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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The Drosophila Pox neuro gene: control of male courtship behavior and fertility as revealed by a complete dissection of all enhancers.

We have dissected the entire cis-regulatory region of the Drosophila Pox neuro gene with regard to its enhancers, and have analyzed their functions by the selective addition to Pox neuro null mutant flies of one or several functions, each regulated by a complete or partial enhancer. We have identified at least 15 enhancers with an astounding complexity in arrangement and substructure that regulate Pox neuro functions required for the development of the peripheral and central nervous system and of most appendages. Many of these functions are essential for normal male courtship behavior and fertility. Two enhancers regulate the development of the penis, claspers and posterior lobes of male genitalia. Three enhancers, two of which overlap, control the development of chemosensory bristles in the labellum, legs and wings, some or all of which are required for the transmission of gustatory signals elicited by female pheromones. An additional enhancer regulates in the developing brain the connectivity of two specific neuronal clusters entrusted with processing olfactory pheromone signals from the antennal nerve. Finally, functions crucial for the ability of the male to copulate depend on an enhancer that activates Pox neuro expression in the embryonic ventral cord. In addition to these male courtship and fertility functions of Pox neuro, we have identified enhancers that regulate: (1) proper segmentation of tarsal segments in the leg disc and in homologous segments of the antennal disc; and (2) proper development of the wing hinge and hence the ability of the fly to fly.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

[Misogyny in the nursing world? A historical overview].

Through history, there have been men and women who have cared for injured warriors, attended to expectant mothers, cared for those most unprotected or attended to the health of children and sick older people. This is a fact which the History of Nursing does not ignore. Nonetheless, it is no less certain that since their origins, surgical practices and therapeutic specialties in the hands of men have enjoyed an enormous social recognition while those treatment practices and care tasks which have women as their main protagonists frequently fall into a forgotten and silent place. Now the question is to what is due such an asymmetric and sexual evaluation of these tasks? How are these differences among men and women and among doctors and nurses expressed and explained? Basically these are viewed through a dense network of images, symbols and social stereotypes which codify their behaviors, regulate their activities, prescribe their expectations and construct their tastes. All this is a subtle, polymorphic strategy for androcentric normalization of feminine reality which, as is to be expected, does not escape being designated as specific roles for female caretakers either. The authors examine the Florence Nightingale model to ascertain whether or not this model is capable to overcome, eliminate or transform some of the androcentric patterns described in the previous article or, to the contrary, whether or not these patterns still persevere and are transmitted to present day, even though only in a deceptive manner.

Female↗
PubMed1988

[Effect of the incorporation of additives on the aging of corn starch gels and "arepas"].

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of the incorporation of various additives on the ageing of corn starch and arepas. Starches were extracted from the endosperm of degerminated corn by a wet milling process, and its retrogradation, with or without the incorporation of additives was evaluated using the Brabender amilograph and by measuring the viscosity changes of the starch gels through time, using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT. The most effective additives in retarding the rate of ageing of starch gels, were used in the arepas. Likewise, trained panelists were utilized to find the levels of the additives incorporated in the arepas, by running taste threshold tests for each one of the additives. Textural changes of the arepas--maintained at two different storage temperatures, 9 degrees and 23 degrees C--were evaluated using an Instron texturometer. Preliminary tests with the corn starch allowed to choose the following additives: distilled monoglicerides, guar gum and hydrogenated vegetable oil. The effect of 15 different combinations of these additives on the texture of arepas was then studied, and findings revealed that only three of them were able to totally revert the retrogradation process, and maintain the hardness and elasticity within the expected range of a fresh-made arepa, when this is reheated until reaching a maximum temperature of 49 degrees C. A 66% of the hardening of the arepas prepared without additives can be reverted with the reheating process, but only if the product has not suffered dehydration. When stored for 24 hours at room temperature, unpacked arepas have a surface moisture loss of 47%, and even if reheated, hardening becomes irreversible in 84.6% of them.

Food Additives↗
PubMed1993

Neuropsychopharmacological profile in rodents of SR 57746A, a new, potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist.

The effect of the 5-HT1A agonist SR 57746A (1-[2-(naphth-2-yl) ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl))-1,2,5,6 tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride), was evaluated in a variety of psychopharmacological tests in rodents. In the approach-avoidance conflict test in rats, orally administered SR 57746A significantly increased punished responding at doses as low as 3 mg/kg, while unpunished responding was only reduced at 30 mg/kg. SR 57746A was active for at least 4 hours in this test. SR 57746A significantly antagonised the lithium-induced taste aversion in rats at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg po. In staircase test in mice, SR 57746A reduced rearing at doses which did not reduce the number of steps climbed. In the two-compartment exploratory model in mice, SR 57746A increased the latency to the first entry into the dark compartment (at 2 to 8 mg/kg po), and reduced the time spent in the dark compartment (at 8 mg/kg po), but had no effect on the total number of transitions. SR 57746A potently reduced aggressive behaviour in isolated mice, the dose of 1 mg/kg po produced over 80% inhibition of fighting in this test. SR 57746A was also active in the behavioural despair test of depression in mice and rats, and reversed learned helpless behaviour in rats. SR 57746A was also active in the behavioural despair test of depression in mice and rats, and reversed learned helpless behaviour in rats. SR 57746A dose-dependently generalised to the cue produced by 8-OH-DPAT in rats, but produced only a very weak serotonergic syndrome. Like 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, SR 57746A reduced body temperature in mice, but only at a high dose (10 mg/kg po). SR 57746A reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats with an ED50 of 3.85 mg/kg po, but was unable to antagonise the stereotypy induced by apomorphine in this species. SR 57746A was inactive or only very weakly active in a series of tests typical of benzodiazepine-like activity, including antagonism of pentetrazol-induced seizures, reduction of muscle tone and locomotor activity, impairment of motor co-ordination, and potentiation of the effects of centrally-acting sedative-hypnotics. SR 57746A was also inactive as an analgesic in the PBQ writhing test. Thus, SR 57746A is active in a number of tests indicative of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in vivo, and, more particularly, in a number of tests predictive of anxiolytic, anti-aggressive and antidepressant activities. SR 57746A is as potent as diazepam in anxiolytic tests, and more potent than imipramine in antidepressant tests, whereas it is devoid of neuroleptic potential. In view of this profile of activity, SR 57746A merits evaluation as a potential anxiolytic and antidepressant in humans.

Aggression↗
PubMed1988

Migration selectivity and the effects of public programs.

"A model of the spatial distribution of mobile heterogeneous agents is formulated to assess how a price change or program subsidy that is location-specific affects the composition of local residents via selective migration and thus biases evaluations of the effectiveness of the program based on its local consequences. Longitudinal data from Colombia are used to test the implications of migration selectivity. The findings confirm the existence of selective migration, suggesting that local subsidies to human capital attract high-income but, within income groups, low-fertility households and those with low human capital endowments. These migration patterns are shown to be consistent with the dominance of endowment over tastes heterogeneity in the population under plausible behavioral assumptions."

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Antecedents and consequences of expectations related to fat-free and regular-fat foods.

Hedonic and sensory expectations related to fat-free and regular-fat pound cake, crackers and American cheese were studied with 97 subjects divided into three subgroups, each testing one type of product. Four study phases were separated by 1-month intervals: (1) a questionnaire on demographics, dietary practices and consumption of the test products, (2) intensity ratings of sensory attributes and ratings of liking of unlabeled fat-free and regular-fat samples, (3) ratings of expected attribute intensities and liking in response to product labels of "fat-free" and "regular", and subsequent ratings of these samples and (4) phase 3 repeated with opposite (incorrect) labels. Fat-free products were expected to be less liked than their regular counterparts; however, only cheese was less liked in actual taste tests. Expected liking was best predicted by familiarity with the product and, in the case of fat-free products, by the extent to which a person substituted low-fat for high-fat foods. Actual liking was best predicted by the effect of labeling and by expectations. The expected intensities of sensory attributes were uniformly higher in regular than in fat-free products. Both sensory and hedonic ratings of labeled samples changed in the direction of expectations, as compared to baseline values, supporting an assimilation model of the effect of disconfirmed expectations on sensory perception and consumer acceptance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Physicochemical properties accounting for cheese texture.

Perception of texture is a complex dynamic series of events which cannot be modelled easily by physicochemical measurements. Results using cheese analogues suggest that moisture and fat are key components in determining texture because they soften the protein matrix and provide weaknesses through which the cheeses fracture. These characteristics are sensed as firmness and work during chewing. Possible models are proposed for further investigation of the tactile determinants of cognitive mechanics involved in cheese texture description.

Cheese↗
PubMed2003

Quality assessment of strawberries (Fragaria species).

Several cultivars of strawberries (Fragaria sp.), grown under different conditions, were analyzed by both sensory and instrumental methods. The overall appreciation, as expressed by consumers, was mainly reflected by attributes such as sweetness and aroma. No strong correlation was obtained with odor, acidity, juiciness, or firmness. The sensory quality of strawberries can be assessed with a good level of confidence by measuring the total sugar level ( degrees Brix) and the total amount of volatile compounds. Sorting out samples using the score obtained with a hedonic test (called the "hedonic classification method") allowed the correlation between consumers' appreciation and instrumental data to be considerably strengthened. On the basis of the results obtained, a quality model was proposed. Quantitative GC-FID analyses were performed to determine the major aroma components of strawberries. Methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, and linalool were identified as the most important compounds for the taste and aroma of strawberries.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2000

Grain processing and nutrition.

Whole grains provide a wide range of nutrients and phytochemicals that optimize health. Epidemiologic studies support the protectiveness of whole grain consumption for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Dietary guidance endorses increased whole grains in our diet. A crucial question remaining is the effect of processing of whole grains on their content of nutrients and phytochemicals. Although processing is often considered to be a negative attribute in nutrition, and some forms of processing reduce nutritional value, many factors support the importance of processing of grains to enhance grain consumption. First, whole grains as harvested are generally not consumed directly by humans but require some processing prior to consumption. While refining, that is, removal of the bran and the germ, reduces the nutrient content of grain, milling of grains otherwise concentrates desirable grain components and removes poorly digested compounds and contaminants. Cooking of grains generally increases digestibility of nutrients and phytochemicals. Studies in both animal models and humans support the notion that processed grains are often nutritionally superior to unprocessed grains, probably because of enhanced nutrient bioavailability in processed grains. Processing of grains also provides shelf-stable products that are convenient and good tasting for consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Grain processing and nutrition.

Whole grains provide a wide range of nutrients and phytochemicals that optimize health. Epidemiologic studies support the protectiveness of whole grain consumption for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Dietary guidance endorses increased whole grains in our diet. A crucial question remaining is the effect of processing of whole grains on their content of nutrients and phytochemicals. Although processing is often considered to be a negative attribute in nutrition, and some forms of processing reduce nutritional value, many factors support the importance of processing of grains to enhance grain consumption. First, whole grains as harvested are generally not consumed directly by humans but require some processing prior to consumption. While refining, that is, removal of the bran and the germ, reduces the nutrient content of grain, milling of grains otherwise concentrates desirable grain components and removes poorly digested compounds and contaminants. Cooking of grains generally increases digestibility of nutrients and phytochemicals. Studies in both animal models and humans support the notion that processed grains are often nutritionally superior to unprocessed grains, probably because of enhanced nutrient bioavailability in processed grains. Processing of grains also provides shelf-stable products that are convenient and good tasting for consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ethanol intake-reducing effects of ipsapirone in rats are not due to simple stimulus substitution.

The present series of experiments was conducted to investigate whether the previously reported ethanol intake reducing effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone could be based on possible stimulus similarities between both compounds. Rats were trained to discriminate ethanol (12.5% w/v, 1000 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced drug discrimination (DD) procedure. Discrimination criterion was reached after a mean number of training sessions of 42. In subsequent generalization sessions, a dose-response curve was established for ethanol (125-1000 mg/kg, IP, ED50 value: 355 mg/kg). In additional cross-generalization tests with ipsapirone (1-30 mg/kg, IP), stimulus substitution for the ethanol cue was not noted (maximal degree of generalization: 33%, at 10 and 30 mg/kg). To confirm the DD findings that ipsapirone does not substitute for ethanol, an alternative cross-familiarization conditioned taste aversion paradigm (CF-CTA) was utilized. In rats, 1000 mg/kg IP ethanol was used as the reference drug producing a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). It was found that preexposure to ethanol (500-1500 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently attenuates the CTA produced by this same drug. Full familiarization was noted with 1000 and 1500 mg/kg. In contrast with this, ipsapirone (1-30 mg/kg, IP) failed to abolish ethanol-induced CTA, suggesting again that the ipsapirone stimulus complex is dissimilar to that produced by ethanol. Because the present findings indicate that, in rats, ipsapirone does not substitute for ethanol, it is suggested that the reported ethanol intake-reducing effects of ipsapirone in animal models of alcoholism are not due to simple stimulus substitution.

Alcohol Deterrents↗
PubMed1977

Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol: an approach to an animal model of alcoholism. III. Some physical and behavioral measures.

The results of selective breeding for differential impairment of motor activity after alcohol injection is shown for the first 13 generations of the LA and MA rat strains. In F13 rats, the mean decrement of activity after 1.5 g ethanol per kg i/p. is 90% for MA rats and 42% for LA rats, the strain difference significant at a "p" of 1.8 x 10(-11). Blood alcohol levels, body weight, litter size, organ weights and induction of taste aversion to alcohol and lithium chloride are described for these strains in various of the generations. Although strain differences are apparent on some of these measures, none are of a degree or kind which offers more than a speculative explanation of the large difference between the strains in their central nervous system sensitivity to alcohol.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences. Studies with animal models.

This chapter reviews findings, mainly obtained from the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) line of rats, on (a) the development of alcohol drinking during the peri-adolescent period, (b) neurobiological factors that may contribute to adolescent drinking, (c) interventions to prevent alcohol drinking during adolescence, and (d) some long-lasting consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking. The findings indicate that P rats readily initiate alcohol drinking during the early post-weaning, adolescent and peri-adolescent periods of development. The early age-of-onset of alcohol drinking in the P compared to the NP line is associated with (a) higher densities of serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptors in cerebral cortical and hippocampal regions; (b) lower densities of dopamine (DA) D2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); (c) higher functional activity in several limbic, cortical and hippocampal regions; and (d) sensitivity to the low-dose stimulating effect of ethanol. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training during adolescence produces long-term effects on preventing high alcohol drinking behavior of P rats. Alcohol drinking during peri-adolescence by P rats produces long-lasting effects that increase the acquisition of ethanol self-administration in adulthood, and, in addition, increase craving-like behavior and the potential for alcohol relapse. With suitable animal models, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences can be attained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Modeling the effect of alcohol on smoking lapse behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this project was to examine the role of alcohol use in smoking lapse behavior, as alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for poor smoking cessation outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have developed a novel human laboratory model to examine two primary aspects of alcohol-mediated tobacco relapse: (1) Does alcohol facilitate the initiation of the first cigarette? (2) Once the first cigarette is initiated, does alcohol facilitate subsequent smoking? Using a within-subject design, 16 daily smokers who were also heavy social drinkers received a priming drink (0.03 g/dl or taste-masked placebo) and then had the option of initiating a tobacco self-administration session or delaying initiation by 5-min increments for up to 50 min in exchange for monetary reinforcement. Subsequently, the tobacco self-administration session consisted of a 1-h period in which subjects could choose to smoke their preferred brand of cigarettes using a smoking topography system or receive monetary reinforcement for cigarettes not smoked. Alcohol craving, tobacco craving, subjective reactivity to alcohol, and nicotine withdrawal were assessed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that after consuming the alcohol beverage, subjects were less able to resist the first cigarette and initiated their smoking sessions sooner, and smoked more cigarettes compared to the placebo beverage. These findings have implications for smoking cessation in alcohol drinkers and model development to assess smoking lapse behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The delayed effects of phencyclidine (PCP) disrupt latent inhibition in a conditioned taste aversion paradigm.

The acute effects of a low dose of phencyclidine (PCP) and the delayed effects of a high dose of PCP on latent inhibition (LI) were assessed in a series of experiments using conditioned taste aversion paradigms. Each paradigm involved a preexposure phase in which water-deprived male rats were allowed access to either water (nonpreexposed; NPE) or 5% sucrose (preexposed; PE), followed by a conditioning phase in which animals were allowed access to sucrose and subsequently injected with the negative reinforcer lithium chloride, and a test phase in which animals were allowed access to both sucrose and water. LI was assessed by comparing the %-sucrose consumed in PE and NPE groups on the test day. The effects of low-dose PCP (2.5 mg/kg) were assessed by comparing LI in animals treated with vehicle or PCP 15 min prior to the onset of the preexposure and conditioning phases. A 4-day paradigm involved 2 days of preexposure followed by a day of conditioning and a test day. This paradigm produced comparable levels of LI in vehicle and PCP-treated animals. A 5-day extinction paradigm involved 2 days of preexposure followed by 2 days of conditioning and a test day. This paradigm abolished LI in vehicle and PCP-treated animals. A 3-day paradigm involved 1 day of preexposure followed by a day of conditioning and a test day. One day of preexposure induced a modified LI effect in both in vehicle and PCP-treated animals. The delayed effects of high dose PCP (8.6 mg/kg) were assessed by comparing LI in animals treated with vehicle or PCP 20 h prior to the onset of the preexposure and conditioning phases in the 4-day paradigm. PCP disrupted latent inhibition in this paradigm. The results are discussed in the context of their relevance to the ability for PCP to model schizophrenic symptomatology.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evidence for a female-specific effect of a chromosome 4 locus on anxiety-related behaviors and ethanol drinking in rats.

Previous studies using the inbred rat strains Lewis (LEW) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) led to the mapping of two quantitative trait loci, named Ofil1 (on chromosome 4 of the rat) and Ofil2 (on chromosome 7), for open-field inner locomotion, a behavioral index of anxiety. Studies using other strains showed that the region next to Ofil1 influences measures of not only anxiety but also ethanol consumption. In view of the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and alcoholism, as well as the comorbidity between them, the present study was designed to better characterize the contribution of these two loci to complex emotional and consummatory responses. Rats deriving from an F2 intercross between the LEW and the SHR strains were selected according to their genotype at markers flanking the loci Ofil1 and Ofil2 and bred to obtain lines of rats homozygous LEW/LEW or SHR/SHR for each of the two loci, thus generating four genotypic combinations. These selected animals as well as purebred LEW and SHR rats of both sexes were submitted to a battery of tests including measures of locomotor activity, anxiety, sweet and bitter taste reinforcement and ethanol intake. Lewis rats displayed more anxiety-like behavior and less ethanol intake than SHR rats. Ofil1 (on chromosome 4) affected both the activity in the center of the open field and ethanol drinking in females only. These results suggest that Ofil1 contains either linked genes with independent influences on anxiety-related responses and ethanol drinking or a pleiotropic gene with simultaneous effects on both traits.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

B-HT 920 stimulates feeding and antagonizes anorexia induced by ACTH and immobilisation.

The influence of immobilisation and i.c.v. injection of ACTH on feeding in rats was examined using a new experimental model. An X-maze with alternate open and covered arms, each baited with standard laboratory chow was used, where individual rats were placed and observed for 5 min. Two essential aspects of the behaviour towards food were considered, namely, tasting and feeding. A number of parameters were applied to demonstrate the anorectic activity of ACTH and immobilisation, in accordance with data obtained using classical procedures for feeding analysis. ACTH at the dose used did not modify rat exploratory activity and grooming in the X-maze without food pellets. In the same X-maze feeding test, B-HT 920, a selective agonist of dopamine D2 receptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, shown earlier to have anxiolytic- and antidepressive-like properties in rats, enhanced appetite and exerted anxiolytic activity when injected i.p. Pretreatment with B-HT 920 counteracted the restraint- and ACTH-induced effects. The results are discussed in the light of the relation between control of feeding and affective disorders. B-HT 920 activity seems to be of particular interest in view of its antagonism towards the anorexia elicited by two different agents reputed to have in common a key role in the stress-related disturbances of food intake.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗