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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk.

An estimated 779 million people are at risk of schistosomiasis, of whom 106 million (13.6%) live in irrigation schemes or in close proximity to large dam reservoirs. We identified 58 studies that examined the relation between water resources development projects and schistosomiasis, primarily in African settings. We present a systematic literature review and meta-analysis with the following objectives: (1) to update at-risk populations of schistosomiasis and number of people infected in endemic countries, and (2) to quantify the risk of water resources development and management on schistosomiasis. Using 35 datasets from 24 African studies, our meta-analysis showed pooled random risk ratios of 2.4 and 2.6 for urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis, respectively, among people living adjacent to dam reservoirs. The risk ratio estimate for studies evaluating the effect of irrigation on urinary schistosomiasis was in the range 0.02-7.3 (summary estimate 1.1) and that on intestinal schistosomiasis in the range 0.49-23.0 (summary estimate 4.7). Geographic stratification showed important spatial differences, idiosyncratic to the type of water resources development. We conclude that the development and management of water resources is an important risk factor for schistosomiasis, and hence strategies to mitigate negative effects should become integral parts in the planning, implementation, and operation of future water projects.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maintaining food sufficiency: Coping strategies identified by limited-resource individuals versus nutrition educators.

OBJECTIVE: This study's purposes were to identify food acquisition and management coping strategies used by limited-resource individuals to maintain food sufficiency, compare strategies named by the target audience to those previously identified by nutrition educators, and examine these strategies to advance grounded theory. DESIGN: Eleven focus groups, conducted with 62 limited-resource individuals, elucidated coping strategies that they or others they knew used to acquire or manage food to maintain food sufficiency. The results were compared with practices as previously identified by nutrition educators who regularly worked with this audience. SUBJECTS/SETTINGS: Subjects aged 19 to 67 from throughout New Jersey were recruited by Food Stamp agencies, low-income outreach programs, soup kitchens, welfare offices, Head Start centers, shelters, and food pantries. RESULTS: Of the 95 coping strategies identified, 83% were known from nutrition educators previously. Ten new practices (eg, selling blood) had not previously been identified by educators. Four of 10 practices were not found in the literature (eg, repeated participation in research studies). Six practices previously reported by nutrition educators were not mentioned by the study population. IMPLICATIONS: Educators who work with limited-resource individuals are a good resource for research with this audience. Study findings may be important considerations for nutrition program planning and policy making.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

A staffing-effectiveness methodology for analyzing human resource and clinical/service screening indicator data.

BACKGROUND: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), a university-affiliated academic health center, developed and pilot tested a method for analyzing staffing effectiveness. SCREENING INDICATORS: Human resource screening indicators chosen for analysis included direct caregiver indicators (based on nursing and allied health resource data), such as registered nurse (R.N.) turnover rate, and indirect caregiver indicators (based on overall health care organization resource data), such as overall hospital turnover rate. Clinical/service screening indicators consisted of five nursing-sensitive outcome variables. DATA COLLECTION: Patient unit-based data collection at the hospital was institutionally aggregated on a quarterly basis for all human resource and clinical service indicators. Initial methodological development and pilot testing focused on statistical process control chart (SPCC) methodology for longitudinal measurements and the use of spider diagrams for examination of potential relationships within and among all variables, with all variables considered simultaneously in an interrelational analytical process. DISCUSSION: The design, development, and pilot-testing of the staffing-effectiveness methodology led to recommendations for clinical and operational interventions.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed2006

Systematic review of resource utilization in the hospital management of deliberate self-harm.

BACKGROUND: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a significant public health problem, representing a major burden in terms of morbidity to the individual and health-service utilization. While clinical guidelines suggest good practice for the short-term hospital management of DSH, there remains considerable variability in the way that services are provided. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to examine the current evidence on hospital resource use and costs involved in the short-term hospital management of adults following DSH and to elucidate the factors that influence these differences, in terms of clinical characteristics and service provision. RESULTS: Twenty-one papers reporting on 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Clinical characteristics associated with an increase in resource use included overdose with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) compared with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (weighted ratio 2.6:1) and co-ingestion of alcohol with SSRIs. Variations in service provision, including medical admissions policy and provision of a specialist liaison service, affected resource utilization independently of the clinical needs of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Overdoses of TCAs incur substantially greater hospital costs than overdoses of SSRIs. Variations in the medical seriousness of DSH, and in the structure of service provision, affect the resources used in its short-term hospital management, with little evidence about the impact these differences have on clinical outcome. Research is needed to evaluate the impact of different styles of service provision on outcome, and to incorporate these factors into the trial design of future cost-effectiveness studies of interventions following DSH.

Health Care Costs↗
PubMed2000

Social and personal resources and the prevalence of phobic disorder in a community population.

BACKGROUND: Phobic disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in community populations and much attention has focused on the association of sociodemographic factors and social resources with the disorder. There has been little investigation of the more personal resources such as self-confidence, religiosity, social support and self-perceived health that may increase vulnerability. METHODS: We used a sample of 2914 community residents aged 18 or older who participated in the Duke University Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study to explore the relationship between both social and personal resources and the prevalence of DIS/DSM-III phobic disorder. RESULTS: The 1-month prevalence of any phobic disorder was 7.6%. In bivariate analyses, we found both race/ethnicity and gender differences in prevalence, with a higher prevalence of phobic disorder in African-Americans and females. Lower socio-economic status, rural residence and unmarried status were also associated with current prevalence. No association was found for social network and social interaction. Impaired subjective social support, low self-confidence, perceived poorer physical health and co-morbid psychiatric disorder were significantly associated with current prevalence in uncontrolled analyses, while associations between lack of a confidant as well as religiosity and phobic disorder were not. Female gender (OR = 1.7), perceived low self-confidence (OR = 2.0), and two interaction terms, age x co-morbid psychiatric disorder and race/ethnicity x perceived physical health were associated with phobic disorder in controlled analyses using logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that both social and personal resources, particularly self-confidence, co-morbidity and perceived physical health are important correlates of phobic disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

An elemental resource for the human-task interface.

The elemental resource model (ERM) attempts to provide a quantitative and straightforward framework for characterizing the human system, tasks, and their interface. It evolved in large part from the general systems performance theory (GSPT), which was developed first and independently. Resource constructs are used exclusively for modeling the abstract idea of system performance and for subsequent measurement of performance resource capacities. Resource economic principles provide a cause-and-effect description of the human-task interface. While argued to have immediate utility, it also provides the motivation to consider coordinated, collaborative, long-term developments that could facilitate effective decision making and technology utilization in rehabilitation.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

The accuracy of self-reported healthcare resource utilization in health economic studies.

OBJECTIVE: Individuals' recollections of the number and type of health service encounters are frequently required for health economic studies. We sought to establish whether the accuracy of self-reported healthcare resource utilization is a function of the duration of the recall period and the saliency of the health service encounter. METHODS: Patient recollections of a range of community services (general practitioner visits, community midwifery visits) and hospital services (accident and emergency attendances, hospital outpatient attendances, inpatient admissions) over 4-month and 8-month time periods were obtained from women participating in a randomized controlled trial. Comparisons were made with healthcare resource utilization data extracted from medical records. Where significant differences were identified between the self-reported and medically recorded data, a multivariate linear regression model was constructed to identify the factors associated with underreporting and overreporting of healthcare resource utilization. RESULTS: The study revealed a tendency to underreport community service utilization, which appears to be exacerbated when the recall period is extended. A number of sociodemographic and clinical factors significantly associated with this tendency to underreport community service utilization were identified. The self-reporting of hospital service utilization over varying periods of recall was found to be more accurate. CONCLUSION: It is important that economic analysts establish optimal methods for estimating resource utilization quantities within health economic analytical designs. In particular, greater emphasis should be placed on extracting information on community service utilization from medical records or routine health service information systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychosocial resource loss as a mediator of the effects of flood exposure on psychological distress and physical symptoms.

This study used the Conservation of Resources stress model to examine the role of psychosocial resource loss in the aftermath of Midwest flooding. Questionnaires were distributed through churches and completed by 131 adults in flood-affected communities 6 weeks and 6 months after the flood's crest. Frequent psychosocial losses included losses of routine, sense of control, sense of optimism, accomplishing goals, and time with loved ones. Path analysis revealed that psychosocial resource loss mediated the effects of flood exposure on both psychological distress and physical symptoms at 6 months post-flood. The findings suggest that interventions designed to prevent psychosocial resource loss may reduce the long-term effects of disasters.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Hurricane Georges: a cross-national study examining preparedness, resource loss, and psychological distress in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and the United States.

This cross-national study examined preparation for and psychological functioning following Hurricane Georges in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and the United States. Four to five weeks after the storm made landfall, 697 college students (222 men, 476 women) completed a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, preparation, social support, resource loss, and symptoms associated with acute stress disorder. Location, resource loss (especially personal characteristic resources) and social support accounted for a significant portion of psychological distress variance. The findings support the conservation of resources stress theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 1998). Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

From risk factors to health resources in medical practice.

The healing and preventive powers of people's health resources and self-assessed knowledge have so far been grossly underestimated in medicine. In this article, we call attention to ethical and epistemological dilemmas related to knowledge, values, communication, and autonomy embedded in the prevailing risk-oriented epidemiology, and suggest a patient-centred salutogenetic approach to promote a better balance between resources and risks in medicine. Identification and intervention upon risk factors can provide hypotheses about origins of disease and predict and sometimes prevent disease at a group level. However, there are several pitfalls related to this perspective concerning causal factors, group level based possibilities, adequate end points for intervention, informed consent, and medicalization, especially in the individualized context of the clinical encounter. By introducing a salutogenic perspective, we urge to shift the attention toward resources, agency and strength, which may counteract risk of disease and empower the patient. Talk can mediate oppression as well as empowerment. A communicative key question approach, and self-assessed health resources identified through this strategy, are briefly presented as examples of empowerment through dialogue.

Communication↗
PubMed2004

The role of coping resources and coping style in quality of life of patients with asthma or COPD.

OBJECTIVE: Sufficient psychosocial coping resources and an adequate coping style may have a beneficial influence on quality of life in patients with a chronic disease. Until now little research has been directed at these associations and particularly not among patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of this study is to examine the association between psychosocial coping resources and coping style with HRQoL, for asthma and COPD separately. METHODS: Fourteen general practitioners in The Netherlands recruited 273 adult patients with asthma (n = 220) or COPD (n = 53). Data were collected by a pulmonary function assessment, a face-to-face interview and validated questionnaires about psychosocial coping resources (self-efficacy, mastery, self-esteem, and social support), coping style (avoidant, rational and emotional), and health related quality of life (HRQoL). RESULTS: A more emotional coping style (p < 0.01) was independently associated with poor HRQoL in both asthma and COPD patients. Furthermore, in asthma patients, less self-efficacy feelings (p < 0.01), less mastery feelings (p = 0.05), a more avoidant coping style (p = 0.04) and poor pulmonary function (p < 0.01) were independently associated with poor HRQoL. In COPD patients, a more rational coping style (p = 0.02) was independently associated with poor HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that psychosocial coping resources and coping style are independently associated with HRQoL in patients with asthma or COPD. Further research should explore the possibilities of intervening on these factors, aiming to improve HRQoL in patients with asthma or COPD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Number of siblings and intellectual development. The resource dilution explanation.

The resource dilution model posits that parental resources are finite and that as the number of children in the family increases, the resources accrued by any one child necessarily decline. Siblings are competitors for parents' time, energy, and financial resources and so the fewer the better. Even one sibling is too many. The author describes the general elements of the dilution position and assesses its merits for explaining the effect of siblings on one component of the educational process--tests of intellectual development. The author identifies critical flaws in recent critiques of the dilution position and concludes that dilution continues to provide the most promising explanation for why children with few siblings score higher on tests of cognitive skills than children with many siblings.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

A dual-task analysis of resource allocation in dysthymia and anhedonia.

Research has shown dysthymic individuals to be hyporesponsive at various stages of information processing, yet it is not clear whether dysthymics are deficient in the amount of available attentional resources for information processing or, instead, in the allocation of those resources. To distinguish between these possibilities, the authors compared dysthymics to anhedonic and normal control Ss during the performance of memory tasks, under conditions of varying task priority and difficulty. Although there were no performance differences, dysthymics and anhedonics exhibited a consistently smaller P300 component of the event-related potential. Furthermore, P300 results indicated that dysthymics and anhedonics responded differently from controls to variations in task demands. Thus, although evidence was obtained for group differences in both resource capacity and resource allocation strategy, the overall pattern of results is interpreted as favoring the latter.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Effects of cue exposure and deprivation on cognitive resources in smokers.

This research examines the effects of manipulations designed to induce an urge to smoke on cognitive resources. Two cue-exposure experiments were conducted in which current smokers' reported urge to smoke and cognitive resources, as measured by a secondary reaction time (RT) probe, were assessed. In each study, subjects came to the laboratory twice, once while deprived of smoking for 12 hr and once when they were nondeprived. During each session, subjects were exposed to both smoking and control cues. Results indicated that experimental manipulations designed to elicit a strong urge to smoke led to an increase in self-reported urge to smoke and a decrease of available cognitive resources, as measured by RT. In addition, these 2 measures were significantly correlated. These data, in conjunction with previous findings using alcohol-dependent subjects (M. A. Sayette et al., 1994), lend support to the validity of RT as an objective measure of the effects of cue exposure on cognitive resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Pupillary responses index overload of working memory resources in schizophrenia.

The authors examined the hypothesis that schizophrenia patients have reduced availability of working memory resources by using pupillary responses as an index of resource overload. Pupillary responses were recorded during a verbal working memory task (digit recall) in 24 schizophrenia patients and 32 normal controls. Pupil size increased with increased processing load (digit-span length) but changed little or declined when processing demands exceeded available resources (overload). The schizophrenia patients showed impaired digit recall and abnormally small pupillary responses during digit presentation only in the higher processing load conditions, but they showed abnormally small pupillary responses during digit retrieval in all processing load conditions. The results suggest reduced availability of slave store and central executive working memory resources in schizophrenia. This study serves as an example of how pupillography methods can be used to test current hypotheses regarding overload of cognitive capacities in schizophrenia patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Family and extrafamily resources and the 10-year course of treated depression.

A group of 313 depressed patients and 284 controls was assessed at baseline (treatment intake for the patients) and at 1-year, 4-year, and 10-year follow-ups. Stably remitted patients achieved levels of family and extrafamily resources that were comparable with those of the controls. Although partially remitted and nonremitted patients' social resources improved, they continued to show deficits in these areas relative to controls and stably remitted patients. Several indexes of social resources predicted stable remission: more family independence, fewer family arguments and less conflict, and more helpful friends and activities with friends. Assessment of social resources at treatment intake and short-term follow-ups can help identify and provide intervention foci for patients at risk for nonremission of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Hemispheres as independent resource systems: limited-capacity processing and cerebral specialization.

In this article, we develop as framework for understanding how cerebral specialization of function contributes to the flexibility of human information processing. We propose that the left and right hemispheres together form a system of two mutually inaccessible and finite pools of resources. Further, we propose that these two types of resources cannot be made available in different amounts at any given time. This framework is essentially a special case of a multiple-resources model of limited-capacity information processing. It accounts for a broad range of data from experiments involving perceptual and cognitive information processing, control of motor performance, and changes in electrical activity of the brain. It also provides insights into why the cerebral specialization literature has been plagued with problems that have made theorizing so difficult. In addition, the theory provides insights into mechanisms that might be responsible for patterns of task interference that are not easily handled by an information-processing model in which processes compete for supplies from a single pool of undifferentiated resources. Thus, the framework we are proposing has important theoretical and methodological implications for researchers in both divided attention and cerebral specialization.

Attention↗
PubMed1982

Different difficulty manipulations interact differently with task emphasis: evidence for multiple resources.

To test the notion of multiple resources, a two-dimensional pursuit tracking task was paired with a letter-typing task, the difficulty of which was manipulated by varying cognitive (size of stimulus set) and motor (repetitiveness of finger chords) factors. In addition, task priority was manipulated. The latter factor had a large effect on the performance of the two tasks, which indicates that they compete for resources. Both types of typing difficulty manipulations affected typing performance, but only motor difficulty interacted with priorities. Since difficulty manipulations that tap resources common to both tasks are predicted to interact with priorities, the results are interpreted to indicate that in joint performance, typing and tracking compete mainly for motor-related concept, the letter-typing task is argued to require at least two kinds of resources.

Adult↗