in the nucleus. Ovariectomy before either treatment prevented the glial reaction, indicating that the experimental manipulations triggered the secretion of an ovarian product which appears to be selectively toxic to the arcuate nucleus. The fact that monthly injections of estradiol valerate in male rats produced the same profile of degeneration in the arcuate nucleus suggests that the neuropathological agent may itself be estradiol. Ovariectomy also significantly reduced arcuate microglial reactivity associated with normal aging, which suggests that cyclic surges of endogenous estradiol may be capable of gradually producing an arcuate lesion. This phenomenon may accout for the hypothalamic reproductive failure associated with normal aging in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Hormonally sensitive esterase activity in the mouse uterus results from uptake of plasma esterase.

Mouse uterine homogenates contain an estrogen-sensitive serine esterase (hydrolase II). In immature animals, hydrolase II levels increase rapidly after the administration of estradiol. However, stimulation of de novo synthesis in the uterus has not been demonstrated. In this communication we show that hydrolase II activity in the uterus results from uptake of an esterase from the blood. We describe the purification of this protein from mouse plasma and discuss some of its properties. It appears to be similar if not identical to a sexually dimorphic plasma esterase called albumin esterase or esterase 1 by others. Consistent with this, hydrolysis of estradiol valerate and beta-alanine nitrophenyl ester by either uterine homogenates or purified esterase 1 was blocked by heating or by incubation with diisopropyl flurophosphate or antibody to esterase 1. Levels of the plasma esterase (esterase 1) were 50% higher in adult female mice than in adult males. Levels in juvenile males were in between those in the adult males and females. No significant changes in esterase 1 plasma levels in any group were detected after 4 days of treatment with either testosterone or estradiol. Like the uptake of other plasma proteins, estrogen-stimulated uterine uptake of the plasma esterase was inhibited by prednisolone, but not by puromycin. Using immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled esterase 1 prepared in a cell-free translation system, mRNA specific for esterase 1 was found in mouse liver, but not in mouse uterus. Although the natural substrate for esterase 1 (or hydrolase II) is not known, both the purified enzyme and uterine homogenates were able to hydrolyze the valerate ester of estradiol, but not the stearate ester. However, estradiol esters are not necessarily the natural substrates of esterase 1, as only the long chain fatty esters of estradiol are reported to occur in vivo.

Aging↗