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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Estimation of number of follicles, volume of colloid and inner follicular surface area in the thyroid gland of rats.

Volume is an important variable in assessing the growth and involution of the thyroid gland. The functional unit in the thyroid is the follicle, which consists of thyrocytes surrounding colloid. The size of a follicle depends on the number of cells and the amount of colloid. These are interchangeable and vary according to biological activity. Direct measurements of these variables provide information on structures involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, storage and secretion, and also on changes at the morphological and functional levels. Stereological methods are developed to obtain information on three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional sections and to achieve information on an entire organ by examining a minor part of it. Full-grown male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to develop a set of methods relying on unbiased stereological principles to determine the number of follicles, the total volume of colloid and the inner follicular surface area in the thyroid gland. The total volume of colloid was positively correlated (P < 0.021) with the number of follicles and the inner follicular surface area (P < 0.002) but not to the mean volume of colloid in each follicle. Thus under physiological conditions an increase in the total volume of colloid is associated with an increased number of follicles with a constant size distribution rather than a larger volume of colloid in each follicle. This implies that under physiological conditions there is equilibrium in the size distribution of the volume of colloid in each follicle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cancer of the thyroid gland and its treatment].

The authors analyzed data concerning 322 patients suffering from carcinoma of the thyroid gland subjected to complex therapy. Both immediate and remote results were traced. A conclusion was drawn that objective assessment of the clinical manifestation of the disease and comparison with the results of the auxiliary methods of studies permitted to diagnose carcinoma of the thyroid gland in the great majority of the patients. The macroscopic picture of the removed tissue and express biopsy aided the diagnosis. Treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid gland should be complex. The leading role is played by thyroidectomy or resection of the gland. Depending on the patient's age, the extent of spread of the tumour and its morphological structure it is of expedience to combine surgical treatment with isotopic therapy, hormone- and chemotherapy.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1984

[The thyroid gland, the parathyroid gland and the skin].

Hormones of the thyroid gland (thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine) control the metabolism of cells and tissue of the body, while parathormone and calcitonine are balancing the intra- and extracellular levels of calcium and phosphorus by governing some metabolic functions of bones, kidney and small intestine. Growth, maturation and metabolic homeostasis of the organism depend, among other intrinsic factors, on a normal production and secretory rate of both thyroidal and parathyroidal hormones. Clinical conditions of hyperthyroidism induce 1. increased metabolic turnover of the body with transcutaneous heat loss, 2. disordered growth of hairs and nails, 3. hyperpigmentation of skin, 4. pruritus with or without urticaria. Pretibial (usually symmetrical) myxedema may be associated with conditions of either hyper- or hypothyroidism (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis); if combined with bilateral exophthalmus and acropachyderma of fingers and toes, it is called Diamond syndrome, or E.M.O. syndrome. In hypothyroidism, the skin feels chilly and dry, looks pale, and may present follicular keratoses with or without secondary eczema. The hair appears dull and sparse due to disordered anagen phase. Skin wounds heal with delay. Diffuse myxedema originates in the papillary and periadnexal connective tissue and eventually extends to the dermis as a whole. Clinical conditions of hyperparathyroidism rarely cause secondary calcification of the skin; they may induce severe pruritus, particularly in secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure. Impetigo herpetiformis or generalized pustular psoriasis, resp., may be set off by excessive surgical removal of the goiter. Congenital maldevelopment of both thymus and parathyroid gland leads to cellular immune deficiency with secondary chronic muco-cutaneous candidosis.

Calcium↗
PubMed1993

Palpation of the thyroid gland.

The initial clinical clue to the existence of a disorder of the thyroid gland often is the detection of a physical abnormality of the gland. Adequate palpation of the gland is an essential component of the evaluation of a suspected disorder of the thyroid gland. Provided herein are guidelines that others have found useful in improving their skill in this aspect of physical diagnosis.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of an industrial frequency alternating magnetic field on the functional state of the thyroid gland and thyroxine absorption by the organs of rats].

A study was made of the 131I radioisotope absorption by the thyroid gland, thyroxin binding by a number of tissues, and also protein-bound iodine (PBI) content in the blood plasma of albino rats after the application of alternating magnetic field (AMF)--industrial frequency 200 Ersted voltage--of various duration and periodicity. Plasma PBI increased in response to the 15-minute AMF application. When the exposure was increased to 6.5 hours and especially to 24 hours there was a reduction of the PBI level and of the process of 131I-thyroxin binding by the tissues of the testes, heart, liver, and spleen. The AMF application for 6.5 hours a day for 5 days resulted in a significant elevation of 131I in the thyroid gland and of the PBI, but the 131I-thyroxin binding by the tissues decreased markedly. It is suggested that functional condition of the thyroid gland and the tissue reaction to thyroxin altered depending on the AMF duration and periodicity of action.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Clear cell carcinoma is a rare variant of thyroid cancer, histologically related to the well-differentiated thyroid malignancies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss data collected from the English literature and to present three additional cases. In two of the three cases presented, thyroglobulin levels were extremely high after thyroid ablation. Both cases presented metastasis to lung and bone with significant I131 uptake. It seems that, when compared to the well-differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland, clear cell carcinoma has a more aggressive clinical course. Initial radical surgery is the treatment of choice for this kind of neoplasm and I131 should always be considered for the treatment of its metastasis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1975

[The functional state of the thyroid gland following partial pancreatectomy].

In Wistar rats a study was made of a functional condition of the thyroid gland 1, 6 and 24 hours after partial pancreatectomy. The following signs-served as criteria of a functional condition of the gland: the amount of neutrone-activated iodine in iron, iodine-absorptive capacity of the gland by I131, the amount of protein-bound stable and radioactive iodine in the blood, a morphological condition of the gland structures. It was demonstrated that, despite the initial intensification of the process of synthesis and secretion in the thyroid gland, its secretory activity fell by the end of the experiment. This reduction is regarded as an adaptive response to partial insulin deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of artificial atmospheric ionization on thyroid gland in albino rat (author's transl)].

Artificial atmospheric ionization acts on rat thyroid gland, but results are depending on treatment polarity: After negative aero-ionization, thyroid gland shows signs of high activity (increased area of follicular epithelium, increased volume of epithelial cell nucleus, and resorption of follicular colloidal material). On the contrary, after positive aero-ionization, hypothyroidism symptoms may be observed, however these signs are less distinct and less homogeneous than signs of activity reported after negative treatment. The simultaneous modifications of serotonemia would be able to partially explain these results.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anatomical thyroid abnormalities. Quadrilobate thyroid gland: a case report and review of the literature].

Abnormalities of the thyroid gland and of some adjacent structures arouse interest because of their surgical implications. One need only think of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve, of thyroid hemiagenesis or of a quadrilobate thyroid gland, as in the case described here. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no similar reports of such a case are present in the medical literature. The patient was a 37-year-old woman suffering from Graves' disease. The abnormality was detected only during surgical examination and consisted in two lobes divided by a cleft on each side and joined by an isthmus. After a number of considerations regarding the anatomical details of this case and a review of the literature, the authors attempt to give an embryological interpretation and formulate the hypothesis that the second lateral lobe could be a development of the widely studied and controversial embryological anlage, the so-called "lateral thyroid".

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Content and distribution of iodine, chlorine and bromine in normal and pathologically changed thyroid gland tissue].

The neutron-activation method was used to study the content and distribution of iodine, chlorine and bromine in 53 thyroid glands removed from patients during operation and 8 thyroid glands from persons who died in accidents. It has been shown that a statistically significant decrease in the iodine concentration occurs in struma maligna, Hashimoto's disease and a mixed form of endemic euthyroid goiter. The chlorine content did not change. The bromine concentration in all form of thyroid pathology was raised. The highest bromine content was found in "cold" forms--struma maligna, and it exceeded almost by 50 times the rates in the control group. Autoradiographic studies made it possible to establish some peculiarities in the distribution of radioactive and stable iodine in the thyroid tissue depending on its morphofunctional condition. Radioactive iodine gradients in the normal tissue did not exceed 7, in mixed (parenchymatous) forms of the goiter 42.5. The distribution of stable iodine is characterized by a high irregularity. The aplastic forms of struma maligna least of all accumulate and contain stable iodine, their structure being characterized by functional monotony.

Bromine↗
PubMed1996

Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors of the Thyroid Gland: A Series of Four Cases and a Review of the Literature.

Primary peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) of the thyroid gland are exceptionally rare. Two schwannomas and two malignant PNSTs (MPNSTs), arising primarily within the thyroid gland, were identified in the files of the Endocrine Tumor Registry at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The patients included two females, age 69 and 80 yr, and two males, age 18 and 33 yr. The patients presented with a mass in the thyroid gland confined to a single lobe of the thyroid without involvement of the cervical neck region. None of the patients had a history of neurofibromatosis. The benign tumors were encapsulated, one of them cystic, with the characteristic cellular and nuclear features of schwannomas. The MPNSTs were invasive tumors, effacing the thyroid parenchyma, with a fascicular pattern of growth composed of neural appearing cells with increased cellularity, increased mitotic activity, and with focal necrosis. Immunoreactivity for 5100 protein and vimentin was seen in all tumors. The patients with schwannomas, treated only by surgical resection, were alive without evidence of disease, over a period of 5-33 yr. Both patients with MPNSTs died of the disease 8 mo and 42 mo, respectively, with widely disseminated disease. Primary thyroid PNSTs are exceptionally rare tumors. MPNSTs, in this limited experience, have a fatal outcome irrespective of aggressive adjuvant therapy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Seasonal changes in the thyroid gland of Indian spiny tailed, sand lizard, Uromastix hardwickii (Gray) male.

The thyroid gland of Indian spiny tailed, Sand lizard, Uromastix hardwickii is in the form of a ribbon like structure situated beneath and across the trachea. The histological appearance of the thyroid gland, follicular cell-height, nature of colloid and its relative weight studied over a year showed a seasonal variation and cyclic activity, which were found to be more in summer months than the winter and also correlated with the active and inactive phases of reproduction. In the month of May/June, when the environmental temperature was high the thyroid appeared to be most active, while in December/January, when the environmental temperature was low, the thyroid was almost inactive.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Quantitative static scintigraphy of the thyroid gland].

The paper describes a static scintigram computer processed by the Siemens-Euromeni method which gives rather accurate parameters concerning the overall functional thyroid tissue mass, as well as functions of a certain thyroid gland node. It facilitates the calculation of the dimensions of the right-angled field which borders the thyroid gland (cm), radioactivity uptake (% of a given dose) in the whole gland, left and right lobe, the ratio between the left and right lobe uptake, the surface (cm2) of the whole gland and of the left and right lobe, the ratio between the left and right lobe surfaces, the number of impulses (imp) registered in the whole gland and in the left and right lobe, the volume (cm3) of the whole gland and of the left and right lobe, the ratio between the left and right lobe volume, as well as the surface and radioactivity uptake (% of a given dose and % of the total uptake) in the marked nodes. An additional calculation could offer an uptake ratio per surface unit between the node and paranodal tissue which, by the use of suppression tests offers a very accurate assessment of the function and compensation of each node. The method represents a significant contribution to an accurate assessment of the functional mass as well as to the assessment of nodal changes of the thyroid gland.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

[Morphological characteristics of human mast cells in normal and pathological thyroid glands. Functional aspect of human mast cells in comparison with rat mast cells].

We examined the distribution and population density of human mast cells in thyroid glands. The results were compared with those of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats because they thyroid function of SD rats is known to be under the control of bioactive amines discharged from mast cells. Normal thyroid tissues were obtained either form autopsy or from a normal portion of the tissue distant from nodular lesions. Thyroid tissues were surgically removed from cases of Graves' disease and other tumorous lesions such as follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. The tissues were fixed with buffered formaldehyde or Carnoy fluid and embedded in paraffin. Mast cells were stained with toluidine blue and naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase (esterase). Immunoperoxidase reactions to antihuman tryptase and chymase monoclonal antibodies were then observed. The mast cells were also observed by electron microscopy. The histamine content of the thyroid tissues was estimated by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The mast cells in SD rat thyroid glands were scattered in perifollicular connective tissues which were comprised of capillaries, fibroblasts, nerve fibers and occasional fine deposits of collagen fibrils. Their cytoplasmic granules appeared to be distinct, electron dense and amorphous. In contrast, the mast cells in normal human thyroid glands were scattered exclusively over relatively thick interstitial spaces like the interlobular and subcapsular connective tissues. These mesenchymal tissues were composed of bundles of collagen fibrils, fibroblasts, histiocytes and thin cytoplasmic processes of unknown origin. In pathologic thyroid tissues, the mast cells were distributed in a similar pattern over the connective tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[131-I capture by the thyroid gland during and after stopping thyrostatic treatment in thyrotoxicosis].

The accumulation of 131J in the thyroid gland was investigate in dynamics in 31 patients with thyrotoxicosis, treated with mercaptoimidazol (timidazol) for an average of 16 months. The patients were clinically euthyroid, with normal values of the basal metabolism, PBI, PBI131 AND TOTAL THYROXIN IN SERUM. The 131J captation, investigated in the course of a maintaining treatment without discontinuation of thyrostatics, show elevated percentages (55.4 per cent by the 6th hour, 61.3 per cent by the 24th hour), being within the norm only in eight patients. Its average values are significantly lower up to the 6th month post treatment discontinuation and closrm, with only 13 above the norm. Only three of them (10 per cent) developed recidivations till the end of the 9th month after e treatment. The authors concluded that thyrostatics, in maintaining doses, do not block thyroid gland 131J cumulation which in the majority of the cases persisted to be elevated a long time after the discontinuation. Its complete normalization in the later stages speak, most probably, for the development of a lasting remission of thyrotoxicosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Ultrasound diagnosis of the thyroid gland and adjacent soft tissue of the neck].

The significance of sonography in diffuse and focal thyroid pathologies is summarized. The sonomorphology and the vascularization in pathologies of the thyroid gland are discussed. Supplementary applications of scintigraphy and fine needle aspiration are pointed out. In hyperparathyroidism, the role of sonography to localize parathyroid adenoma is presented. The typical sonomorphology of benign cervical pathologies as cervical cysts, angiomas, lipomas and carotid body tumors is explained. Sonography is the primary imaging method for the assessment of the thyroid gland and the surrounding cervical soft tissue.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1978

[Thromboplastin activity of extracts of human thyroid glands (author's transl)].

Aqueous extracts of thyroid glands were prepared from 25 surgical specimens of 19 patients. The average prothrombin time of sixteen 3:4 diluted extracts of thyroids from 13 euthyroid patients was 16.8 +/- 2.3 sec as measured with 100% human plasma. Under similar conditions the average prothrombin time of extracts obtained from the grey matter of three human brains was 18.4 +/- 0.3 sec. The thyroid may thus be considered as an organ containing one of the highest concentrations of tissue thromboplastin.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Morphometric studies on the development of the human thyroid gland. II. The late fetal life.

Histological and morphometric studies were performed on 27 thyroid glands obtained from normal fetuses ranging between 23 to 40 weeks of intra-uterine life. In the thyroids the volume of gland, colloid, and stroma were calculated by means of differential pointcounting method and the height of the thyroid follicular cells was measured. Moreover, the epithelium/colloid ratio in the thyroid gland, a very sensitive parameter of stimulation of the glands by TSH, was calculated. Regarding the values of this ratio in human fetal thyroid gland, the intra-uterine development of the gland may be divided into three distinct stages. The first one, between weeks 10-18 is characterized by massive folliculogenesis and gradual accumulation of the colloid. The second stage, between weeks 19-29 of fetal life is characterized by rather unchanged values of epithelium/colloid ratio and the size of follicles. The third stage, after the 29th week of development is characterized by a gradual increase in the epithelium/colloid ratio and a decrease in the size of follicles.

Epithelium↗