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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Resolving Nevada test site and global fallout plutonium in attic dust and soils using 137Cs/239+240Pu activity ratios.

A simple equation using only 137Cs/239+240Pu activity ratios was developed and evaluated as a means of resolving the plutonium in attic dust and soil from Nevada and Utah that came from Nevada Test Site fallout from that which came from global fallout. Applied to an historical data set of 137Cs and 239+240Pu activity concentrations in soils from Nevada and Utah, the activity ratio method gives results similar to the traditional 240Pu/239Pu isotope mass ratio method. Considering the difficulty and expense of determining the 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios, this activity ratio method is simpler, faster, and less costly, and may be useful for detecting and/or monitoring plutonium contamination in soils. Applied to samples of attic dust and soil collected from throughout southern Nevada and Utah during 1996 and 1997, it was found that all sites surveyed showed the presence of Nevada Test Site plutonium. Over 90% of the plutonium found in the samples from Beatty, Tonopah, and Queen City Summit, Nevada, can be attributed to the Nevada Test Site.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2003

Development of a novel eighth-nerve intraneural auditory neuroprosthesis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Cochlear nerve stimulation using a linear array of electrodes, the cochlear implant, has become an accepted treatment for profound deafness. Major limitations of this technology are high threshold of stimulation, poor performance in a noisy background, cross-talk between electrodes, unsatisfactory channel selectivity, and variable reconstruction of frequency space. A novel auditory neuroprosthesis is proposed that is expected to overcome these problems by implanting an array of three-dimensional microelectrodes, the Utah Electrode Array, directly into the cochlear nerve. STUDY DESIGN: We have conducted acute, extending for up to 12 hours and semichronic, extending for up to 52 hours, electrophysiological experiments, radiologic and histologic studies in 12 cats. METHODS: The electrically evoked auditory brainstem response was used as a means to characterize the threshold, dynamic range, and stability of cochlear nerve stimulation through the implanted Utah Electrode Array neuroprosthesis. Plain film, computed tomographic, and histological studies were conducted to determine the result of the implant. RESULTS: The electrically evoked auditory brainstem response thresholds were approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower than those evoked with conventional cochlear implants. We were able to close the cochleostomy, bring the cat into normal anatomical position, and obtain stable electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses for up to 52 hours. Plain film and computed tomographic studies indicated that the Utah Electrode Array neuroprosthesis was in the intended position in the nerve. Histological studies did not reveal hemorrhage or significant damage to the nerve. CONCLUSION: Because the presented stimulation paradigm appears to significantly mitigate some of the problems of conventional cochlear implants, it may offer a new therapeutic approach to profound deafness.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting infant apgar scores.

This study identified psychologic and sociologic phenomena that affect a woman during pregnancy which, when associated with physical factors, result in poor neonatal outcome for the infant, as measured by the Apgar score at five minutes after birth. The Utah Test Appraising Health (UTAH) was administered to 51 pregnant women during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Data measuring maternal and infant outcomes were collected postdelivery. A significant correlation was found between maternal stress up to six months before administration of the UTAH questionnaire and the five-minute infant Apgar score (r = -.2787, p less than or equal to .05). The stress score was combined with past pregnancy complications, pregnancy symptoms during the first and third trimesters, and illness-proneness in a regression equation. The total multiple correlation coefficient was .8979, with stress X past pregnancy complications contributing most to the prediction equation. When stress and past pregnancy complications were controlled, the partial correlation value was -.8001. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that stress during pregnancy is an activator of physical illness processes in the mother, and, when combined with these variables, is related to neonatal outcome, as measured by the infant Apgar score at five minutes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of the quantity of antiviral antibodies from mink infected with different Aleutian disease virus strains.

Mink persistently infected with Aleutian disease virus (ADV) develop hypergammaglobulinaemia and immune complex disease. Radiolabelled antibodies from mink infected with ADV-G, DK, Pullman , and Utah I strains of ADV were reacted against all four ADV strains in radioimmunoassay (RIA). The amount of anti-ADV antibody in two equally hypergammaglobulinaemic serum pools varied from 13% (anti- Pullman ) to 57% (anti-Utah I). Serum pools from two other sources (anti-DK and anti-ADV-G), although less hypergammaglobulinaemic , had 5% and 13%, respectively, indicating that 43-95% of the Ig in the sera of mink with AD was not specific antibody to ADV structural antigens. The possibility of a general polyclonal activation of the humoral immune system is being discussed. Comparison of plateau RIA binding levels for the four serum pools against the four viral antigens suggested three patterns of reactivity: DK and Utah I reacted similarly, but Pullman and ADV-G reacted serologically different.

Aleutian Mink Disease↗
PubMed1985

Analysis of Aleutian disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo: demonstration of Aleutian disease virus DNA in tissues of infected mink.

Aleutian disease virus (ADV) infection was analyzed in vivo and in vitro to compare virus replication in cell culture and in mink. Initial experiments compared cultures of Crandell feline kidney (CRFK) cells infected with the avirulent ADV-G strain or the highly virulent Utah I ADV. The number of ADV-infected cells was estimated by calculating the percentage of cells displaying ADV antigen by immunofluorescence (IFA), and several parameters of infection were determined. Infected cells contained large quantities of viral DNA (more than 10(5) genomes per infected cell) as estimated by dot-blot DNA-DNA hybridization, and much of the viral DNA, when analyzed by Southern blot hybridization, was found to be of a 4.8-kilobase-pair duplex monomeric replicative form (DM DNA). Furthermore, the cultures contained 7 to 67 fluorescence-forming units (FFU) per infected cell, and the ADV genome per FFU ratio ranged between 2 X 10(3) and 164 X 10(3). Finally, the pattern of viral antigen detected by IFA was characteristically nuclear, although cytoplasmic fluorescence was often found in the same cells. Because no difference was noted between the two virus strains when cultures containing similar numbers of infected cells were compared, it seemed that both viruses behaved similarly in infected cell culture. These data were used as a basis for the analysis of infection of mink by virulent Utah I ADV. Ten days after infection, the highest levels of viral DNA were detected in spleen (373 genomes per cell), mesenteric lymph node (MLN; 750 genomes per cell), and liver (373 genomes per cell). In marked contrast to infected CRFK cells, the predominant species of ADV DNA in all tissues was single-stranded virion DNA; however, 4.8-kilobase-pair DM DNA was found in MLN and spleen. This observation suggested that MLN and spleen were sites of virus replication, but that the DNA found in liver reflected sequestration of virus produced elsewhere. A final set of experiments examined MLN taken from nine mink 10 days after Utah I ADV infection. All of the nodes contained ADV DNA (46 to 750 genomes per cell), and although single-stranded virion DNA was always the most abundant species, DM DNA was observed. All of the lymph nodes contained virus infectious for CRFK cells, but when the genome per FFU ratio was calculated, virus from the lymph nodes required almost 1,000 times more genomes to produce an FFU than did virus prepared from infected cell cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aleutian Mink Disease↗
PubMed1975

Maximum expiratory flow-volume studies on monkeys exposed to bituminous coal dust.

To assess early ventilatory responses at the 2 mg/m3 bituminous coal dust standard, 23 cynomolgus monkeys were exposed by inhalation to Pennsylvania and Utah coal dust. Ten controls were utilized. Pennsylvania coal was selected from a field having a high prevalence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis while the Utah coal was selected from a low prevalence area. After 24 mo of exposure, a pattern of pulmonary impairment consistent with peripheral airway obstruction was demonstrated. Reductions were observed in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s, maximum midexpiratory flow rate, and especially maximum expiratory flow at small lung volumes. Hyperinflation (RV/TLC) was observed in both coal treatments; however, no specific lung volumes differed significantly from controls. No differences were found between the Pennsylvania and Utah treatments. Design and specifications for a new hydraulically operated plethysmograph-respirator are included.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis.

In X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) the urine of male patients is not concentrated after the administration of the antidiuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin. This disease is due to mutations in the V2 receptor gene that maps to chromosome region Xq28. In 1969, Bode and Crawford suggested that most NDI patients in North America shared common ancestors of Ulster Scot immigrants who arrived in Halifax in 1761 on the ship Hopewell. A link between this family and a large Utah kindred was also suggested. DNA was obtained from 17 affected male patients from the "Hopewell" kindred and from four additional families from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick who shared the same Xq28 NDI haplotype. The Utah kindred and two families (Q2, Q3) from Quebec were also studied. The "Hopewell" mutation, W71X, is a single base substitution (G-->A) that changes codon 71 from TGG (tryptophan) to TGA (stop). The W71X mutation was found in affected members of the Hopewell and of the four satellite families. The W71X mutation is the cause of X-linked NDI for the largest number of related male patients living in North America. Other families (Utah, Q2 and Q3) that are historically and ethnically unrelated bear other mutations in the V2 receptor gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Natural history of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: experience with 15 cases.

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a well-known chromosomal disorder attributable to partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p-). Although about 120 cases have been reported so far, there is still very little data on its natural history. Information given to parents at the time of diagnosis tends to be skewed to the extreme negative. To help delineate more thoroughly the natural history of WHS, and to obtain better information to answer parents' questions in a clinical setting, we evaluated 15 patients (12 females, 3 males) in three centers with the 4p- syndrome. Four of the cases had a follow-up spanning 16 years. Thirteen cases were detected by standard cytogenetics (regular G-banding 10, high-resolution banding 3), while the remaining 2 required fluorescence in situ hybridization. A total of 5/15 (33.3%) had heart lesions; 7/15 (46. 6%) had oral facial clefts; 13/15 (86.6%) had a seizure disorder, that tended to disappear with age; and 100% had severe/profound developmental retardation. One Italian patient had sensorineural deafness and 1 Utah patient had a right split hand defect. Of note, 2 Utah patients were able to walk with support (at 4 and 12 years of age, respectively), whereas 3 Italian patients and 1 Utah patient were able to walk unassisted (at 4, 5, 5 years 9 months, and 7 years of age, respectively). Two of the 3 Italian patients also achieved sphincter control (by day). The 8 patients receiving serial electroencephalogram studies showed fairly distinctive abnormalities, usually outlasting seizures. A slow, but constant progress in development was observed in all cases, during the follow-up period. In conclusion, the combined cases of the three centers represent considerable experience, providing new information on several aspects of this important deletion syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Molecular epidemiologic features of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from horses.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from horses, cattle, and sheep in Colorado, Kentucky, Utah, and California in samples collected during perceived epidemics of infection (increased numbers of cases identified) in 2002 and 2003, and determine how closely isolates were related and their possible source. SAMPLE POPULATION: 54 isolates of C pseudotuberculosis from 49 horses, 4 cattle, and 1 sheep. PROCEDURES: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, PCR assay for the gene encoding the phospholipase D (PLD) toxin, biochemical analyses, and tests for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobial drugs were performed. RESULTS: All isolates reduced nitrate to nitrite, most yielded positive results for the PLD toxin gene, and all were susceptible to antimicrobial drugs. Ten genetic types were detected by use of RAPD PCR assay; types III to X were isolated from horses, cattle, or both in 1 or more states. Types III and IX were isolated from both horses and cattle. Types VII and VIII were isolated in only 1 state, but the number of isolates in these groups was small. In contrast, all other types were isolated in 2 or more states. All isolates from Utah were type III, but the other 3 states had isolates from more than 1 type. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data are consistent with a clonally expanding epidemic of infection in Utah and an increase in number of infections caused by multiple strains of C pseudotuberculosis not derived from a single source in the other states. The increase in number of infections could be the result of reporting bias, environmental factors facilitating infection, or host factors such as greater herd susceptibility.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

History of USDA poisonous plant research.

Research on poisonous plants was instituted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a result of serious livestock poisoning by plants as the pioneers moved west in the mid-to-late 1800s and early 1900s. Historical records indicate the USDA began poisonous plant research in 1894 under the direction of Mr. V. K. Chestnut, a botanist (Table 1 briefly summarizes those who have directed poisonous plant research from the inception to the present). Mr. Chestnut's responsibility (1894-1904) was primarily administrative, although he did extensive field work in Washington and Montana. Temporary field stations were set up to study specific poisonous plant problems. These included field stations at Hugo and Woodland Park, Colorado, and Imperial, Nebraska (1905-1909), to study locoweed; Gunnison, Colorado (1910-1912), to primarily study larkspur; and Greycliff, Montana (1912-1915), to study the poisonous plants of the Yellowstone Valley. Dr. Rodney True replaced Mr. Chestnut in 1904 and in 1905 hired Dr. C. D. Marsh (1905-1930) to establish the temporary field stations listed above. In 1915 a permanent facility was established at Salina, Utah, under the direction of C. D. Marsh who remained in charge until 1930 when he retired; he was followed by A. B. Clawson until 1937 when Dr. Ward Huffman was placed in charge. Research on poisonous plants was located at the Salina Experiment Station until 1955 when the station was closed and the laboratory moved to the campus of Utah State Agricultural College at Logan, Utah, where it is currently located. Dr. Wayne Binns was hired as the director of the laboratory in 1954 and retired in 1972. In 1972 Dr. Lynn F. James, who joined the PRPL staff in July 1957, was appointed as Research Leader and presently directs the research at the Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of two intrauterine pressure catheters during labor.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Koala air-charged coupled catheter (Clinical Innovations, Inc., Murray, Utah) for monitoring intrauterine pressure (IUP) during active labor with an electronic pressure transducer-tip catheter, Intran Plus (Utah Medical Products, Midvale, Utah). STUDY DESIGN: Simultaneous recordings with Koala and Intran catheters bound together at their tips were made in 18 term patients using comparably calibrated fetal monitors. RESULTS: Coefficients of correlation between the two IUP catheter systems for mean uterine baseline, peak pressures, contraction frequency and duration were .78, .90, 1.00 and .63, respectively. Both systems functioned equally well in displaying abnormal uterine activity. Some difficulty was encountered in placing the combined catheters in the amniotic fluid space: 4 of 18 (23%) were placed outside the chorionic membrane, in the extraovular space. CONCLUSION: Comparisons of the recordings from the Koala and Intran Plus catheters showed similar mean baseline uterine tone, peak pressures, contraction frequency and duration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Principles in bone physiology.

The view that nonmechanical agents dominate control of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and thus postnatal changes in bone strength and mass (agent --> effector cells --> disease) is obsolete. Nonmechanical agents include hormones, calcium, vitamin D, cytokines, gender, genetics, etc. This paradigm overlooks all tissue level features, biomechanics and relationships found after 1960. This more recent information led to the Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology, proposed by Harold Frost in 1995. The Utah paradigm's view is that mechanical factors dominate control of the biologic mechanisms that control changes in postnatal bone and mass. Nonmechanical agents could help or hinder the influence of the mechanical factors but could not replace them. The simplified scheme is as follows: [reaction: see text] New evidence supports the Utah paradigm which we view as a supplement to many former views, not as a negation of them.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Apgar scores in the identification of sensorineural hearing loss.

Apgar scores of 0-4 at 1 minute and 0-6 at 5 minutes have been investigated as risk criteria in the Utah High Risk Hearing Screening Program. The 1990 Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) statement recommended only an Apgar score of 0-3 at 5 minutes be included in a risk registry for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). An analysis of live births indicates the more lenient Utah cut-off criteria are justified. It is concluded that both of the Utah Apgar scores, even when moderately depressed, are sensitive risk factors for SNHL in infants. These findings suggest serious consideration be given to expanding the 1990 JCIH Apgar recommendation.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1988

Influence of parental knowledge and opinions on 12-month diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccination rates.

To assess the magnitude and cause of decreasing diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and pertussis (DTP) immunization rates, a retrospective cohort study investigated the immunization status against pertussis among 1-year-old children in Utah. Questionnaires were sent to the parents of 2975 children born in June 1985. Parents were asked about each child's DTP immunization status, including the number, type, and dates of the vaccinations, reasons for or against vaccination, and their knowledge of whooping cough and the vaccine. Children were considered adequately immunized against pertussis when they had received three DTP vaccinations by their first birthday. In Utah, the lack of pertussis immunization among young children is a serious problem: greater than 30% of 1-year-old children were not adequately protected. Accurate parental knowledge about the relative risks of vaccination and illness was associated with a greater likelihood for immunization. Although some parents chose to forego the vaccination because they were concerned about its side effects, the most common reason for incomplete immunization was illness at the time the vaccination was to be given. If immunization rates are to improve, health care professionals must not only make an effort to educate the general population regarding the vaccine, but they must also ensure immediate follow-up for immunization when the procedure is delayed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and outcome of adolescents with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) with those of children with HUS. DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study using data stored in the computerized Utah HUS registry. SETTING: The HUS registry contains data on postdiarrheal and nondiarrheal HUS cases since 1970 in which the patients were younger than 18 years of age at the time of diagnosis and includes virtually all Utah cases as well as those referred from surrounding states. PATIENTS: Seventeen adolescents (age, 12-17 years) and 276 younger patients from September 30, 1970, through December 5, 1993, who met the diagnostic criteria for HUS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, sex, seasonality, prodromal features (eg, antecedent diarrhea), laboratory values, hospital course, outcome, and chronic sequelae. RESULTS: The 17 adolescent patients, who composed 5.8% of the study population, experienced a course of the disease that was similar to that of the younger patients. Diarrhea preceded HUS in approximately 90% of the patients in both groups. Laboratory values were similar in teenagers and younger patients. The hospital courses were also similar; seizures occurred in almost 20%, and hypertension and oligoanuric renal failure occurred in most. Two (12%) of the teenagers and 7 (2.4%) of the younger patients died during the acute phase of the syndrome (P = .09); almost 50% of both groups experienced 1 or more chronic renal sequelae. End-stage renal disease has occurred in 1 (5.8%) of the teenagers and 6 (2.2%) of the children. At follow-up, 1 or more years (median, 5 years) after the onset of HUS, hypertension was present in 22% of the teenagers and 6.7% of the preteens (P = .14). A below-normal glomerular filtration rate was seen in approximately 30% of both groups; proteinuria was noted in approximately 25% of both groups. Approximately 10% of both groups had a combination of proteinuria and a low glomerular filtration rate and are, therefore, at risk for eventual end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: In our region of the Intermountain West, HUS in adolescents closely resembles that seen in children and the outcome is more favorable than that experienced by adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Survival in trisomy 18.

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18 by amniocentesis in the latter half of pregnancy is now a common event. Accurate prognostic information is crucial for families making decisions about delivery management. Three recently published studies showed much shorter survival for trisomy 18 than was reported by earlier papers. For this reason, we studied trisomy 18 survival. We examined chromosome laboratory records to find all trisomy 18 diagnoses made in Utah between 1979 and 1988. Death certificates and hospital records were used to determine survival. We found 64 liveborn cases with trisomy 18 out of 388,563 total births over the 10-year period, a prevalence of 1/6071. Our results show a median survival of 4 days and a 1 week survival of 45%, similar to that reported in the 3 recent studies. However, we had a significantly greater survival at 6 months (9% in Utah versus 3% in Denmark) and 1 year (5% versus 0 in the 3 studies). In contrast to recent studies, earlier investigations showed 80% survival at 2 weeks and 8% at 1 year. It is not surprising that recent studies show shorter survival, since in the 1960s the diagnosis was typically not made until age 2 months. With prenatal and neonatal diagnosis many cases which would have died prior to detection in earlier times are now diagnosed. The longer survival discrepancies are more difficult to explain, but may simply be due to small numbers.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1986

Linkage analysis of Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis: chromosomes 4 and 19.

This report describes a study that examines the hypotheses of genetic linkage between the autosomal dominant disorder neurofibromatosis (NF) and loci on human chromosomes 4 and 19. Twelve Utah families were evaluated for evidence of possible linkage of NF to six known markers on chromosome 4 and five markers on chromosome 19. Due to previous reports suggesting tight linkage of NF to the GC locus on chromosome 4 and the C3 (linked to myotonic dystrophy) locus on chromosome 19, these two markers were of particular interest. For the Utah families the cumulative LOD score for GC was -4.81 (r = 0.05). Cumulative LOD scores were -0.90 (r = 0.05) and -1.01 (r = 0.05) for C3 serum determinations and a C3 DNA polymorphism respectively. Linkage data is also included on all individual informative families for the GC and C3 loci to specifically address the question of heterogeneity. Linkage data is consistent with, but does not strongly support, the existence of heterogeneity implicating both the GC locus on chromosome 4 and the C3 locus on chromosome 19. A compilation of cumulative LOD scores from this and other current linkage studies produces values that in the absence of heterogeneity refute previous reports for tight linkage of NF to GC and to C3.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Population-based risk assessment for other cancers in relatives of hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) cases.

BACKGROUND: To identify associations of other cancers with hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) we estimated relative risks (RRs) of 36 different cancers in relatives of prostate cancer cases in the Utah Population Data Base (UPDB), which combines genealogical and cancer data for Utah. METHODS: We utilized known genetic relationships between prostate cancer cases and their relatives with cancer, combined with age- and sex-specific cancer rates calculated internally from the UPDB, to estimate RRs for cancer in relatives of prostate cancer cases. RESULTS: Multiple other cancers were observed in excess in both first- and second-degree relatives of HPC cases including colon cancer, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, multiple myeloma, rectal cancer, cancer of the gallbladder, and melanoma (skin). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis supports the existence of heritable prostate cancer syndromes that include other cancers. We hypothesize that the study of homogeneous pedigrees co-segregating prostate cancer and another cancer could allow more straightforward localization and identification of the gene(s) responsible.

Adult↗