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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Scrub typhus in Himalayas.

Himachal Pradesh state of India is situated in the outer Himalayan ranges. During the rainy season, several cases of acute febrile illness of unknown origin occurred. Orientia tsutsugamushi was identified as the causative agent by microimmunofluorescence and PCR. Two new genotypes of O. tsutsugamushi were identified in the region.

Fever↗
PubMed1989

Application of serologic diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Korea where the disease was recently recognized to be endemic.

In Korea, tsutsugamushi disease is a recently recognized infection. It has become clear that it is more prevalent than leptospirosis or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Accurate diagnosis of the disease is necessary for the selection of effective antimicrobial agents which can prevent fatalities and shorten the course. For the diagnosis, various serologic tests are used. Sensitivity and specificity of a test depend on various factors. In this report, microbiological aspects of the infection were briefly described and the Weil-Felix, indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase tests were compared for their applicability in routine use and usefulness in the diagnosis. Their interpretations were also briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Epizootiology of epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) in flying squirrels.

Vector transmission of Rickettsia prowazekii among wild flying squirrels, Glaucomys volans, was suggested by the occurrence of natural infection of squirrel lice and fleas. Lice, mostly Neohaematopinus sciuropteri Osburn, were found infected in the fall in each of 2 consecutive years; 4 of the 8 pools of this insect tested were infected. Fleas, Orchopeas howardii (Baker), were found infected on two occasions in 1 of the 2 consecutive years. However, only 2 of 14 flea pools were infected. No evidence of infection was found in mites, Haemogamasus reidi Ewing and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Berlese). These findings implicate the flying squirrel louse and flea as possible vectors in nature. Serologic tests of flying squirrel sera revealed a maximum incidence of seroconversions in the fall and early winter months, coincident with the maximum increase in abundance of the suspected arthropod vectors. The infection was found to persist form year to year in the same enzootic foci. Infection appeared to spread most rapidly in young, non-immune animals born in the preceding spring and summer after congregating in dense aggregations in the fall. No other animals in the same habitat were found to have been infected. Aspects of the ecology of the ectoparasites associated with the flying squirrels are described, especially seasonal activity and abundance in nests. The potential public health importance of this sylvan disease in flying squirrels and in its ectoparasites, particularly the non-host specific, wide ranging squirrel flea, is noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Scrub typhus in the Eastern Solomon Islands and Northern Vanuatu (New Hebrides).

Rickettsia tsutsugmushi has been isolated from Rattus rattus from Vanua Lava island in Northern Vanuatu (New Hebrides) and from R. exulans and Leptotrombidium akamushi on Ndende island in the Eastern Solomon Islands. The well-known vector mite L. deliense was found on Mota Lava and Vanua Lava in Vanuatu, but no isolation was made from pools of this mite. Serology confirms that R. tsutsugamushi infects humans in the Banks group of islands in Northern Vanuatu and that infection is much more widespread in the Solomon Islands than the limited isolations indicate.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Transmission of murine typhus rickettsiae by Xenopsylla cheopis, with notes on experimental infection and effects of temperature.

In studies on experimental infection of Rickettsia mooseri (= R. typhi) in Xenopsylla cheopis and laboratory rats, it was found that 10 days after the infectious feeding, the fleas were voiding feces that were infective to rats upon inoculation. The feces remained infective for at least the duration of the experiment, and a quantity as small as 0.2 micrograms of feces would result in seroconversion of 67% of the rats upon inoculation. Fleas were capable of transmitting the infection to rats as early as seven days after feeding on rickettsemic rats, but the rate of transmission was much higher late in the course of rickettsial development in the flea, e.g., virtually 100% by day 17. Fleas transmitted R. mooseri infection even when they fed on the host for a maximum of 30 min and were removed from the rats at least 25 min before they could be expected to deposit any feces. These and other data suggest that R. mooseri may be transmitted by X. cheopis by the feeding process, and not merely through contact with infective feces or crushed fleas. The ambient temperature had a profound effect upon rickettsial growth in the fleas. At 18 degrees C, the rickettsial content of the fleas was below detectable levels for at least ten days and remained low throughout, whereas at 24 degrees C and 30 degrees C the rickettsial titer was consistently two or three times greater. However, if, after six days, the fleas were transferred from an environment of 18 degrees C to one at 24 degrees C or 30 degrees C, the rickettsial growth increased by two or three logs within one week.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Suppression of Rickettsia typhi transmission in fleas maintained on murine typhus-immune rats.

The presence of host antibodies against Rickettsia typhi in the hemolymph of Xenopsylla cheopis fed on immune rats was studied using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The time course experiment revealed that antibody to R. typhi appears in the flea hemolymph after 18 hr exposure to host and persists for 24 hr. IFA tests utilizing specific antisera to rat IgG (Fc) and rat IgG (Fab) fragments, indicate that some unaltered rat IgG to R. typhi were present in the hemolymph of immune fed fleas. Host antibody to R. typhi was detected on the surface of the rickettsiae in the flea hemolymph and gut contents by IFA. Maintenance of infected fleas on immune host had no significant effect on the establishment and subsequent growth of rickettsiae within the fleas. However, 19-22 day infected fleas maintained on immune hosts failed to transmit R. typhi to baby rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Short report: prevalence of antibodies against spotted fever, murine typhus, and Q fever rickettsiae in humans living in Zambia.

The causative agents of rickettsial diseases (Rickettsia conorii, R. typhi, and Coxiella burnetii) have been reported throughout the African continent. However, there have been no reports on epidemiologic surveys of these infections in Zambia. This study was designed to clarify the prevalence of three rickettsioses in 377 humans in Zambia. The seroprevalence of antibodies against R. conorii, R. typhi, and C. burnetii was 16.7%, 5.0%, and 8.2%, respectively. The rates of antibody positivity against R. conorii and C. burnetii were higher in the eastern (23.1% and 11.8%) and western (16.8% and 7.4%) areas of Zambia than in the northern (3.0% and 3.0%) area of this country. There was little difference among the three areas in the distribution of antibodies against R. typhi. Since cattle breeding is more extensive in the western and eastern areas than in the northern area, it is thought that cattle-breeding areas are foci of R. conorii and C. burnetii infections in Zambia.

Adolescent↗