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PubMed1988

[Bacteriological study of fresh, preserved, damaged and contaminated pig spleens].

Since the amendment of the Meat Inspection Act as on January 1, 1979, only the spleen is used as an indicator organ to detect bacteraemia in bacteriological examinations. The spleens should be handled carefully during slaughter, inspection, storage, transportation and laboratory testing in order to prevent false positive results of bacteriological examination caused by errors of inoculation, damage, contamination and unduly high storage temperatures. Bacteria could not be isolated from 86.2 per cent of 399 directly examined spleens of clinically normal pigs. Positive cases may have been due to acute bacteraemia in which the primary source of infection escaped notice, transient bacteraemia or errors of inoculation. Moreover, examination of damaged or contaminated spleens and spleens stored at too high temperatures showed that the usual method of sterilisation of the splenic surface singing is inadequate in some cases. In view of the fact that storage at 4 degrees C was not found to affect the results of bacteriological examination, the spleens which are to be examined should be intensively chilled immediately after slaughter.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Ultrasound study of the spleen].

The sonography is the method of choice for the determination of the size of the spleen. Normally, this has, represented from the left flank, a size of 12 x 5 cm (length and thickness) and a regular structural pattern. Splenomegalies with diffusely changed echo-structure are found in infections, congestion spleens as well as haemoblastoses. Focal lesions are typical for cysts, abscesses and haematomas of the spleen. The sonography of the spleen plays a particular role in the staging of malignant lymphomas, whereas metastatic changes of the spleen may more infrequently be stated sonographically. The authors deal with the great importance of the sonography of the spleen in abdominal traumas.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Radionuclide imaging of the spleen with heat denatured technetium-99m RBC when the splenic reticuloendothelial system seems impaired.

Imaging of the spleen of 10 patients who had been hematologically diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia (SCA) was studied with [99mTc]tin colloid and heat denatured [99mTc]RBCs. In all ten patients, there was faint or nonvisualization of the spleen with [99mTc]tin colloid. However, with heat denatured [99mTc]RBCs, nine spleens were well visualized, and the uptake was homogenous. One spleen had two patchy areas of uptake. The results indicate that when splenic phagocytic function is impaired as reflected by nonvisualization of the spleen with [99mTc]tin colloid, it is still possible to image such a spleen with heat denatured [99mTc]RBCs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

In vivo generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells in the regional lymph node: effect of subcutaneous inoculation of mls-disparate spleen cells around implanted tumors in mice.

Generation of immunological resistance to a B-cell tumor was attempted by inoculating histoincompatible spleen cells around the sites of implanted tumor cells. Syngeneic hybridomas developed in the regional area of 96% of the control mice but in 4% of the mice that had received s.c. inoculation of H-2-matched, mls-disparate spleen cells. The regional lymph node cells of the mice in which tumors did not develop showed direct cytotoxicity against the hybridoma cells. This cytotoxicity was sensitive to treatment with the monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 and complement and was specific for the tumor cells. After s.c. inoculation of mls-disparate spleen cells, cells of the regional lymph node were shown to produce interleukin 2. Primary cultures of the recipient lymph node cells and the donor spleen cells in the presence of T-cell growth factors showed that the tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were derived from the donor spleen cells. These results strongly suggest that on injection of mls antigen-disparate spleen cells, injected splenic T-cells specific for the tumor developed into functional cytotoxic T-lymphocytes with the help of interleukin 2 which was produced by the mixed lymphocyte reaction in vivo and thus prevented tumor growth. The possibility of clinical application of this procedure in the immunotherapy of neoplasms is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Immunohistochemical study of spleens in gastric cancer].

Immunohistochemical study was performed on the spleens of the stomach cancers using various monoclonal antibodies against mononuclear cells. The subjects consisted of 4 cases in stage I, 3 cases in stage II, 9 cases in stage III and 15 cases in stage IV. Five spleens of patients died of cerebrovascular disorders were used as a control. For 6 among these cancer cases, PSK was injected endoscopically into the tumor 10 days before operation. The results showed that: 1) OKT3+, OKT4+ and OKT8+ positive cells decreased in the marginal area of follicles with the progression of the stage of stomach cancer. 2) OKM1 and OKT10 positive cells increased in the marginal area of follicles and the red pulp of spleens which were in the latter stage of the stomach cancer. 3) OKIa1+ and OKB7+ positive cells decreased in the follicles in the later stage. 4) Leu7+, Leu11b+, OKT9+ and IL2 receptor+ cells apparently did not change in spite of the progression of the stage of stomach cancer. 5) OKT6+ positive cells were hardly noted in the spleen. 6) In PSK injected group, OKT4+, OKT8+ and OKB7+ cells tended to increase, while IL2 receptor+ cells and OKM1+ cells were definitely observed to increase. In conclusion, the spleen of the stomach cancer in the advanced stages exhibited the decrease of the T-cell system such as OKT3+, OKT4+ and OKT8+ cells and it is believed that the immune response was lowered through T-cell system as the stage advances. At the same time, the fact of a similar decrease in the B-cell system of OKB7+ seems to suggest a lowered state of antibody productivity. On the other hand, the increase of OKM1+ and OKT10+ cells in the advanced stage is considered to be a state of activation in the reticuloendothelial system. In the PSK injected cases, the increase of OKT4+, OKT8+ and IL2 receptor+ cells was observed. This was suggested that intratumorous injection of PSK was able to enhance the antitumor activity through the spleen by the activation of the T-cell system and reticuloendothelial system.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of age on the capacity of the bone marrow and the spleen cells to generate B lymphocytes.

The effect of age on the regeneration of the B cell population was studied by cell transfer methods, using the allotype-congenic mouse strains BALB/c (Igha) and C.B-17 (Ighb) as donors of old and young bone marrow (BM) and spleen cells, and C.AL-20 (Igho) as recipients. This design allowed us to identify the origin of the sIgD+ B cells present in the recipients. It was found that in a simple cell transfer, BM cells or spleen cells of aged donors could reconstitute the peripheral B cell population of irradiated, thymectomized recipients essentially as effectively as could BM or spleen cells from young donors. However, when BM cells from aged donors and from young donors were mixed and were used to reconstitute a single recipient, the cells from the aged donor were less efficient than were the cells from the young donor. We found that sIgD+ B cells of young donor origin predominated in the peripheral B cell population of the recipient at 3 to 6 wk after cell transfer. In the BM of the recipients, however, there was no difference in the incidence of sIgD+ B cells derived from the young and the old donors. When recipients were reconstituted with a mixture of spleen cells from old and young mice, the sIgD+ cells of young donor allotype showed a tendency to predominate in the peripheral B cell population, although this predominance was not statistically significant. Under such competitive conditions, the spleen cells of aged donors were less efficient than the BM of aged donors in reconstituting the sIgD+ B cell population of the recipient's BM, but were more efficient in reconstituting the splenic sIgD+ cells. Thus, a subtle defect in the B cell precursor population of the BM and the spleen of aged mice has been demonstrated. The role of T cells in the generation of sIgD+ cells was also analyzed.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Periarterial fibrosis in the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

The characteristic splenic lesion of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is said to be enlargement of the Malpighian bodies with the appearance of prominent germinal centers. Twenty-seven spleens therapeutically removed for ITP and 15 control spleens removed for trauma were reviewed. Lymphoid hyperplasia with germinal center formation was found more frequently in spleens with ITP than in the control spleens. In two of the spleens removed for ITP, a peculiar lesion was observed, which consisted of concentric layers of hyalinized material surrounding small arterioles, similar to the vascular "onionskinning" that commonly occurs in the spleens of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The clinical histories and laboratory data of these patients did not establish a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus at the time of presentation.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of effector cells mediating antitumor activity in spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice.

Antitumor activity of spleen cells from BALB/c mice bearing RL male 1 lymphoma was studied. In the Winn assay spleen cells of the tumor-bearing mice inhibited the growth of RL male 1 lymphoma. This antitumor activity of spleen cells was not detected by the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay (4-h 51Cr release assay). The effector cells in spleen cells were T-cells which manifested asialo GM1 on their cell surfaces and were radiosensitive (1000 rads). The analysis of T-cell subsets using Lyt markers showed that the effector cells expressed the Lyt-2 antigen with a small amount of the Lyt-1 antigen on their cell surfaces. In addition antitumor activity of spleen cells of the tumor-bearing mice was weak in the early stage of tumor growth, strong in the mid-stage, and disappeared in the late stage. The mechanisms of antitumor activity of spleen cells of the tumor-bearing mice are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Study of cellular immunity in experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice: transfer of spleen cells sensitized with liver proteins.

This study was based on our model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis produced by immunizing C57BL/6 (B6) mice with syngeneic liver proteins and Freund's complete adjuvant. Spleen cells obtained from these hepatitis mice were transferred to syngeneic normal recipient mice, and histological changes occurring in the liver and the role of cellular immunity in producing liver damages in recipient mice were investigated. Sensitized spleen cells from these immunized (donor) mice were fractionated by a nylon wool column and injected intravenously into normal B6 mice. Histology of the liver of the recipient mice showed mild infiltration of mononuclear cells around the periportal area 7 days after the transfer of sensitized spleen cells, and changes were most prominent in the mice injected with the fraction of nylon wool column adherent spleen cells. Induction of these liver lesions in the recipient mice was blocked by treatment of sensitized donor spleen cells with anti-Thy 1,2 monoclonal antibody and guinea pig complement before injection. Lymphocyte reactivity to liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP) in recipient mice was studied by a lymphocyte transformation system, and a high immune response was demonstrated with the fraction of nylon wool column non-adherent (T-enriched) spleen cells. These data seem to indicate T-cell interactions between donor and recipient mice in the transfer study using our experimental autoimmune hepatitis model.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Anatomy and topography of the spleen in children].

Fifty-two isolated spleens and 17 corpses of newborns and children up to 3 years of age have been studied. Preparation, visirographic and morphometric methods have been used. During the newborn and suckling age periods the spleen is projected in three regions: in the epigastrum, in the left subcostal and in the left lateral areas of the abdomen, and during early infancy--only in the left subcostal and in the left lateral area of the abdomen. The anterior end of the spleen beginning from the newborn period up to the early infancy comes down 1-2 vertebrae. The angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the spleen and the horizontal plane running across its anterior end increases. The spleen changes its form from the transitional one in newborn towards a long one in early infancy. During early infancy the spleen mass increases 4.6 times as compared to the newborn period, its length--1.8 and its width and thickness--1.7 times.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Maturation of B lymphocytes in the rat. II. Subpopulations of virgin B lymphocytes in the spleen and thoracic duct lymph.

Thoracic duct and spleen cells of normal (unimmunized) adult rats were fractionated according to size by 1 times G velocity sedimentation. Fractions were tested for their ability to restore the adoptive antibody response of irradiated hosts to horse spleen ferritin. A constant source of T cells (small numbers of unfractionated thoracic duct cells) was added to each fraction in order to monitor the B cell activity of the latter. Although large and small cell fractions of the spleen showed restorative activity, only the small cell fractions of the thoracic duct lymph showed activity. The turnover rate of the spleen cell fractions was determined by treating donors with high specific-activity 3H-thymidine for 48 hr before splenectomy. Rapidly dividing cells are preferentially killed by this treatment. The results suggest that a considerable proportion of large, intermediate, and small virgin B cells turn over within 48 hr. The cell surface of the various spleen cell fractions was examined for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) and a receptor for complement. The percentage of Ig-bearing cells in the large cell fractions was similar to the percentage of cells bearing IgM and a receptor for complement. However, the majority of Ig-bearing cells in the small cell fractions did not show the latter two surface markers. Experiments with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter showed that the large functionally active B cells bore surface IgM. The experimental findings suggest that there are subpopulations of virgin B cells in the spleen of the adult rat which differ with respect to size, migration pattern, turnover rate, and cell surface characteristics. The relationship of these cells to one another is discussed in the framework of an antigen-independent model of B cell maturation in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The big and/or soft spleen: a survey of necropsy specimens.

A statistical survey of the necropsy population, for the year 1973, at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, Calif, was performed to determine changes occurring in the spleen. When cirrhosis of the liver was present, spleens were usually enlarged but not substantially firmer. In cases in which there was no cirrhosis, severe systemic infection was not accompanied by splenomegaly, although spleen softening was present. Generally, spleen size did not appear to be related to its own consistency. However, when cirrhosis of the liver was present, severe infection was accompanied by a decrease in the size of the spleen, with no change in consistency; but in these cases, there was less infection at the time of death. Splenomalacia was not shown to be related to postmortem autolysis. The spleen weight decreased only slightly with aging.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Recovery processes in rabbit spleen after hydrocortisone administration].

The effect of hydrocortisone on the rabbit spleen and the recovery processes after the cessation of the hormone injection was studied. A decrease of the absorption function of RES, and spleen atrophy, expressed in a decrease of the organ weight and size followed prolonged hydrocortisons use. Most of the spleen nodes were reduced to an irregular accumulation of lymphocytes. The pyroninophilic cells disappeared in the white pulp. Cessation of the hormone effect was followed by an improvement in the general condition of the animal; the development of the spleen atrophic processes was suspended, the spleen nodes were restored with an increase of pyroninophilic cell count in them. The use of a stimulant under these conditions accelerated the recovery of the animal weight, as well as that of the atrophic spleen, with a normalization of the organ structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of the effectiveness of bone marrow and spleen stem cells for platelet repopulation in lethally irradiated mice.

To determine whether stem cells from spleen differ from those of bone marrow in their ability to support platelet repopulation after lethal irradiation we compared normal, splenectomized and plethoric (3 weeks exposure to CO) spleen cell recipients with similar groups of mice reconstituted with comparable numbers of bone marrow stem cells. Female LAF1 mice were given 825-950 R from a 60Co source and were transplanted with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 x 10(6) bone marrow or 10-64 x 10(6) spleen cells. CFUs content of the transplant was calculated from day 9 splenic nodules in mice receiving 5 x 10(4) bone marrow or 1.0-1.6 x 10(6) spleen cells. Blood volumes, platelet counts and hematocrits were determined on day 12. Total circulating platelets increased with increasing stem cell dose (range 50-1000 CFUs) after both types of transplant. Plethoric mice always had lower platelet levels than controls even when corrected for expanded blood volume. There was little difference between values for normal and splenectomized mice. Platelet production per CFUs in all groups except splenectomized spleen cell recipients declined with large transplants presumably because of feedback inhibition. Although the number of splenic megakaryocytes in spleen cell recipients was approximately 2.5 times as great as in bone marrow recipients, platelet levels were significantly higher only in normal and splenectomized mice receiving more than 300 CFUs. No differences were found between the two types of transplant when plethoric hosts were used.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis with spleen cells from donors sensitized with myelin basic protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant.

Myelin basic protein (BP) emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (BP/IFA) is relatively nonencephalitogenic in Lewis rats. Furthermore, repeated injections of BP/IFA prevent subsequent induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by BP emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (BP/CFA). In spite of this, spleen cells from rats injected repeatedly with BP/IFA transfer EAE after they are cultured with BP almost as effectively as BP/CFA spleen cells. However, unlike the latter, BP/IFA spleen cells do not proliferate in response to BP in culture. Furthermore, BP/IFA spleen cells are unable to transfer EAE after culture with concanavalin A (Con A), in contrast to BP/CFA spleen cells. Both populations of spleen cells undergo a strong proliferative response to Con A in culture. For BP/IFA cells, at least, a proliferative response to BP in vitro is not a prerequisite for enhanced transfer of EAE in Lewis rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Anti-tumor effect of syngeneic spleen cells treated with immune RNA and tumor antigen.

The anti-tumor effect of syngeneic spleen cells, xenogeneic immune RNA (l-RNA) and tumor antigen (TA) was studied in a chemically induced (N-methyl-N-nitro-sourethane) colon carcinoma model in BALB/c mice. When the mice were treated, sequentially, with these three elements by local injection under the tumor, complete tumor regression was observed in 25% of the animals. Complete tumor regression was observed in 17% of animals treated by injection of spleen cells pre-incubated with l-RNA in vitro followed by an injection of TA. When spleen cells were treated first with l-RNA and then with mitomycin-C, therapeutic benefit was obtained and the survival rate of mice treated with these spleen cells and TA was significantly higher than that of the control group (no treatment). The anti-tumor effect of this treatment was abrogated completely when spleen cells were treated with mitomycin-C prior to l-RNA incubation. When spleen cells were incubated with TA in vitro or after incubation with l-RNA and then injected into tumor-bearing mice, no anti-tumor effect was noted. These data suggest that DNA synthesis and/or lymphocyte proliferation is essential for the action of l-rna in sensitizing lymphocytes but not essential in the interaction of l-RNA-sensitized lymphocytes with TA. In addition it appeared that, under the conditions used, the participation of host factors was essential in the latter interaction, since treatment of l-RNA-sensitized lymphocytes with TA in vitro was ineffective.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Aging and immunity: decrease in interleukin-2 production and interleukin-2-dependent RNA-synthesis in lectin-stimulated and murine spleen cells.

The RNA-content of G1 cells in lectin-stimulated spleen cell cultures of young and aged NMRI mice was determined by flow cytometry. In spleen cells of aged mice a preferential decrease of G1 cells with a high RNA-content, so-called G1b cells, was found. Since, as shown in a previous report, only cells with a high RNA-content are able to proliferate and the passage of low (G1a) to high (G1b) RNA-content is interleukin-2(IL-2)-dependent, the ability of young and old spleen cells to produce IL-2 was tested. In old spleen cells a diminished production of IL-2 was found. Addition of external IL-2, however, did not increase the proliferative capacity of old spleen cells, nor did it induce more G1b cells. Thus spleens of aged mice contain cells, which can be activated by lectin, but then fail to respond to IL-2. Both decrease in IL-2 production and receptivity for IL-2 may contribute to the diminishing immune response in aging individuals.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Modulation of tumor incidence by oncofetal products in a syngeneic hepatoma cell-spleen cell model.

An experimental model is described for analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the modulation of tumorigenicity by syngeneic lymphoid cells and oncofetal products in vivo. The effect of mouse amniotic fluid (AF) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) from this fluid and from serum, free or bound to estrogens, upon the growth of a syngeneic hepatoma was examined in mice transferred with syngeneic spleen cells from hepatoma-bearing donors. Intraperitoneal transfer of spleen cells from hepatoma-bearing into normal syngeneic mice, either tended to stimulate or to inhibit tumor growth in the latter depending on the length of time elapsed between tumor-transplantation in the spleen-cell donor and their sacrifice for spleen excision. For example, only the spleen cells obtained on day 14 and 21 following tumor transplantation protected the recipients from tumor growth. When these protective cells were mixed with hepatoma cells from a low incidence line, and the mixture injected subcutaneously, tumor incidence increased (tumor-promotion effect) rather than the contrary. AF was immunosuppressive inasmuch as it amplified the tumor-promotion effect of the spleen cells. On the other hand, purified AFP from sera of hepatoma bearing mice abolished this tumor-promotion effect.

Amniotic Fluid↗