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PubMed2004

Where is the syndrome? Examining co-occurrence among multiple problem behaviors in adolescence.

The authors examined co-occurrence among a wide range of adolescent problem behaviors: alcohol, smoking, marijuana, hard drugs, sexual activity, major and minor delinquency, direct and indirect aggression, and gambling. Using a large self-report survey of high school students, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the problem syndrome model proposed by problem behavior theory. A 3-factor model provided better overall fit than did a single problem syndrome factor model. Contingency table analyses were used to examine the co-occurrence of problem behaviors at different levels of involvement within individuals, as well as relative risk ratios. Analyses offered modest support for a limited problem syndrome encompassing the report of high-risk involvement with alcohol, minor delinquency, direct aggression, and, to a lesser extent, marijuana. For each problem behavior, the majority of adolescents did not report high-risk involvement, and only a minority reported any involvement with multiple behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current developments in genetics and their implications concerning the problems of social deviations].

A review of historical developments in the field of human genetics reveals much conflict between those espousing and hereditarian position and those maintaining an environmentalist point of view. A confusion of political, propaganda, and ideological objectives with those of science has had deleterious effects on the field of human genetics, and upon the willingness of some disciplines to accept genetic contributions to the understanding of human behavior. Modern thinking in behavioral genetics rejects the Nature-Nurture dichotomy as incorrect and meaningless. The phenotype cannot be inherited; it develops as a function of interactions between the genotype and the environment. It is convenient to think of hereditary contributions to behavioral traits as fixing a reaction range; the genotype may be viewed as determining an indefinite but nevertheless circumscribed assortment of phenotypes. There have been numerous studies seeking to ascertain the genetic factors in a variety of mental disorders. The mental disorder most thoroughly studied from a genetic standpoint is schizophrenia. Three recent studies of adoptees, two in Denmark and one in America, have indicated the importance of hereditary factors in schizophrenia. Biological relatives of adoptees diagnosed as schizophrenic were more likely themselves to have suffered schizophrenic-spectrum disorders than were biological relatives of non-schizophrenic adoptees. Adoptees whose biological parents were schizophrenic or manic depressive were more likely to themselves be diagnosed schizophrenic than were adoptees whose biological parents had no psychiatric history. Children born to hospitalized schizophrenic women and who were placed for adoption shortly after birth were more likely to be schizophrenic than were matched control adoptees born to non-schizophrenic mothers. In studies conducted in Denmark, Schulsinger has also employed the adoptee method in studies of psychopathy. Diagnostic criteria were developed to reliably identify 57 cases of psychopathy from among 507 adoptees with known mental disorders. A non-psychopathic group of matched control adoptees was also formed. Mental illness among the relatives of these adoptee cases (biological and adoptive relatives) was ascertained through a careful search of psychiatric records. Psychopathic spectrum disorders were found to be more than twice as prevalent among biological relatives of the psychopathic index cases than was the case for biological relatives of the control cases. The percentage of affected cases among adoptive relatives was nearly equal for both study groups. Thus, this study provides a demonstration of the possible importance of genetic factors in the etiology of psychopathy. Other attempts to assess hereditary and constitutional aspects of criminal behavior have been made. These include twin studies and also Eysenck's study of the heritability of behavioral traits including extraversion, introversion, and emotionality.

Adoption↗
PubMed2005

Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood.

This parameter reviews the current status of reactive attachment disorder with regard to assessment and treatment. Attachment is a central component of social and emotional development in early childhood, and disordered attachment is defined by specific patterns of abnormal social behavior in the context of "pathogenic care." Clinically relevant subtypes include an emotionally withdrawn/inhibited pattern and a socially indiscriminate/disinhibited pattern. Assessment requires direct observation of the child in the context of his/her relationships with primary caregivers. Treatment requires establishing an attachment relationship for the child when none exists and ameliorating disturbed attachment relationships with caregivers when they are evident. Coercive treatments with children with attachment disorders are potentially dangerous and not recommended.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Measuring the relationship between overt aggression and expectations: a methodology for determining clinical outcomes.

The presence of aggressive behaviour following traumatic brain injury imposes special challenges within rehabilitation centres. Survivors of traumatic brain injury constitute a heterogeneous population amongst whom problems with increased irritability and aggression are characteristic. There is a clear need to determine what treatment approaches might be helpful in reducing aggressive behaviour. Whilst single-case experimental methodologies including reversal and multiple baseline designs seem ideal for this purpose, the compelling need to minimize risk can compromise their deployment, especially when aggression takes the form of physical assaults on others. When this is the case, there are difficulties in assessing whether a change in aggressive behaviour represents a successful response to treatment or is simply a function of reduced demand in the environment. The contributions made to understanding the relationship between aggression and expectations made on patients participating within rehabilitation will be explored here. A possible means of quantifying demands using the Neurobehavioural Expectations Scale will be described. Three case studies are presented that suggest that a methodology that employs concurrent use of this tool with the Overt Aggression Scale -- Modified for Neurorehabilitation, can enable objective evaluation to be made of the effects of rehabilitation on behaviour, without increasing risk.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1980

The cerebellar pacemaker for intractable behavioral disorders and epilepsy: follow-up report.

Thirty-eight patients who were intractably ill with a variety of behavioral disorders have been treated at Tulane with a chronically implanted cerebellar pacemaker. Included in the series ara schizophrenics, depressives, epileptics with behavioral pathology, and patients with severe organic brain pathology. The patients who have responded best to the treatment are those with depression, those with behavioral pathology consequent to epilepsy, and those with psychotic behavior consequent to structural brain damage. Results obtained in the chronic schizophrenic patients have been less favorable. The follow-up period ranges from a few months to 27 months. Overall, the results continue to be encouraging. Twenty-one percent of the patient group displayed structural evidence of cerebellar pathology that was not detected before operation, a finding which suggests that cerebellar damage may induce psychotic behavior.

Cerebellum↗
PubMed1991

Social acceptability of methylphenidate and behavior modification for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The social acceptability of methylphenidate, behavior modification, and methylphenidate plus behavior modification was evaluated. Fifty mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 50 control mothers, along with 21 children with ADHD and 20 control children, read a case vignette of an 8-year-old boy with ADHD and descriptions of the three treatment conditions. Subjects then rated the acceptability of each treatment. The mothers of children with ADHD were reassessed 3.5 months later, after experience with interventions for their children. Both ADHD and control families rated behavior modification as the most acceptable, methylphenidate as least acceptable, and the combined condition intermediate between the other two. At follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the acceptability of methylphenidate and the combined condition. The increased acceptability of methylphenidate at follow-up was related to increases in parents' knowledge about ADHD but not to the significant improvements that occurred in the children's hyperactive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychological functioning in children and adolescents with Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Previous studies of individuals with Sturge-Weber syndrome have focused on the medical aspects of this syndrome, but little has been known about the affective and behavioral correlates. We collected psychological and medical data from parents and teachers for 79 children and adolescents with Sturge-Weber syndrome and a group of their siblings. We also obtained the results of intellectual assessment for a subset of the Sturge-Weber syndrome group. The young people with Sturge-Weber syndrome exhibited more problems than the group of siblings across a number of behavioral domains: intellectual/academic, social skills, mood, and compliance. Those children most at risk for psychological problems were those with lower levels of intellectual functioning, those with seizure disorders, and those with more frequent seizures. Larger port-wine stains were also associated with an increase in mood and social problems but only for older children. Increased age was not associated with lower levels of intellectual or academic functioning, but mood and social problems were more common in older children.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Adaptive behavior scale differences in scores of mentally retarded individuals referred for institutionalization and those never referred.

Adaptive Behavior Scale profiles of 68 mentally retarded individuals referred for institutionalization were compared with a matched sample of retarded individuals who were never referred for institutionalization. A discriminant analysis identified the following six domains that, in combination, accounted for the significant differences between groups: Violent and Destructive Behavior, Sexual Aberrations, Hyperactivity, Antisocial Behavior, Physical Development, and Socialization. Implications for the effectiveness of an abbreviated ABS measure for diagnostic purposes and program planning in community and institutional settings were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Communication intervention for children with autism: a review of treatment efficacy.

Empirical studies evaluating speech and language intervention procedures applied to children with autism are reviewed, and the documented benefits are summarized. In particular, interventions incorporating sign language, discrete-trial training, and milieu teaching procedures have been used successfully to expand the communication repertoires of children with autism. Other important developments in the field stem from interventions designed to replace challenging behaviors and to promote social and scripted interactions. The few studies of the parent and classroom training studies that included language measures also are analyzed. This article seeks to outline the extent to which previous research has helped identify a compendium of effective instructional practices that can guide clinical practice. It also seeks to highlight needs for further research to refine and extend current treatment approaches and to investigate more comprehensive treatment packages.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1980

Ethological assessment of stable and labile social behaviors during acute psychiatric disorders: clinical applications.

Results are presented which illustrate the use of naturalistic observation techniques to study ongoing patterns of postural, gestural, and spacing behaviors among psychiatric patients hospitalized for acute psychiatric disorders. Behavioral frequencies are analyzed in terms of stable and labile characteristics by week of hospitalization, clinical diagnosis, and clinical outcome. Findings are interpreted from both clinical psychiatric and ethological perspectives. The discussion emphasizes the potential value of observational data gathering techniques for disorder assessment and theory development.

Acute Disease↗