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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Regulation and function of tailless in the long germ wasp Nasonia vitripennis.

In the long germ insect Drosophila, the gene tailless acts to pattern the terminal regions of the embryo. Loss of function of this gene results in the deletion of the anterior and posterior terminal structures and the eighth abdominal segment. Drosophila tailless is activated by the maternal terminal system through Torso signaling at both poles of the embryo, with additional activation by Bicoid at the anterior. Here, we describe the expression and function of tailless in a long germ Hymenoptera, the wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Despite the morphological similarities in the mode of development of these two insects, we find major differences in the regulation and function of tailless between Nasonia and Drosophila. In contrast to the fly, Nasonia tll appears to rely on otd for its activation at both poles. In addition, the anterior domain of Nasonia tll appears to have little or no segmental patterning function, while the posterior tll domain has a much more extensive patterning role than its Drosophila counterpart.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Retroperitoneoscopic lumbar sympathectomy for the treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis: technique and preliminary findings.

BACKGROUND: Patients with plantar hyperhidrosis suffer physically and mentally from a disease that often cannot be treated sufficiently using conservative measures. This article reports the authors' experience with endoscopic lumbar sympathectomies for patients with plantar hyperhidrosis. METHODS: Bilateral lumbar sympathectomy was performed for eight patients (3 women and 5 men). A retroperitoneoscopic surgical technique was used, during which the lower lumbar sympathetic trunk was resected after radiologic localization of the lumbar spine, with care taken to protect the cranial lumbar ganglia. RESULTS: All 16 sympathectomies were conducted retroperitoneoscopically, with no intra- or postoperative complications. In all cases, pedal sweat secretion was completely suspended postoperatively. After a 3- to 8-month follow-up period, the anhidrosis persisted in all cases (100%). None of the patients experienced sexual dysfunction. Five patients (62%) reportedly experienced minor compensatory sweating of the torso, and four patients (50%) had postsympathectomy neuralgia. Seven of eight patients were very happy with the postoperative results and would agree to a repeat of the intervention any time. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic resection of the lower lumbar sympathetic trunk is a safe and effective procedure for obtaining suspension of excessive sweat secretion in patients with plantar hyperhidrosis that cannot be treated with conservative methods.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

How safe is ERCP to the endoscopist?

BACKGROUND: Interventional techniques in endoscopy such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have greatly increased since laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become widespread; mainly these techniques deal with common bile duct stones. Fluoroscopy is usually employed, and chronic exposure to X-ray, in spite of the relative low dose, can lead to potentially unhealthy conditions such as malignancies like bone marrow and other solid cancers. A median of 18 years of life is lost per fatal cancer, including the time of latency since exposure. Nor should one forget benign condition such as cataracts that can lead to partial or complete blindness and which surely impair life's quality. METHODS: Simulated examinations were carried at the University Hospital (São Paulo, Brazil) using an anthropomorphic phantom in place of the physician. Four sets of dosimeters were placed in the forehead, neck, torso, and lower abdomen (with and without a lead apron) and standard ERCP fluoroscopic techniques were employed. RESULTS: The dose equivalents were calculated and compared to the recommended exposure doses of national and international boards of radiation protection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results found and compared to standards, working safely means: (1) A lead (0.5 mm thickness) apron is fundamental. Without it less than one ERCP\month should be performed. (2) With an apron, 23 examinations/month are allowed. (3) No thyroid protection grants only 19 exams/month. (4) Performing ERCP without lead glasses is hazardous to the eye, allowing only seven ERCPs monthly.

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde↗
PubMed1997

Convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for individual human body segments.

Human thermal physiological and comfort models will soon be able to simulate both transient and spatial inhomogeneities in the thermal environment. With this increasing detail comes the need for anatomically specific convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for the human body. The present study used an articulated thermal manikin with 16 body segments (head, chest, back, upper arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, upper legs, lower legs, feet) to generate radiative heat transfer coefficients as well as natural- and forced-mode convective coefficients. The tests were conducted across a range of wind speeds from still air to 5.0 m/s, representing atmospheric conditions typical of both indoors and outdoors. Both standing and seated postures were investigated, as were eight different wind azimuth angles. The radiative heat transfer coefficient measured for the whole-body was 4.5 W/m2 per K for both the seated and standing cases, closely matching the generally accepted whole-body value of 4.7 W/m2 per K. Similarly, the whole-body natural convection coefficient for the manikin fell within the mid-range of previously published values at 3.4 and 3.3 W/m2 per K when standing and seated respectively. In the forced convective regime, heat transfer coefficients were higher for hands, feet and peripheral limbs compared to the central torso region. Wind direction had little effect on convective heat transfers from individual body segments. A general-purpose forced convection equation suitable for application to both seated and standing postures indoors was hc = 10.3v0.6 for the whole-body. Similar equations were generated for individual body segments in both seated and standing postures.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed2004

Cervical muscle response to whiplash-type right anterolateral impacts.

Frontal impacts are a common cause of whiplash injury. Yet, volunteer studies of the cervical muscular response and head-neck kinematics to frontal impacts are uncommon, and specifically, the effect of an offset (anterolateral) frontal impact on the resultant muscle responses is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity frontal impacts offset by 45 degrees to the right, and to compare the quantitative effects of expected and unexpected impact. Ten healthy volunteers were subjected to frontal impacts, offset by 45 degrees to the subject's right, of 5.1-, 8.7-, 12-, and 13.7-m/s(2) peak acceleration at two levels of expectation: expected and unexpected. Bilateral electromyograms of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis were recorded. Triaxial accelerometers recorded the acceleration of the chair, torso at the shoulder level, and head of the participant. At a peak acceleration of 13.7 m/s(2), with an unexpected impact, the contralateral trapezius (i.e., left trapezius in a right anterolateral impact) generated 83% of its maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram, whereas all other muscles generated 50% or less of this variable. Although it generated less EMG, the splenius capitis muscle also tended to show an asymmetric EMG response, with the left (contralateral) splenius capitis generating a higher percentage (46%) of its maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram than the ipsilateral (right) splenius capitis. In comparison, the sternocleidomastoid muscles behaved symmetrically and generated 25% or less of this variable under all impact conditions. Similarly, the times to onset and times to peak electromyogram for the contralateral (left) splenius capitis and (left) trapezius progressively decreased with increasing levels of acceleration (p<0.01). Subjects exhibited lower levels of their maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram when the impact was expected (p<0.01). The kinetic variables and the electromyographic variables regressed significantly on the acceleration (p<0.01). In response to right anterolateral impacts, muscle responses were greater with higher levels of acceleration, and more specifically, when a frontal impact is offset to the subject's right, it results in not only increased EMG generation in the contralateral trapezius, but the splenius capitis contralateral to the direction of impact also bears part of the force of the neck pertubation. Expecting or being aware of imminent impact plays a role in reducing muscle responses in low-velocity anterolateral impacts.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1998

A method for morphometric study of the intercostal muscles by high-resolution ultrasound.

Besides their main function of assisting in breathing, the intercostal muscles also play an important role in maintaining the balance of forces acting on the thoracic cage including the thoracic spine. Since it is virtually impossible to conduct a morphometric evaluation of these muscles, a study was undertaken to standardize an ultrasound method for accurate determination of the area of the intercostal muscles and hence, indirectly, their function. In a pilot study, the area of the intercostal muscles was determined on the torso of a fresh specimen of a grown-up lamb, using high-resolution ultrasound and CT, and by direct measurements of the intercostal space at two points equidistant from the midline on the left and the right sides of the back of the specimen. The size of the intercostal muscles was determined either by tracing or from the perpendiculars of the area of the muscles both on sonographs and on CT scans. The results showed that measurements derived from the perpendiculars of the muscle area on the sonographs give better estimates than those derived from CT scans, and were in good accordance with the direct measurements of the corresponding intercostal space on the specimen. To evaluate the applicability of the method in vivo the area of the intercostal muscles at maximal inhalation and exhalation was determined in one adult person. It was found that measurements at maximal inhalation were more accurate than those taken at maximal exhalation. It is concluded that ultrasonography is a reliable, safe, easy to apply and high-resolution method for measurements of the area and, indirectly, of the activity of the intercostal muscles in humans, and that the measurements are more accurate at maximal inhalation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Lumbar spine stability can be augmented with an abdominal belt and/or increased intra-abdominal pressure.

The increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) commonly observed when the spine is loaded during physical activities is hypothesized to increase lumbar spine stability. The mechanical stability of the lumbar spine is an important consideration in low back injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies. This study examined the effects of raised IAP and an abdominal belt on lumbar spine stability. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) An increase in IAP leads to increased lumbar spine stability, (2) Wearing an abdominal belt increases spine stability. Ten volunteers were placed in a semi-seated position in a jig that restricted hip motion leaving the upper torso free to move in any direction. The determination of lumbar spine stability was accomplished by measuring the instantaneous trunk stiffness in response to a sudden load release. The quick release method was applied in isometric trunk flexion, extension, and lateral bending. Activity of 12 major trunk muscles was monitored with electromyography and the IAP was measured with an intra-gastric pressure transducer. A two-factor repeated measures design was used (P < 0.05), in which the spine stability was evaluated under combinations of the following two factors: belt or no belt and three levels of IAP (0, 40, and 80% of maximum). The belt and raised IAP increased trunk stiffness in all directions, but the results in extension lacked statistical significance. In flexion, trunk stiffness increased by 21% and 42% due to 40% and 80% IAP levels respectively; in lateral bending, trunk stiffness increased by 16% and 30%. The belt added between 9% and 57% to the trunk stiffness depending on the IAP level and the direction of exertion. In all three directions, the EMG activity of all 12 trunk muscles increased significantly due to the elevated IAP. The belt had no effect on the activity of any of the muscles with the exception of the thoracic erector spinae in extension and the lumbar erector spinae in flexion, whose activities decreased. The results indicate that both wearing an abdominal belt and raised IAP can each independently, or in combination, increase lumbar spine stability. However, the benefits of the belt must be interpreted with caution in the context of the decreased activation of a few trunk extensor muscles.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Decreased activities of daily living and associations with bone loss among aged residents in a rural Japanese community: the Miyama Study.

The present study aimed to clarify frequencies of decreased activities of daily living (ADL) and associations with rate of bone loss among inhabitants more than 60 years old in Miyama, a rural community in Japan. A cohort of 1543 inhabitants aged 40-79 years was established according to Miyama resident registrations in 1989. Men (n = 50) and women (n = 50) from each of two age strata between 60 and 79 years (N = 200) were selected from this cohort, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1990 (initial survey) and again in 1993, 1997, and 2000. Difficulties involving ADL were surveyed at every follow-up study. Of the 200 initial participants, 124 (57 men, 67 women; 62.0%) completed all BMD measurements and answered all items about ADL in the follow-up survey. The following items were investigated as a general indication of changes to ADL: reaching objects on a high shelf or cupboard (reaching); washing and drying the body (washing body); washing hair over a washbasin (washing hair); sitting for 1 h on a hard chair (sitting); raising the torso from a lying position in bed (raising); standing continuously for 30 min (standing); taking socks on and off the feet (taking socks); bending down from a seated position and picking up a small object at the side of the chair (bending); lifting heavy objects (lifting); and running 100 m without stopping (running). Among ADL items, the most frequent difficulties in men involved running (50.0%), followed by raising (30.6%), standing (27.1%), sitting (24.7%), and reaching (16.5%). In women, difficulties involved running (67.0%), followed by lifting (36.3%), standing (33.1%), reaching (30.8%), and sitting (23.6%). To evaluate relationships between decreased ADL and changes in BMD, annual rates of change for BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were compared to changes for each ADL item (2 grade decrease; 1 grade decrease; or no change). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was then performed on decreased ADL and annual bone changes after adjustment for age, concomitant disease (previous fractures, gastrectomy, diabetes mellitus, and renal dialysis at initial survey). In men, annual rates of change in BMD at the femoral neck over 10 years were significantly correlated with decreased abilities in bending (P = 0.046; R2 = 0.10). In women, annual rates of change in BMD at the lumbar spine over 10 years were significantly correlated with decreased abilities in reaching (P = 0.007; R2 = 0.25), and lifting (P = 0.014, R2 = 0.27), and those at the femoral neck were significantly correlated with decreased abilities in lifting (P = 0.001, R2 = 0.33).

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

The biology of hernias and the abdominal wall.

The fundamental mechanism for hernia formation is loss of the mechanical integrity of abdominal wall structural tissue that results in the inability to offset and contain intra-abdominal forces during valsalva and loading of the torso. There is evidence that genetic or systemic extracellular matrix disorders may predispose patients to hernia formation. There is also evidence that acute laparotomy wound failure leads to hernia formation and increases the risk of recurrent hernia disease. It may be that hernia formation is a heterogeneous disease, not unlike cancer, where one population of patients express an extracellular matrix defect leading to primary hernia disease, while other subsets of patients acquire a defective, chronic wound phenotype following failed laparotomy and hernia repairs. It is evident that an improved understanding of structural tissue matrix biology will lead to improved results following abdominal wall reconstructions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

How to image from head to pubis for blunt abdominal trauma using GE LightSpeed QX/i.

Multislice CT scanners can rapidly produce head-to-pubis images in multitrauma patients. This article summarizes the technical advances that distinguish multislice CT scanners from single-slice helical CT scanners. It is important to understand certain physical principles in order to use this powerful technology to maximum diagnostic advantage while keeping radiation doses at reasonable levels. The CT imaging protocol of our institution is presented along with a discussion of the rationale behind our protocol choices. One of the important advantages in using the total body CT approach is its ability to perform CT angiography of the aorta and multiplanar reformatted images of the spine from a single pass through the torso. Techniques for optimizing reformatted images conclude the article.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2003

Basaloid follicular hamartoma with trichoblastomatous proliferations.

BACKGROUND: Basaloid follicular hamartomas (BFH) are rare, benign, adnexal lesions with diverse clinical presentations. Previous studies documented BFHs with fibroepithelioma of Pinkus-like proliferations, or proliferations that resemble trichoepitheliomas. OBJECTIVE: We report on a patient with linear, unilateral BFH and extensive trichoblastomatous proliferations involving the right arm, torso, and leg. An 18-year-old female presented with multiple, hyperkeratotic, linear nodules and plaques limited to her right side from the shoulder to the leg. The lesions had existed since birth and gradually increased over time. RESULTS: The lesions contained hyperpigmented, exophytic nodules with acanthosis, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, focally associated with hyperkeratosis, and squamous eddies. Some areas contained trichoepithelioma-like proliferations, or large nodules of basaloid cells with numerous cystic spaces, marked hyperpigmentation, and melanophages. The diagnosis was linear, unilateral BFH with an unusual trichoblastomatous component. CONCLUSION: While trichoblastomatous proliferations could occur in a BFH, to our knowledge this finding has not been reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Familial bullous lichen planus (FBLP): Pedigree analysis and clinical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Familial bullous lichen planus (FBLP) is a rare condition. The clinical features dearly have been described. OBJECTIVE: We report the largest patient series of FBLP and describe its clinical characteristics and inheritance pattern. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, we analyzed nine consecutive familial pedigrees of FBLP with 36 affected individuals who presented to the Department of Dermatology at the Wuhan Union Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in central China. Parameters analyzed include age of onset, gender predilection, lesional distribution, nail and mucosal involvement, clinical course, and inheritance pattern. RESULTS: Thirty-six of 85 individuals in the nine families were affected (42.4%). Females were more likely to be affected than males (58.3% vs 35.7%, G(chi 2 = 3.99. P < 0.05). A bimodal disease onset was found, with one peak at 1-3 years and another at 13-17 years. The shin is the most commonly affected area (97%) followed by the upper limbs and the thighs. Involvement of the torso is relatively rare. Only a minority of cases involves the oral mucosa. The disease tends to follow a chronic and progressive course. The inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. CONCLUSION: Familial bullous lichen planus is a chronic, progressive bullous eruption of the lower and upper extremities. Compared with non familial bullous lichen planus, it has an earlier onset and wider disease distribution. It may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with variable penetrance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Application of the method of fundamental solutions to potential-based inverse electrocardiography.

Potential-based inverse electrocardiography is a method for the noninvasive computation of epicardial potentials from measured body surface electrocardiographic data. From the computed epicardial potentials, epicardial electrograms and isochrones (activation sequences), as well as repolarization patterns can be constructed. We term this noninvasive procedure Electrocardiographic Imaging (ECGI). The method of choice for computing epicardial potentials has been the Boundary Element Method (BEM) which requires meshing the heart and torso surfaces and optimizing the mesh, a very time-consuming operation that requires manual editing. Moreover, it can introduce mesh-related artifacts in the reconstructed epicardial images. Here we introduce the application of a meshless method, the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS) to ECGI. This new approach that does not require meshing is evaluated on data from animal experiments and human studies, and compared to BEM. Results demonstrate similar accuracy, with the following advantages: 1. Elimination of meshing and manual mesh optimization processes, thereby enhancing automation and speeding the ECGI procedure. 2. Elimination of mesh-induced artifacts. 3. Elimination of complex singular integrals that must be carefully computed in BEM. 4. Simpler implementation. These properties of MFS enhance the practical application of ECGI as a clinical diagnostic tool.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Construction of a three-dimensional outline of the heart and conduction pathway by means of a 64-channel magnetocardiogram in patients with atrial flutter and fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Magnetocardiography (MCG) has the potential for collecting three-dimensional (3D) intracardiac electric information, because the magnetic field is unaffected by the shape of the lungs and torso. In the present study, we report on the generation of a 3D heart outline and conduction pathway by means of a current density map using a 64-channel SQUID system, and an evaluation of its significance in patients with atrial flutter (AFL) and atrial fibrillation (AFIB). METHODS: The subjects consisted of 20 healthy volunteers, and 3 patients with AFL and 4 patients with AFIB. A 64-channel MCG was recorded after digitization at 500 Hz, and a 3D current density was reconstructed from the magnetic fields using a space filter in conjunction with the minimum normalization method of Tikhonov. A 3D heart outline was generated from the integrated current density by the space filter. The conduction pathway was superimposed on a heart outline generated by a magnetic field. The heart outline was verified by the silhouette on the magnetic resonance (MR) images. An MCG was recorded pre- and post interventional therapy, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS: The 3D heart outline of the atrium and ventricle corresponded to the silhouette of the right atrium and left ventricle, respectively, on an MR image. The serial conduction pathway of the QRS segment superimposed on the 3D heart outline map demonstrated the conduction pattern generated within the heart. The MCG revealed a counter-clockwise rotation in patients with AFL, and random micro-reentry in the case of AFIB. After interventional therapy, restoration of the sinus rhythm was verified in patients with both AFL and AFIB. CONCLUSIONS: A 64-channel MCG was used to evaluate the 3D heart outline and conduction pathway in patients with AFL and AFIB without the need for MR images. Condensed Abstract A 64-channel MCG was used to evaluate the 3D heart out line and conduction pathway in patients with AFL and AFIB.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The pulse in reflectance pulse oximetry: modeling and experimental studies.

OBJECTIVE: Reflectance pulse oximetry permits the use of alternative monitoring sites such as the face or torso, and is the approach commonly employed in fetal pulse oximetry systems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of assumptions about the nature of arterial pulsatility on the calibration of such systems. METHODS: Monte Carlo simulations of reflectance pulse oximetry were run on a six-layer tissue model, varying depth and magnitude of the arterial pulse. SpO2 readings on and off the femoral artery obtained during desaturation studies in newborn piglets were compared to predictions. Results. Monte Carlo simulation results clarified the difference between deep and shallow pulsatility found with photon diffusion models, agreeing with earlier in vivo observations. Significant overestimation of SpO2 <75% and slight underestimation >75% is expected if a sensor is placed on a highly pulsatile site. The on- and off-artery SpO2 readings recorded during desaturation in the newborn piglet follow the model predictions. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of reflectance pulse oximetry calibration to the depth and magnitude of arterial pulsatility reinforces the observation that monitoring site selection is of importance in optimizing reflectance pulse oximetry performance, particularly fetal pulse oximetry. Sites with palpable pulsatility should be avoided.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Development of a real-time three-dimensional spinal motion measurement system for clinical practice.

This paper presents an inertial based sensing system for real-time three-dimensional measurement of human spinal motion, in a portable and non-invasive manner. Applications of the proposed system range from diagnosis of spine injury to postural monitoring, on-field as well as in the lab setting. The system is comprised of three inertial measurement sensors, respectively attached and calibrated to the head, torso and hips, based on the subject's anatomical planes. Sensor output is transformed into meaningful clinical parameters of rotation (twist), flexion-extension and lateral bending of each body segment, with respect to calibrated global reference space. Modeling the spine as a compound flexible pole model allows dynamic measurement of three-dimensional spine motion, which can be animated and monitored in real-time using our interactive GUI. The accuracy of the proposed sensing system has been verified with subject trials using a VICON optical motion measurement system. Experimental results indicate an error of less than 3.1 degrees in segment orientation tracking.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Abdominal wall injuries: rectus abdominis strains, oblique strains, rectus sheath hematoma.

Abdominal wall injuries are reported to be less common than actually perceived by sports medicine practitioners. National Collegiate Athletic Association injury statistics for 2004-2005 cite a high of 0.71 abdominal muscle injuries per 1000 player-hours in wrestling competition to a low of 0.01 injuries per 1000 player-hours in autumn football practices. British professional soccer clubs reported an incidence of "torso" injuries of up to 7% of all injuries over the course of several seasons. Injury definition is most likely the explanation for this discrepancy. The abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, and transverse abdominis) are injured by direct blows to the abdomen or by sudden or repetitive trunk movement, either rotation or flexion/extension. With the exception of the rare rectus sheath hematoma that does not self-tamponade, the treatment for these problems is nonoperative with symptoms guiding rehabilitation and return to play decisions.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1986

Protective level of safety harnesses combined with some racing car seats in frontal impacts--a laboratory study.

As a basis for a prospective modification of the present seat-belt regulation in Sweden, the protective level of safety harnesses compared with three-point belts has been studied. Biomechanical tests were carried out with different combinations of belts and seats. The results showed that a three-point belt on a conventional seat offered the best protection in frontal impacts. The geometry of the safety harness (inverted Y-harness and four-point belt) induces the lap belt to slide over the iliac crest and the restraining force will be on the abdomen (submarining). This may be prevented by the use of a six-point belt, where two crotch straps keep the lap belt in position. The safety harness induces strong rebounds on the head, owing to the fact that the shoulder straps stop the forward motion of the torso too fast. High accelerations and HIC-values were registered for the head. The shoulder straps of the safety harnesses also expose the wearer's shoulders and spine to high stresses in frontal impacts, which may induce injuries to the shoulders and compression injuries to the spine. Various solutions which may result in an increase of the protective level of the system safety harness and racing-car seat in frontal impacts are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗