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PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality determinants of effectiveness in performing duties by soldiers in active service in the landing-shock brigade].

After studies in the Brigade the authors identified and qualified personality traits which co-determine effectiveness in performing duties in active service. The efficiency of performing duties is determined by: high emotional resistance, high level of ability to logical conclusion, high level of self-control, low extroversion level, lack of antisocial tendencies. The authors worked out some indications concerning choice and selection for this military formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Spinal analgesia for labor].

Combined spinal epidural (CSE) analgesia for labour is usually performed with sufentanil (or fentanyl) which provides powerful and fast onset pain relief (< or = 5 min). Dose reduction of sufentanil from 10 to 5 micrograms may be recommended and has little influence on the 1.5-2 hours of analgesia usually obtained. This mean duration of action may be prolonged by half an hour with the addition of a low dose of bupivacaine (< or = 2.5 mg). CSE analgesia using this association has an elective indication when labour is advanced (cervical dilation > or = 6 cm) because intrathecal sufentanil alone becomes insufficient at this stage and standard epidural analgesia has the drawback of delayed onset. Motor blockade is also very uncommon during intrathecal analgesia and this benefit partly persists while using the epidural. In contrast, intrathecal analgesia and standard epidural analgesia carry a comparable risk of maternal hypotension. Mild pruritus is the sole side-effect often encountered. The only real concern during intrathecal analgesia is the reliability of the epidural location of the catheter when an emergency Ceasarean section is needed. Major improvement will be to prolong the excellent pain relief provided by intrathecal analgesia throughout the whole labour. This will require prolonging substantially the intrathecal analgesia duration and/ or influencing positively the epidural analgesia used afterwards. However, women prefer CSE technique to standard epidurals because of faster onset, less motor block, and feelings of greater self-control.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Phosphate supplementation prevents a decrease of triiodothyronine and increases resting metabolic rate during low energy diet.

Thirty overweight women participated in 8 week slimming program consisting of a self-controlled low-energy diet (4.2 MJ/day) supplemented with highly viscous fibres and mineral tablets containing calcium, potassium and sodium phosphates (Redusan Combi, Biokraft Pharma AB, Sweden). Half of the patients received in double blind manner mineral tablets during first 4 weeks and placebo (without phosphates) during next 4 weeks (group 1) while the remaining patients were treated (cross-over) with placebo first and mineral tablets in the final period (group 2). The rate of weight loss was similar in groups 1 and 2 (4.7 vs 5.2 kg during the first 4 weeks and 2.7 vs 3.0 kg in the further 4 weeks). During periods of phosphate supplementation, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) increased by approx. 12% (p < 0.05) in group 1 and 19% (p < 0.05) in group 2. Phosphate supplementation ameliorated also a decrease in plasma triiodothyronine level and a decrease in thyroxine to triiodothyronine ratio. There were no differences between groups in the plasma insulin, catecholamine, growth hormone, cortisol and testosterone levels. Phosphate supplementation did not affect plasma lipids or blood glucose concentration. It is concluded that phosphate supplementation in obese patients on a low-energy diet enhances RMR irrespectively of the rate of weight loss. This effect seems to be, at least partly, due to an influence of phosphates on peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The behavioral-cognitive model of pain.

In the elderly patient, for whom pain can be quite complex and multidimensional, a careful assessment of sensory and psychosocial contributions to the pain experience is important. This analysis will allow for the selection of a comprehensive pain regimen that includes behavioral-cognitive techniques. When carefully chosen, and presented in a manner consistent with the patient's cognitive capabilities, psychological techniques afford the elderly patient enhanced self-esteem and self-control without the addition of potentially harmful side-effects. A discussion focused on normal and abnormal aging processes is intended to assist the clinician in determining the patient's mental status. In normal aging situations, elderly pain patients have been shown to benefit equally to younger populations from behavioral-cognitive techniques, as long as the information is presented in a concrete, well-organized format in relatively brief sessions. Situations involving delirium or dementia pose significant challenges for clinicians and need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Initiation of cigarette smoking among children with and without learning disabilities.

The goals of this study were to determine if: (1) children with learning disabilities should be included in school-based smoking prevention programs and (2) existing prevention curricula are appropriate for children with learning disabilities. Initiation of cigarette smoking and several correlates of smoking, including personal attribute, peer influence, and parent influence variables, were measured in a sample of 1470 3rd and 5th grade children. The rates of smoking initiation were 17% and 15% for children with and without learning disabilities, respectively. In addition, several of the known correlates of smoking among youth, including low self-control, negative orientation toward school, and peer smoking, were also significantly associated with smoking by children with learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities are as much in need of smoking prevention programs as children without learning disabilities. Although current smoking prevention curricula address issues relevant to children with learning disabilities, additional research is needed to identify the special needs of these children and to determine the type of smoking prevention program most likely to be effective with them.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

HIV risk among Latino gay men in the Southwestern United States.

Using two different methods-bar and community household sampling-159 Latino gay men were recruited in the city of Tucson, Arizona. In addition to demographics, the study questionnaire assessed participants' sexual activity during the last 30 days with primary and nonprimary partners, condom use in the last year, and eight psychosocial constructs that have been predictive of HIV risk in different studies of (mostly white) gay/bisexual men. Questionnaires were available only in English; this Latino sample is thus likely to overrepresent highly acculturated, English-speaking men. Results show that 22% of the sample engaged in unprotected anal intercourse with nonmonogamous partners during the last 30 days; 51% of the sample reported at least one instance of unprotected anal intercourse during the last year. Of those men who practiced any anal intercourse during the last 30 days, 67% practiced unprotected anal intercourse with primary partners and 44% practiced unprotected intercourse with casual partners. Thus, the majority of Latino gay men who practiced anal intercourse in the month prior to the interview were not using condoms. Men who practiced unprotected intercourse with nonmonogamous partners reported lower annual incomes and were less educated. Two cognitive variables (behavioral intentions and perceptions of self-efficacy and self-control) and two behavioral variables (sex under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs and sex in public environments) emerged as the most important correlates of HIV risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

AIDS-relevant condom use by gay and bisexual men: the role of person variables and the interpersonal situation.

This study examined the relative ability of selected person variables (interpersonal self-efficacy, self-control, attitudes about the effect of condoms on sex, normative beliefs) and interpersonal-situational variables (partner preference, partner serostatus) to explain gay and bisexual males' (N = 267) condom use during insertive and receptive intercourse. Partner preference accounted for a large amount of variance in condom use by itself and when controlling for the effects of the remaining variables. Exploratory hierarchical regression analyses suggested that the receptive partner's preference influenced condom use decisions to a greater extent than did the insertive partner's. Partner serostatus alone explained little variance in condom use. However, partners serostatus interacted with subject serostatus such that dyads with concordance serostatus (i.e., both partners HIV positive or both HIV negative) used condoms the least, and dyads with discordant serostatus used condoms the most. Results suggest that the interpersonal situation plays an important role in condom use decisions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

[Mechanism of aspartic proteinase action. I. Theory and method].

Starting from experimental results and contemporary theories of biocatalysis, stereochemistry of aspartic protease functioning was discussed. A general theory of biocatalysis was suggested, which is based on the structural and functional organization of enzyme and substrate molecules and allow a quantitative description of a catalytic act as a continuous, spontaneous, and self-controlled process.

Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases↗
PubMed1996

[Formation of a unified system of mental regulation of activities and functional state of the flyer during effects of piloting strain].

The article describes the method of improving professional dependability of pilot impacted by aerobat g-loads through formation of a unified system for psychic regulation of his activity and status of the psychological function in the process of training on flight simulator. To this end, the simulator was retrofitted with an adaptive training circuit to establish functional and correction feedback by changing the intensity of display brightness proportionally to the degree of "g-load" and effectiveness of countermeasures applied to simulate visual disorders due to hypergravity. Data from real flights with high aerobat g-loads proved effectiveness of the proposed training scenarios as judged by increased probability of administration of breathing (0.9 vs. 0.4) and muscular (1.0 vs. 0.8) countermeasures by members of the experimental group against their controls. Besides, the trained pilots had no visual disorders, whereas this was the case in 28% of their controls. Possible mechanisms of how to form a unified system for psychic regulation in which implementation of a task is kept under permanent conscious control and self-control of the psychological function is essentially accomplished on the level of automated habits are the subject of the authors' discussion.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1996

Adolescent aggression and imagery: contributions from object relations and social cognitive theory.

Object relations and social cognitive theory can be combined with the use of imagery in a self-control program with aggressive adolescents. Object relations provide a rationale for merging fantasy and reality processes while social cognitive theory (and its operationalization through cognitive behavioral therapy) provides a general framework in which behavioral and cognitive change techniques are utilized. This is embedded in a developmental paradigm that promotes the integration of the past, present, and future as a means of encouraging developmental maturity and identity. A case study demonstrates how the elaborated procedure of imagery manipulation can effectively alter behavior in a relatively brief time. While concerns remain regarding the amalgamation of psychodynamic and cognitive theories, the theories can give rise to a judicious blending of techniques that appear to have good effect in the case described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

On Kibarashi-gui (binge eating).

The authors presented 16 cases that displayed episodes of pathological over-eating, i.e. kibarashi-gui (binge eating). The cases were divided into three groups, and symptomatology of the eating bouts and associated psychiatric symptoms were described. Constellations of symptoms differed from group to group. The first group, Group A, was concluded as the pure kibarashi-gui (binge eaters), and Group B can be regarded as a variant of anorexia nervosa. Discussion was focused on the similarities and differences between kibarashi-gui and anorexia nervosa. Kibarashi-gui is explained as a defeat of self-control or competition. Discussions on the origin of the sex difference of eating disorder were done. And, the concept of slimness or beauty in women was assumed as the most important factor in eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Theoretical approaches to behavior change in myofunctional therapy.

The effectiveness of myofunctional therapy depends not only on the quality of the individual exercises but also considerably on the patient's compliance. In this paper, factors are described which may decisively influence patients motivation to cooperate during treatment. Based on experience in dealing with patients, clinical studies and psychological knowledge, theoretical approaches to patient motivation are discussed, namely aspects of verbal communication, control, reward, behavior agreement as well as verbal self-control and self-reward.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mantoux test site granuloma: an appraisal of the diagnostic value in sarcoidosis.

Out of 146 cases, 92 (64%) cases with active sarcoidosis showed granulomas in biopsy at 4-6 weeks after Mantoux test (MT). No granuloma was seen in anyone of the 162 sites injected with other allergens in 27 of MT site positive cases, serving as self-control. False positive biopsies were not seen. Another control group of 40 patients with other respiratory disorders like tuberculosis failed to produce any granulomatous response at the site of MT. Mantoux test site biopsy may prove a valuable diagnostic test in sarcoidosis in India.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1997

Effect of an omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid-containing commercial lamb and rice diet on pruritus in atopic dogs: results of a single-blinded study.

A commercial, lamb and rice, dog food with an omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio of 5.5:1 was fed in a single-blinded, self-controlled clinical trial to 18 atopic dogs. The pruritus in 8 of these dogs (44.4%) was satisfactorily controlled within 7 to 21 d, returned within 3 to 14 d after the diet was withdrawn, and was again controlled when the diet was reinstated. Plasma and skin levels of examined fatty acids changed in all 18 dogs when their diet was switched to the test diet. Dogs responding to the test diet had a different pattern of fatty acid change as compared to the dogs which failed to respond to the diet, suggesting that there are subsets of atopic dogs with different fatty acid metabolism capabilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of energy balance and adiposity: a model with new approaches.

Obesity etiology and treatment have been fraught with disappointment for researchers, because the mechanisms regulating fuel homeostasis and adiposity are incompletely understood. It can now be hypothesized in the light of new evidences that the control of body weight and composition depends upon an axis with three interrelated and self-controlled components: 1) food intake; 2) nutrient turnover and thermogenesis and 3) body fat stores, all of which underly complex feedback mechanisms. This approach considers two of the most relevant recent findings in the field (leptin and beta 3-adrenoceptors), adding new views to previous metabolic models of obesity. This perspective supplies some additional clues to the understanding of body composition regulation as well as the potential involvement of genetic and hypothalamic disorders in the onset of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

[Clinical study of severe anorexia nervosa: the role of intravenous hyperalimentation therapy].

In order to understand the psychopathology of severe anorexia nervosa (AN), and determine appropriate therapeutic approaches, a clinical study was conducted on 13 patients with severe AN who were hospitalized and were treated with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). The patients were divided into three types based on their clinical symptoms and initiating factors: Type I (Restricting Type; "Non-dieters"), Type II (Restricting Type: "Dieters"). Type III (Binge-eating/Purging Type). The clinical features of each type were evaluated. Based on this evaluation, the basic approach and the role of IVH in the treatment of each type are described as follows. Type I: The patients experience loss of appetite and subsequently, suffer involuntary weight loss as a result of psychological or physical stresses at school and/or home. Since the patients do not intentionally restrict food intake, they cannot explain the loss of appetite. The age at onset of this type is the youngest among the three groups. The patients are introverted, passive and not good at expressing their emotions. Therefore, it is often difficult to deepen the emotional commitment further. It is possible to understand the pathology of Type I through the psychosomatic model. IVH therapy promotes benign regression for Type I patients, so that the mother-child relationship may be restored. As the therapeutic progress, the mother child relationship occasionally become ambivalent. In such a case, it is important for the treatment team to support independent activities of the patients. Type II: The patients lose weight by intentionally restricting necessary food intake for reasons such as beauty or sports. Any experience of failure in studies or sports or trouble in complex personal relations can trigger the onset of AN. Weight loss is looked as a great achievement, whereas weight gain is recognized as a serious failure of self-control. Since type II patients understand the necessity of receiving treatment, it is possible to establish a trusting relationship during therapy. Their prognosis is generally good. The psychotherapeutic approach for Type II patients is most effective in the context of a weight gain program utilizing behavior therapy. It is important for the therapist to integrate psychological approach with physiological approach using IVH, and to modify cognitive distortion and body image disturbance. Type III: The patients have regularly engaged in binge eating or purging (or both) in the progress of AN. But as they intensely fear becoming fat, they refuse to maintain a minimally normal body weight. Therefore, they exhibit recurrently inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain. In the therapeutic sessions, they often become ambivalent and unstable, showing dissatisfaction and reacting strongly against their therapists. The age at onset is the oldest of the three types. The prognosis is not good in many cases. IVH therapy may be required only in life-threatening situation for Type III patients. And severe bulimic patients may require sufficient drug treatment. The patients should be trained for interpersonal relationships at the day care unit or the occupational therapy unit. And they should be encouraged to adapt to real life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Evaluation of the accuracy of arterial pressure measurements with different types of devices used for self-monitoring].

The self-control is the important item in hypertension treatment. The results of blood pressure measurements were received by using various types using different of oscillometric equipment (thumb, wrist and arm manket) and compared with the outcomes of mercury sphygmomanometer which was used in the same trial. The satisfactory correlation of results from different types of equipment was confirmed with the exception of the thumb oscillometric apparatus results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer by combined long-acting gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and gonadotropin for superovulation in patients with refractory polycystic ovary syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of the treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients by combined long acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and gonadotropin. METHODS: Nineteen women with PCOS who had failed to conceive on treatment with conventional fertilization in vitro-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) protocol underwent 26 cycles of IVF-ET by combined long-acting and gonadotropin stimulation. A self-control group consisted of 19 PCOS women who had received 19 treatment cycles with conventional IVF-ET stimulation protocol more than 6 months previously. RESULTS: A comparison of these two groups showed that treatment with combined long-acting GnRHa and gonadotropin improved the in vitro fertility rate (76.2%) and pregnancy rate (38.5%). CONCLUSION: Patients with refractory PCOS should be referred for IVF-ET, using long-acting GnRHa before gonadotropin as the stimulation protocol.

Adult↗