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PubMedDate not supplied

Solute excretion during intravenous urography. A comparison of sodium iothalamate and sodium iocarmate (iothalamate dimer).

Sodium iothalamate and sodium iocarmate (iothalamate dimer) were compared as urographic agents. The two agents were administered intravenously to dogs at a dose level of 600 mg I/kg. The concentrations and outputs of major urinary solutes and injected solutes were measured to define the differences in diuretic effect of the two agents. The urinary output and concentration of iodine with each agent were also compared. The diuresis with iocarmate was lower. It was apparent that the lower diuresis and higher urinary iodine concentration with iocarmate was due to the lower osmotic activity per iodine atom obtained with this agent.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why does kidney size change during I.V. urography?

Meglumine iothalamate (280 ml I/ml) and sodium iothalamate (400 mg I/ml) in doses of 700 mg I/kg bw, were injected i.v. as a bolus in dogs. Renal size, urine flow rate, arterial pressure, renal blood flow and mean transit time and renal blood volume were measured before and after injection. All changes were qualitatively and quantitatively identical for both drugs. They produced a small transient renal shrinkage followed by a greater and prolonged renal enlargement. During the period of renal enlargement, urine flow increased. The time course of the enlargement paralleled the increase of urine flow rate. Renal blood flow also increased but both the mean transit time and renal vascular volume decreased. Therefore, the kidney size increase after i.v. injection of large doses of urographic contrast media cannot be attributed to an increased volume of the vessels. Most likely it is caused by diuresis-induced increase in the volume of the tubules.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Changes in serum magnesium during excretory urography. A comparison of ionic and nonionic contrast media.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: It is known that ionic contrast media (CM) bind magnesium and that patients with asthma often benefit from magnesium injections. Similarly, asthmatics have a higher incidence of CM reactions. This work tests the hypothesis that ionic CM alter serum magnesium more than nonionic CM. METHODS: Ten patients were divided into two groups; one group received iothalamate and the other received iohexol. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The total magnesium level changed significantly from baseline in the iothalamate-treated group (P less than .01). Iothalamate produced a significant decrease in protein-bound magnesium (P less than .01) with a significant increase in filterable magnesium (P less than .01). Iohexol did not produce significant changes for any of the magnesium fractions. The patient with the most clinically significant adverse reaction (though minor) had the lowest baseline magnesium level. Further studies with larger groups including patients with asthma are needed.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1993

Low-osmolar contrast media in the 1990s. Guidelines for urography in a cost-sensitive environment.

OBJECTIVES: The author reviews the clinical, ethical, medicolegal, and economic consequences of the routine versus limited use of low-osmolar contrast media for patients undergoing urographic and other radiologic studies. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the literature since the introduction of low-osmolar contrast media was conducted, focussing on medical decision making and the economic impact of those decisions on radiologic studies requiring the administration of water-soluble contrast agents. RESULTS: Compared with high-osmolar ionic contrast media, routine use of low-osmolar agents for intravascular injection during diagnostic imaging results in fewer idiosyncratic reactions in patients and potentially less renal injury in a subgroup of critically ill patients. The high cost of low-osmolar agents relative to the overall cost of the examination has prevented the universal adoption of this class of agents in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Economic pressures on private and government-based insurance plans, as well as on managed-care systems responsible for a variety of patient populations, continue to limit the availability of low-osmolar agents to the individual patient.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1977

Renal ischemia and contrast urography.

Exposure to urographic contrast material, meglumine diatrizoate, in a previously ischemic kidney was investigated for its effect on renal function. Eleven mongrel dogs, 19.8-32.7 kg in weight, having the left kidney ischemic for 90 minutes were given either 4 cc/kg meglumine diatrizoate or control, Ringer's lactate solution. The effect on creatinine clearance of the left kidney was determined acutely and at 72 hours. Statistical analysis of the data reveals no deleterious effect from exposure to meglumine diatrizoate over and above the effect of the ischemic episode. There was no statistically significant effect on recovery of renal function in this animal model.

Animals↗