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PubMed1999

Neurobiology of mother-infant interactions: experience and central nervous system plasticity across development and generations.

The optimal coordination between the new mammalian mother and her young involves a sequence of behaviors on the part of each that ensures that the young will be adequately cared for and show healthy physical, emotional, and social development. This coordination is accomplished by each member of the relationship having the appropriate sensitivities and responses to cues that characterize the other. Among many mammalian species, new mothers are attracted to their infants' odors and some recognize them based on their odors; they also respond to their infants' vocalizations, thermal properties, and touch qualities. Together these cues ensure that the mother will nurse and protect the offspring and provide them with the appropriate physical and stimulus environment in which to develop. The young, in turn, orient to the mother and show a suckling pattern that reflects a sensitivity to the mothers odor, touch, and temperature characteristics. This article explores the sensory, endocrine, and neural mechanisms that underlie this early mother-young relationship, from the perspective of, first, the mother and, then, the young, noting the parallels between them. It emphasizes the importance of learning and plasticity in the formation and maintenance of the mother-young relationship and mediation of these experience effects by the brain and its neurochemistry. Finally, it discusses ways in which the infants' early experiences with their mothers (or the absence of these experiences) may come to influence how they respond to their own infants when they grow up, providing a psychobiological mechanism for the inter-generational transmission of parenting styles and responsiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Development, disintegration and dementia.

It has been argued that there is an important group of conditions, seen for the first time in late infancy and early childhood, which are both remarkably persistent and pervasive in their influence on cognitive and social development. They combine features of childhood autism, mental retardation and cognitive deterioration and the term 'disintegrative' most precisely characterizes their impact on development. The term 'psychosis' is only usually appropriate in describing the severity of the psychiatric symptoms. In order to avoid confusion with the psychoses or dementia of adult life, the term 'disintegrative disorder of development' may be preferred. While specific pathology is being identified in an increasing number of cases, the combined use of psychiatric and physical diagnostic categories perhaps best serves to draw attention to this important group of disorders. It is likely that, with increasing knowledge, the need for such an interim diagnostic category may become unnecessary.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Parent training and social skills training for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: how can they be combined for greater effectiveness?

Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and treatment-refractory syndrome affecting academic, social and emotional adjustment in children. Stimulant medication is the treatment of choice and is often paired with psychosocial treatment. However, no single treatment modality alleviates the symptoms or improves the negative peer status of these children in their social ecology over the long term. This article reviews two psychosocial treatments used for ADHD, parent training and social skills training and suggests ways that these two components may be combined for greater effectiveness by encouraging the parent to: 1. learn more about the importance of developing social competence and positive peer status; 2. use incidental teaching and self-evaluation strategies; 3. become strategic organizers of the child's social life; and 4. become case managers to facilitate more consistency between the significant adults in the child's social environment.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1984

Predicting rejection of her infant from mother's representation of her own experience: implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle.

Child-battering parents are described in the literature as having three primary behavioral characteristics: a general difficulty with the control of aggression; an aversive, unsympathetic response to distress in others; and self-isolating tendencies. Here we review recent studies of young abused children which show the development of similar behavioral characteristics as early as 1-3 years of age. Surprisingly, these same three behavioral characteristics also develop in relatively maternally rejected children in normal samples. Taken together, these findings seem to suggest a continuum of psychological process from the experience of "normal" rejection to the experience of actual abuse by the parent. Studies of normal samples can then enrich our understanding of the psychological processes involved in child abuse. The second half of this article presents preliminary findings taken from our own ongoing study of social development in normal (nonabusive) families. Our study of the transcripts of 30 Berkeley Adult Attachment Interviews shows that a mother's apparent experience of her own mother as rejecting is systematically related to her rejection of her own infant (as observed in our laboratories) and at the same time to systematic distortions in her own cognitive processes (as taken from our study of adult attachment interviews). These distortions (idealization of the rejecting parent, difficulty in remembering childhood, incoherency in discussing attachment) are each significantly related to the mother's rejection of her own infant. Distortions in representation of an abusing parent may play a positive role in the perpetuation of child abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Predicting participation and outcomes in out-of-school activities: similarities and differences across social ecologies.

The majority of research on out-of-school-time activity participation has focused on its relation to academic and social development, presumed to be consequences of participation, rather than on antecedents or predictors of participation. Understanding who participates in these programs can assist program directors in improving and sustaining youth involvement. This chapter uses data from two research study samples to examine differences in children's activity participation based on family social ecology and child gender and how the relations between participation and outcomes vary based on sample, gender, and activity type. Although children in both samples were of roughly the same age and were assessed for similar outcomes, their family incomes, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and neighborhoods were very different. Findings suggest that participation in activities varies depending on the young person's social ecology, age, and gender. Furthermore, participation in activities was typically associated with positive youth outcomes, but these relations varied depending on the level of youth participation, type of activity, and social ecology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Barriers to social network interventions with persons with severe and persistent mental illness: a survey of mental health case managers.

In order to empirically assess the existence, strength, and relative influence of barriers to social network interventions for persons with severe mental disability which have been cited in the literature, a survey of the knowledge and attitudes of social networks and social network interventions of eighty mental health case managers and case management supervisors was conducted. Findings indicate gaps in case managers' level of knowledge of social networks, with items based on empirical knowledge about social networks and severe mental disability least likely to be answered correctly. Case managers both perceive, and have experienced, a significant number of obstacles that affect their ability to develop social network interventions-system barriers (paperwork, caseload size, lack of case manager time, etc.), community barriers (stigma and lack of resources), and client/family barriers (lack of interest in social networks, clients having a "burnt out" network, clients not wanting to identify social network needs, etc.). Case managers cited few major barriers pertaining to their own level of knowledge, skills, or interest in, social network interventions. Strategies to address identified barriers are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evolution of an obligate social cheater to a superior cooperator.

Obligate relationships have evolved many times and can be parasitic or mutualistic. Obligate organisms rely on others to survive and thus coevolve with their host or partner. An important but little explored question is whether obligate status is an evolutionarily terminal condition or whether obligate lineages can evolve back to an autonomous lifestyle. The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus survives starvation by the social development of spore-bearing fruiting bodies. Some M. xanthus genotypes defective at fruiting body development in isolation can nonetheless exploit proficient genotypes in chimaeric groups. Here we report an evolutionary transition from obligate dependence on an altruistic host to an autonomous mode of social cooperation. This restoration of social independence was caused by a single mutation of large effect that confers fitness superiority over both ancestral genotypes, including immunity from exploitation by the ancestral cheater. Thus, a temporary state of obligate cheating served as an evolutionary stepping-stone to a novel state of autonomous social dominance.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed2002

Asthma severity, allergy and lung function during young middle life in subjects with asthma in childhood.

The further course of asthma severity lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to cold air challenge (CACh), clinical allergies and allergic sensitization in young middle adulthood was studied in a cohort of 55 subjects with childhood asthma. All subjects (27 females) have attended all five previous and the current follow-up visit, undertaken at a mean age of 35 years. Twelve subjects (22%) reported no current asthma, 28 (51%) mild/intermittent, and 15 (27%) moderate/severe asthma. Asthma severity changed little in the individual subjects over the last 5-year period. Females continued to have higher asthma severity scores than the males, but the previously noted lower resting and post-bronchodilator % predicted FEV1 in females was not confirmed now. Pathological BHR to CACh tended to be more common among the males. Forty-four subjects were still allergic to animal danders and 35 to pollens. Sensitization rates (skin prick test or RAST) were similar to those recorded 5 years earlier and there was no clear evidence of tolerance developing. Five subjects have never shown evidence of allergy or sensitization. The extent of sensitization to animal danders showed statistically significant relationships to asthma severity and BHR to CACh. Social development and professional careers continued to be good.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A snapshot view of the impact of chronic pain on adolescents.

This study provides a snapshot view on the impact that chronic pain has on the daily functioning of a small group of adolescents (n = 10). Chronic, severe pain in childhood and adolescence is not common, but is increasingly recognized to occur and be worthy of treatment. Referrals come from a variety of sources including paediatric orthopaedic surgeons, paediatric rheumatologists, paediatric neurologists, child psychiatrists, and GPs. Examples of the types of conditions seen are complex regional pain syndromes, low back pain, pain caused by congenital or degenerative disease and chronic headaches. Additionally, chronic pain affects the well-being of the family as well as the adolescent. Many adolescents have been unable to attend school for months or years, and their educational and social development is impaired. The aim of treatment is to rehabilitate the adolescents within the context of their families and to return them to school and to participating in normal social activities within the limits of their condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Time budget analysis as a tool for PHC planning (with examples from Ethiopia).

Few health or development programs take into account the way in which real life communities structure and value their own time. Many programs are 'time stealing', and when communities find time inputs are too expensive, many adverse effects on community health and development appear. Even the spare time produced by leisure and seasonality may be mitigated by time costs related to sickness, and taking long journeys needed to reach areas of services like clinics, markets, churches, weddings.... One effective way of introducing time, in health and social development, is to prepare a community time budget or more precisely a balance sheet of community activities, where alternative uses and effective allocations of time become a primary concern of community planning. This paper, by applying a time budget analysis with examples from Ethiopia, aims to demonstrate what the problem is and how it might be solved. One of the major bases of the social goal of 'health for all by the year 2000' is community enthusiasm and participation in Primary Health Programs. This paper aims to show that the way to achieve self-reliant development, appropriate to local conditions and aspirations, is by employing time budget analysis for activity planning in rural areas.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Changes in disease patterns and related social trends.

Social environment is a major determinant of health and disease patterns in any community. The 19th century revolution in public health had as its cornerstone the improvement of social and physical environment. The favorable social development has since that time significantly contributed to the decrease of traditional health hazards in developed countries. New public health problems, chronic diseases have emerged in these countries. In some of these nations a new trend has started that may be called the second revolution in public health, i.e. the reduction of chronic diseases. However, the major part of the world's population still suffers from the traditional illnesses that should and could have been set aside by the 19th century revolution. Obviously, the social environment has not been altered sufficiently in these areas to have the desired impact on the health status. The observations from the Eastern European countries stress the need for a purposeful avoidance of deprivation in the social and physical environment as prerequisites for the prevention and control of diseases. Generally, low socio-economic status has been found to relate to an increased risk in many diseases. Usually there is a definite time lag between changes in social trends and disease patterns which causes difficulties for research in this area. The same fact generates problems for the planning and implementation of interventions to prevent the socially affected diseases. Changes in disease patterns are not only determined by altered social trends, but disease patterns can also influence social tendencies in several ways. Studying the interaction of social and health trends quantitatively and experimentally has yielded results which are hard to interpret. Therefore, observational and 'soft' methods are employed here to describe the relationship of social and health trends more aptly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Health promotion and the older population: expanding our theoretical horizons.

As the year 2000 approaches (and beyond) more health educators will be involved in the implementation of health promotion programs and related activities specifically designed for the older population. Most health educators draw upon a variety of theoretical frameworks as they design programs. Traditionally, health education has been grounded in behavior change theories such as the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action, and Bandura's Social Learning/Cognitive Theories. When the focus is gerontological, however, an opportunity exits to expand health education's theoretical horizons by incorporating features drawn from gerontology itself. Principles of adult cognitive development, social gerontology and person-environment fit can potentially complement and supplement those models already in use as more programs are targeted for a growing older population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The problem with using eye-gaze to infer desire: a deficit of cue inference in children with autism spectrum disorder?

Children with autism respond atypically to eye-gaze cues, arguably because they fail to understand that eye-gaze conveys mentalistic information. Three experiments investigated whether a difficulty in inferring desire from eye-gaze in autism reflects a failure to understand the mentalistic significance of eye-gaze, an inhibitory deficit or a deficit of cue inference. While there was an inhibitory component to the tasks, children with autism were no more affected by this than controls. In addition, individuals' impairment in inferring desire was not limited to social cues, but was also observed when desire was cued by more general cues. Consequently, children with autism may have a general deficit in using arbitrary cues to make inferences, which impacts particularly on their social development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Congenital melanocytic nevi: treatment modalities and management options.

Congenital melanocytic nevi can be cosmetically disfiguring, give rise to melanoma, and suggest the presence of neurocutaneous melanocytosis. Management decisions must be tailored for each patient and each nevus, taking into consideration the risk for developing malignancy, risk for developing symptomatic neurocutaneous melanocytosis, cosmetic implications of having the nevus, cosmetic implications of any resultant surgical scars from their removal, adverse effects that the nevus may have on psycho-social development, and the adverse effects and long-term sequelae of any surgical intervention. The advantages and disadvantages of different modalities used in the treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi are discussed. Organizational flow diagrams are presented to help clinicians in managing patients with different sized congenital melanocytic nevi.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Treatment of social behavior in autism through the modification of pivotal social skills.

We examined acquisition of individual social communicative behaviors and generalization across other social behaviors in 2 children with autism. The results of a multiple baseline design showed that the children's treated social behaviors improved rapidly and that there were generalized changes in untreated social behaviors. These improvements were accompanied by increases in subjective ratings of the overall appropriateness of the children's social interactions. The results suggest the possibility of identifying pivotal response classes of social communicative behavior that may facilitate the understanding of social behavior in autism as well as improve peer interactions, social integration, and social development.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Decline and social inequalities of infant mortality caused by diarrhea].

This ecological study describes the temporal trend from 1977 to 1998, and spatial patterns of infant mortality from diarrhea in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. The annual proportional of infant mortality and specific-cause mortality rate were estimated. Spatial units of geographical zones within the city's urban area were utilized for administrative purposes, which were aggregated according to quartile of living conditions indicators. Over the study period, the diarrhea-induced infant mortality rate decreased 91.9%. The mortality risk from diarrhea in the lowest living condition strata was 90% greater than in the highest conditions. Also, infant mortality due to diarrhea increases proportionally as living conditions worsen, which necessitates a review of the control policies concerning this important public health problem. Although the infant mortality rate declined during the study period, social inequalities related to infant mortality due to diarrhea persist, reflecting a continuing poor social development.

Brazil↗
PubMed1994

[What are the main contexts for intervention and the types of action in health promotion?].

The overall context is that of the former Director of WHO, Dr Halfdan Mahler, at Ottawa in 1986. "...public health is reinstating itself as a collective effort, drawing together a wide range of actors, institutions and sectors within society towards a goal of 'socially-economically productive life. This social goal moves health from being the outcome measure of social development to being one of its major resources". For this major resource of health to be fully realised, the Ottawa Charter set out a number of fundamental pre-requisites--peace, shelter, food, income, a stable ecosystem, substantial resources, social justice and equity. Health promoters' roles are to: advocate the adoption of the pre-requisites enable all people to achieve their fullest possible health potential through: access to information opportunities to develop life skills possibilities to make healthy choices mediate among different sectors of society in favour of health. These roles underpin the five main interventions proposed by the Ottawa Charter: building healthy public policy; creating supportive environments; strengthening community action; developing personal skills; re-orienting health services. Clearly, each individual health promoter is not expected to do all of these things all of the time. But they are likely to be dependent for their success to a large extent on the roles of other people and those people's ability and willingness to undertake appropriate actions which lie within their power.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed1992

Culture appropriate indicators for monitoring growth and development of urban and rural children below 6 years.

In this cross sectional study, 2000 apparently normal children aged 0-6 years (1200 urban and 800 rural), were nutritionally and developmentally assessed and their environment scrutinized for possible risk factors. Measurement of mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) using standard techniques revealed malnutrition in 44% of the rural and 24% of the urban children especially in the 2-6 years of age group. Culture appropriate indicators of psycho-social development picked up gross delays in gross motor (GM), vision and fine motor (V&FM) and language skills. Self help, concept hearing (SHCH) skills were recorded as normal while social skills were advanced particularly in the 0-2 years old urban group. By the use of the family protocols, low socio-economic status, malnutrition and 9 other risks factors have been generated for the urban group. No risk factor could be identified for the rural group. Better income emerged as the only real protective factor for the sample showing a direct positive relationship with the 45 skills tested, especially in the 2-6 years age group. Nineteen developmental skills were identified as powerful predictors of development. A prototype home based screening record was constructed for monitoring of growth and development which can be even used by minimally trained primary care worker.

Child↗