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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Optimal allocation of resources over health care programmes: dealing with decreasing marginal utility and uncertainty.

This paper addresses the problem of how to value health care programmes with different ratios of costs to effects, specifically when taking into account that these costs and effects are uncertain. First, the traditional framework of maximising health effects with a given health care budget is extended to a flexible budget using a value function over money and health effects. Second, uncertainty surrounding costs and effects is included in the model using expected utility. Other approaches to uncertainty that do not specify a utility function are discussed and it is argued that these also include implicit notions about risk attitude.

Budgets↗
PubMed1996

The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry. Utilization of psychiatric hospital care related to amount and allocation of resources to psychiatric services.

As a part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry, utilization of inpatient care was related to resources and dynamic qualities of psychiatric services in seven catchment areas in four Nordic countries. One-year treated incidence cohorts were used. Each patient was followed for 1 year after first contact with the psychiatric service. Data were collected concerning number of beds and staff, number of long-term patients and turnover rate of patients in inpatient care. Findings gave some support to the earlier reports that the utilization of inpatient care is determined by the supply of available beds. Highly staffed community services did not themselves reduce the use of inpatient services, but availability of day care services seemed to reduce utilization of inpatient care among psychotic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Investigation into the significance of task difficulty and divided allocation of resources on the glucose memory facilitation effect.

RATIONALE: Memory for a list of 20 words can be enhanced by preceding learning with consumption of 25 g glucose rather than an equally sweet aspartame solution. In previous studies, participants performed a secondary hand-movement task during the list-learning phase. OBJECTIVE: The present placebo-controlled, double-blind study examined whether the additional cognitive load created by a secondary task is a crucial feature of the glucose memory facilitation effect. METHODS: The effect of glucose administration on word recall performance in healthy young participants was examined under conditions where the primary memory task and a secondary task were competing for cognitive resources (across a range of secondary tasks), and where task difficulty was increased but dual task-mediated competition for cognitive resources did not exist. Measures of non-verbal and working memory performance were also compared under the different glycaemic conditions (glucose versus aspartame drinks). RESULTS: In the present study, a beneficial effect of glucose on memory was detected after participants encoded a 20-word list while performing a secondary task, but not when participants encoded the list without a secondary task, nor when the 20 target words were intermixed with 20 non-target words (distinguished by gender of speaker). In addition, glucose significantly enhanced performance on spatial and working memory tasks. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that possible "depletion" of episodic memory capacity and/or glucose-mediated resources in the brain due to performing a concomitant cognitive task might be crucial to the demonstration of a glucose facilitation effect. Possible implications regarding underlying cognitive and physiological mechanisms are discussed in this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Optimal environmental management strategy and implementation for groundwater contamination prevention and restoration.

An innovative management strategy is proposed for optimized and integrated environmental management for regional or national groundwater contamination prevention and restoration allied with consideration of sustainable development. This management strategy accounts for availability of limited resources, human health and ecological risks from groundwater contamination, costs for groundwater protection measures, beneficial uses and values from groundwater protection, and sustainable development. Six different categories of costs are identified with regard to groundwater prevention and restoration. In addition, different environmental impacts from groundwater contamination including human health and ecological risks are individually taken into account. System optimization principles are implemented to accomplish decision-makings on the optimal resources allocations of the available resources or budgets to different existing contaminated sites and projected contamination sites for a maximal risk reduction. Established management constraints such as budget limitations under different categories of costs are satisfied at the optimal solution. A stepwise optimization process is proposed in which the first step is to select optimally a limited number of sites where remediation or prevention measures will be taken, from all the existing contaminated and projected contamination sites, based on a total regionally or nationally available budget in a certain time frame such as 10 years. Then, several optimization steps determined year-by-year optimal distributions of the available yearly budgets for those selected sites. A hypothetical case study is presented to demonstrate a practical implementation of the management strategy. Several issues pertaining to groundwater contamination exposure and risk assessments and remediation cost evaluations are briefly discussed for adequately understanding implementations of the management strategy.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1980

Context and the allocation of resources in word recognition.

Three experiments are reported that investigate the effects of context on the use of limited processing resources in word recognition. On each trial in all of the experiments, the subjects were presented with an incomplete sentence followed by a target display containing a word and two digits. In all cases, accuracy at reporting the word was affected by context, as expected. The effect of context on processing resources was examined by considering the accuracy of reports of the digits in cases in which the word did or did not fit the context. Accuracy of digit report was greater for digits surrounding words in related context, but only when the subjects were required to report the word before reporting the digits. There was no effect of word context on the digit report when subjects had to report the digits first. There was likewise no effect on accuracy of digit report when subjects were required to report only the word or only the digits, even when the cue was presented 250 msec after the target display was replaced by a patterned mask. The results suggest that the effect of context on the resources consumed in word recognition is restricted to aspects of processing that can be delayed until the subject is required to select an overt response, and a simple interpretation of the results may be given in terms of a slight modification of Morton's model of the interaction of stimulus information and context.

Attention↗
PubMed2000

Strategies for the allocation of resources under sulfur limitation in the green alga Dunaliella salina.

The effect of sulfur limitation on the partitioning of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur was investigated in Dunaliella salina. D. salina was able to adapt to 6 microM sulfate; under these conditions, the cells showed reduced growth and photosynthetic rates. Whereas intracellular sulfate was depleted, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium increased. Amino acids showed a general increase, and alanine became the most abundant amino acid. The activities of four key enzymes of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism were differentially regulated: Adenosine 5' triphosphate sulfurylase activity increased 4-fold, nitrate reductase and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activities decreased 4- and 11-fold, respectively, whereas carbonic anhydrase activity remained unchanged. Sulfur limitation elicited specific increase or decrease of the abundance of several proteins, such us Rubisco, PEP carboxylase, and a light harvesting complex protein. The accumulation of potentially toxic ammonium indicates an insufficient availability of carbon skeletons. Sulfur deficiency thus induces an imbalance between carbon and nitrogen. The dramatic reduction in PEP carboxylase activity suggests that carbon was diverted away from anaplerosis and possibly channeled into C3 metabolism. These results indicate that it is the coordination of key steps and components of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism that allows D. salina to adapt to prolonged sulfur limitation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗