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PubMed2004

[Social aspects of epilepsy: marriage, pregnancy, driving, antiepileptic drug withdrawal and against social stigma].

Persons with epilepsy need adequate advice and effective counselling about issues such as marriage, pregnancy, risks of inheriting epilepsy, driving, employment and antiepileptic drug withdrawal, because these persons are not receiving important information and education about their condition and possible adverse effects of treatment. Furthermore, women with epilepsy have increased rates of pregnancy complications and poor fetal outcomes including congenital malformations and developmental delay related to both their epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs. However, approximately 90% of all women with epilepsy undergo normal pregnancy and give birth to children free of birth defects. Pregnancy is generally safe in women with epilepsy. The study of long-term prognosis of childhood-onset epilepsy in Japan shows that the majority of these patients have lower levels of educational background as well as employment and marital status compared with the general population (Wakamoto H. et al). Of patients with epilepsy, 60% to 70% achieve control with antiepileptic medication. However, several antiepileptic drug withdrawal studies show variable rates of success, with relapse rates ranging from 12% to 63% (Britton J.W.). Driving is listed as major problem in persons with epilepsy. However, the patients with seizure-free more than two years have been able to get the driver's license since June, 2002. Social attitudes towards epilepsy cause more distress to the patient than the disease itself. We should realize that persons with epilepsy are normal or near-normal. To ameliorate the social stigma against epilepsy, continuous and repetitive educational efforts would be needed.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2005

The Risk Society and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical social research analysis concerning the development and social impact of the ADHD diagnosis.

This article reports the findings of a research study that used a critical social research methodology to review the increase in use of the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conceptualized the phenomenon within a theoretical framework based upon Beck's (1992, 1999) periodization of social change, the Risk Society. The study was qualitative in nature. Data were drawn from a wide range of sources including legitimating hearings, reports and studies, texts and seminal documents, field observations in schools and classrooms, and electronic discussion/bulletin board, and in-depth interviews with parents and teachers. The analysis used a critical framework to locate specific instances of claim and counter-claim and to set the historical context for understanding the "modern biological" method of intervention with children considered by parents and teachers as having ADHD. The findings of the study are structured in the context of risks. Further research will inform whether the risks become threats. Through exposure of silences, myths, contradictions and power relationships that create risks surrounding the ADHD phenomenon, it is hoped that discourse concerning the hegemonic medical model of ADHD in research and in the wider community will be further critically examined.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1989

[The social dependence of the long-term patient--a study in social psychiatric ambulatory care].

56 mostly schizophrenic longterm patients of a community based outpatient facility were questioned about their autonomy referring to living, working and finances, to their dependence on parents, partners, relatives and professional helpers in accomplishing every-day tasks to their social contacts and to their contentment. Only 11% of the patients live with parents and 4% are financially dependent from them. Parents are only helping by accomplishing every-day tasks, when the patients are living with them. Even then patients accomplish more than half of their affairs by themselves. However there is a strong emotional tie on parents. Professional helpers, mostly working in halfway facilities, relieve relatives in a high degree. 36% of the patients live single and are very independent, they accomplish 82% of their affairs by themselves. 23% live with a partner, who helps probably not more than he would do with a healthy partner. 3/4 of the patients are content with their living conditions. Possible explanations are discussed. The investigated patients, mostly quite impaired, are altogether far more autonomous than expected. We think that this is due to a comprehensive social network of outpatient treatment and halfway facilities combined with a sufficient invalidity insurance. This network seems to lighten the burden of the relatives, mainly the parents, as demanded by the family-burden-literature.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

[Health care needs, brain functional ability, social behavior and social attendant circumstances of elderly patients in community and institutionalized geriatric care in the city of Zurich].

All aged persons being helped by community nursing-services, the house-helper service, the housekeeper service, or living in a home for the aged or in an apartment for seniors in a representative area of the city of Zurich are compared to all patients in nursing-homes of the city. This study included the size of social network measured by the number of different regular visitors, the number of different medications taken daily, the cognitive abilities measured by the Mini Mental Status, the activities of daily living and the social skills rated by the care-givers as well as the intensity of the care given. The groups were similar in age and sex-distribution but the nursing-home patients differed significantly in all other parameters from the others. In contrast, no significant differences could be found between persons receiving care in their homes and those in institutions for the aged.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

A longitudinal study of the utility of social preference and social impact sociometric classification schemes.

The stability of standard score and probability method sociometric group assignments was examined over a 2-year period with an initial group of 334 preadolescents. The popular, neglected, and controversial sociometric groups evidenced low stability of group membership over intervals of approximately 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months; the rejected group evidenced slightly higher short-term stability. These findings of limited stability were attributed to measurement error and to the failure of both classification systems to identify groups with homogeneous social reputation profiles. Social role scores contributed to the prediction of stable group membership in the rejected and controversial classification, although these scores added little to the prediction of stable popular and neglected group membership. Stability over short intervals could be used to enhance the prediction of stability over longer periods; however, this procedure resulted in the classification of numerous false positives and false negatives. The instability of sociometric group assignments completed with the standard score and probability methods indicates that researchers should be cautious about the use of classifications based on only one data collection and that the selection of children for both clinical intervention and further nomothetic research may require alternative assessment procedures.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social adjustment and depression: value of the SAS-SR (Social Adjustment Scale Self-Report)].

The Social Adjustment Scale Self-Report (SAS-SR) is a simple and inexpensive method, which allows the routine assessment of the patient's social adjustment, especially in the case of depression. Compared with other scales based on an interview with the patient, the SAS-SR is more sensitive to change in the patient's clinical status. The SAS-SR is a useful method as part of the detection of even mild depressions, regular aftercare evaluation of out-patients or as an outcome measure in longitudinal studies. A French version of the SAS-SR is now available and is currently under evaluation in a large-scale randomized therapeutic trial.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1995

[Social support and social stress in tumor patients and their partners].

Social support is widely believed to be an important buffer against stress in patients coping with cancer. Support efforts can, however, in turn prove to become a source of distress in themselves, both in patients and support providers. The present study was designed to explore the connections between support and emotional distress. N = 120 lung cancer patients and their relatives (n = 57) are interviewed at three intervals. Social support is assessed by multiple methods: Content analysis, a questionnaire and a confidant rating performed by experts. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses are combined. Content-analytical and self-report data show a correlation of support efforts and emotional distress. In the confidant rating, however, the expected differences between supportive and non-supportive spousal relationships emerge. The results are discussed from an interactional point of view.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trust, social support, and relying on others. A contribution to the interface between behavioral and social gerontology.

Studies on the role of the response class "relying on others" in coping with crises and problems in childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood, and with situations like grief or dependency point to important psychological aspects in the social support process. These are related especially to the construct of trust which deserves more attention in Behavioral as well as in Social Gerontology.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Social interactions in the neighborhood: cultural approach to social integration of individuals with mental retardation.

Research conducted in Tréguier (Brittany) on community integration of individuals with mental retardation was reported. Change in social status as reflected in social interactions in a community was examined. Douglas' (1978) grid-group typology of cultural regimens was employed to measure this status. Each regime links the presence of individuals with mental retardation to the construction of a community of shared values and produces different responses of integration.

Culture↗
PubMed1996

[Quality assurance in clinical social work: how do social workers judge the success of their interventions?].

Therapy outcome is an important criterium for quality assurance. In this study, clinical social workers themselves estimated the outcome of their interventions in 2643 admissions of 2038 patients to a psychiatric hospital. These inpatients had been referred by a psychiatrist to the social worker and comprised 27 % of all patients admitted to the hospital within 11 years. The study purpose was to investigate how the outcome estimates relate to clinical and sociodemographic variables of the patients, to their specific problems, and to the applied interventions. The fewer areas of problems were perceived and the more interventions were performed, the more positive these interventions were evaluated. Administrative interventions were seen as more successful than counseling. Outcome estimates were particularly positive in long and intensive therapies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Nongovernmental organizations and AIDS, social intervention, and new ties in social solidarity].

Starting with a brief contextual analysis of the social scenario in which the AIDS epidemic is occurring in Brazil, the article focuses on the formation of the country's first nongovernmental organizations in the struggle against AIDS. There are peculiarities to AIDS NGOs to the extent that they display an ambivalence between the characteristics of a professional institution and a lobbying group, apart from the fact that dealing with sexuality and death breaks down the line between the public and the private spheres. The case in point is the Grupo Pela Vidda (For Life Group) in Rio de Janeiro, which seeks to represent the enhancement of a group of individuals and the principle of universality. The study supports the hypothesis that AIDS NGOs renew ties of social solidarity through the relationships established between various researchers involved in this sector and other NGOs with governmental spheres.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Strategies to cope with negative social identity: predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory.

Predictions by social identity theory (SIT) and relative deprivation theory (RDT) concerning preferences for strategies to cope with a negative in-group status position were tested. The focus of the present research was a comparison of the theories regarding their differential patterns of prediction. For this purpose, a natural sample within a specific historical situation was investigated: East Germans after the German unification. First, the predictive power of SIT and RDT variables was tested separately. In a second step, a possible integration of the theories was addressed. Combining the SIT variables and RDT variables led to an integrated model indicating a differential pattern of prediction for intergroup strategies. The RDT components explained the collective responses, whereas SIT constructs were related to individual strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Act No. 16 concerning the Social Insurance Code and Act No. 17 concerning the creation of the General Corporation for Social Security, 30 April 1987.

These Acts establish a national social security scheme in Yemen. Among the benefits provided by the new scheme are maternity benefits and family allowances. These benefits, as well as others, are to be phased in gradually. In the first phases of implementation, only the pension benefits and occupational accidents benefits have been implemented.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed1982

Behavior patterns of socially rejected and neglected preadolescents: the roles of social approach and aggression.

Sociometric nominations were used to select groups of popular, average, rejected, and neglected third- and fifth-grade children. In two studies, the peer interactive behaviors of these children were naturalistically observed in their classrooms and on the playground. In contrast to popular children, rejected children displayed fewer task-appropriate behaviors and more task-inappropriate and aggressive behaviors. Whereas rejected children prosocially approached peers as frequently as did popular children, peer responses to the approaches of rejected children were more likely to be negative. Neglected children, on the other hand, displayed relatively few task-inappropriate and aggressive behaviors, and socially approached peers infrequently. Their approaches also met with frequent rebuff by peers. The findings were discussed in terms of the behavioral bases of sociometric status. Suggestions were made for clinical researchers interested in behavioral change with rejected and neglected children.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Issues for hospitals in educating social work students for social work practice in health care settings.

Conflicting values and issues emerge when hospital and professional school converge to educate the next generation of the profession. These values derive from issues of authority, responsibility, accountability, status, communication, and mutuality. This paper identifies their occurrence, describes a method for managing them, and delineates a hospital social work department's role in developing an educationally based, practice focused practicum site. The components and results of the relationship between the department and the school, including details of the practicum model, are discussed.

Hospital Departments↗
PubMed1981

Social ecology of supervised communal facilities for mentally disabled adults. V. Residence as a predictor of social and work adjustment.

Matched groups of mildly retarded people who lived with their families, independently, or in a sheltered-care home were compared with respect to various measures of work performance and social behavior in sheltered workshops. Differences between the groups were negligible. The results suggest that residential placement by itself does not strongly correlate with productivity or sociability.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A composite measure to determine improvement following treatment for social phobia: the Index of Social Phobia Improvement.

This article describes the development of a composite index to determine improvement in treatment outcome research with social phobia. The index is comprised of 5 individual outcome measures that tap various domains of social phobia and assess the disorder via multiple methods (e.g. self-report, clinical ratings, behavioral performance). The ability of the index to determine improvement over treatment, and its initial concurrent validity are discussed.

Adult↗