The classification of mental diseases in the Ottoman medical manuscripts.
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The authors give an overview on the present role of the 7th Edition of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia in the assurance of the good quality of medicines in Hungary. The reasons for the more and more limited applicability of the pharmacopoeia conflicting with its legal validity are shown for the most important groups of medicines. The authors, members of the presidium of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia Commission, outline the future face and the timing of the publication of the 8th edition of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia, which is intended to consist of the translations of the general chapters and monographs of the 3rd and 4th Editions of European Pharmacopoeia as well as of the so called national volume with monographs not included in the EP but harmonized with its general chapters. The impact of the new pharmacopoeia on the different fields of pharmacy and the necessary measures to be taken to make the switch-over from Ph. Hg. VII to Ph. Hg. VIII as smooth as possible are also summarised in the paper.
The Foundational Model (FM) of anatomy, developed as an anatomical enhancement of UMLS, classifies anatomical entities in a structural context. Explicit definitions have played a critical role in the establishment of FM classes. Essential structural properties that distinguish a group of anatomical entities serve as the differentiate for defining classes. These, as well as other structural attributes, are introduced as template slots in Protégé, a frame-based knowledge acquisition system, and are inherited by descendants of the class. A set of desiderata has evolved during the instantiation of the FM for formulating definitions. We contend that 1. these desiderata generalize to non-anatomical domains and 2. satisfying them in constituent vocabularies of UMLS would enhance the quality of information retrievable through UMLS.
Morphea is a frequently mild, benign, and self-limiting skin disease with a less than 1% reported chance of progressing to systemic scleroderma. Morphea is a sufficient and less terrifying name for these disorders than localized scleroderma.
As given the abundance of information on the human genome which as accumulated over the two past decades, the necessity of harmonizing the rules of nomenclature for human genes and mutations has become a demand of the scientific community. Indeed, the estimated number of human genes is about 35,000, and the number of mutations might be of the order of several millions. The purpose of this article is to present the recommendations for human gene nomenclature published by the HGNC (human gene nomenclature committee), as well as the main databases in which the reader may find or check the correct denomination of a human gene or mutation.
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Children with attention deficits have been known since the beginning of the last century. Untreated children have a poor prognosis. This paper reviews the diagnostic criteria and the problems there still are with the diagnoses. There are two official diagnostic systems, ICD-10 and DSM-IV, both have descriptive and general diagnostic criteria. There are no independent valid tests, but the last two years have seen recommendations from the USA and UK for a more thorough diagnostic assessment. For the diagnosis of DAMP, as it is used in Sweden, there are no proper scientific studies. More specific criteria are described in a Danish reference programme for children with DAMP.
The Japanese Pharmacopoeia standardizes a Chinese crude drug "Bou-i" as the woody stem of Sinomenium acutum Rherder et Wilson of the family Menispermaceae. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia writes about the same drug under the name of "Fang-ji". The present herbological studies resulted in learning that the original written character for this drug is in China. The ancient Japanese misread it as "--" because of confusion between "--" and "--" in old Chinese herbals. The reason for changing "--" to "--" in China is presumed to be because the pronunciation of these characters changed in the Yuan dynasty, to "--" from "zi" to "si", and to "--" from "ki" to "tsi." That is, the original name "Fang-ji," written in today's Chinese phonetic symbols, can be used without big changes by switching the character from "--" to "--".
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The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is in the process of developing and issuing a series of guidance documents on electronic records and signatures requirements. This article discusses two recently published FDA guidance documents: validation requirements for electronic records and signatures and a glossary of terms. It also highlights the need for industry to provide comments on these documents to FDA.
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