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Results for “THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST”

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PubMed2007

Longitudinal study of defense mechanisms: late childhood to late adolescence.

Based on longitudinal data from the Institute of Human Development Intergenerational Study, the use and change in defense mechanisms of more than 150 individuals, as assessed from TAT stories, was studied across ages 11, 12, and 18. The findings of this study, based on an earlier generation, were generally consistent with cross-sectional findings from current samples, showing that the defenses of projection and identification were used more frequently than denial at all three ages and that the use of projection and identification increased from early to late adolescence. However, unlike current findings, the 18-year-olds did not show greater use of identification than of projection, perhaps due to IQ differences between this community sample and the samples of more recent studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Parental communication deviance in childhood onset schizophrenia spectrum and depressive disorders.

Rates of parental communication deviance (CD) were compared in children with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder and in contrast groups of children with major depression and dysthymic disorders. Results indicated significantly higher rates of CD in parents of schizophrenic and schizotypal children than in parents of children with major depression and dysthymic disorders. Schizophrenic and schizotypal children from high CD families showed the most severe impairments and the poorest attentional functioning. However, the small number of schizophrenic and schizotypal children with low CD parents underscored the strong association between schizophrenia spectrum disorders, parental CD and psychosocial and attentional impairment in the child.

Attention↗
PubMed1977

Patterns of transactional style deviance in the TAT's of parents of schizophrenics.

Parents of schizophrenics show more transactional style deviance in diverse situations than do other parents. In a sample of families of nonschizophrenic outpatient adolescents, a manual for scoring such deviance on stories told for seven TAT cards was developed. This scoring system was shown to be composed of six meaningful factors. When this system was applied to the TAT's of parents of offspring with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses, a total deviance score did not discriminate among the parents. High scores on two particular factors were found only in parents of hospitalized schizophrenics, but four factors were nondiscriminating. Parents of young adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were more likely to show high scores on at least one of these six factors than other parents. Considering the scores of mothers and fathers together yielded the best discrimination of parents of schizophrenia spectrum disorders from other parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Parental focus of attention in a videotape feedback task as a function of hypothesized risk for offspring schizophrenia.

The families of 29 disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents were observed in a structured task in which they discussed their reactions to viewing themselves interacting on videotape. Measures derived from the Singer-Wynne concenpt of transactional style deviance were applied to the parental behaviors and related to prior assessments of parental communication disorder based on individual parental TAT protocols. The results confirm the Singer-Wynne hypothesis of the cross-situational stability of transactional style deviance. The most striking finding, however, is that an index of positive focusing behavior differentiates more strongly parents of adolescents hypothesized to be at varying leves of risk for schizophrenia than does the measure of transactional style deviance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Communication deviances in parents of schizophrenics.

In an attempt to make a multimethod assessment of communication deviance in parents of schizophrenics, a communication conflict situation (CCS) and the TAT were used to obtain qualitative and quantitative measures of communication for a sample of 50 parental couples, 21 of which were parents of schizophrenics, 9 were parents of nonpsychotic psychiatric patients, and 20 were parents of normals. The results were a general confirmation of earlier reports that communication deviance is an outstanding characteristic in families with a schizophrenic offspring. The most important finding, however, was that parents of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics score very differently on a majority of the communication variables. Parents of nonparanoid schizophrenics form one extreme on a continuum of communication deviance, and parents of paranoid schizophrenics and normals the other. Egocentrism, measured by CCS, turned out to be the single qualitative variable with best discriminating power across all groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Schizophrenic patients and their parents. A multimethod design and the findings from an illustrative empirical study of cognitive disorders and communication deviances.

The research design and main findings from a multimethod research project, in which cognitive disorders in schizophrenic patients and communication deviances in their parents were examined, are presented. Non-paranoid schizophrenics manifested cognitive disturbances on a majority of the variables examined, while paranoid schizophrenics did not. Likewise, parents of non-paranoid schizophrenics revealed significantly more communication deviance than parents of paranoid schizophrenics as well as the control groups (normal and "neurotics"). Egocentrism appeared to be a prominent characteristic of the communication of non-paranoid schizophrenics' parents. Conspicuous among the cognitive deficits in their offspring were attentional disturbances. Support for the existence of a link between the parents' communication and the offsprings' cognitive functioning was found by correlation- and regression analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The relationships between expressed emotion, affective style and communication deviance in recent-onset schizophrenia.

The relationships between expressed emotion (EE), affective style (AS) and communication deviance (CD) were studied during hospitalization and after discharge. EE was measured with both the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) and the Five-Minutes Speech Sample (FMSS). The study subjects were patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and related disorders, who were consecutively admitted to an in-patient unit for adolescents, and their parents. The results revealed that CFI/EE was significantly correlated with AS criticism scores during hospitalization, but did not predict AS scores after discharge. FMSS/EE correlated significantly with AS criticism when both measures were administered after discharge. During hospitalization, FMSS/EE was not significantly correlated with AS. No consistent relationship was found between CD and both affective factors (EE and AS). It is concluded that EE and AS overlap with regard to level of criticism when both measures are administered over a short period of time and independent of the time of assessment. In addition, the results indicate that affective and communication factors identify independent family attributes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The nature of the symbiotic bond between mother and schizophrenic.

Based on objectively scored TAT stories and interviews measuring five aspects of symbiotic relationships, a group of schizophrenics and their mothers showed more evidence of being enmeshed in such a relationship than did both non-schizophrenic mental patients and a group of normals and their mothers.

Adolescent↗