Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Reasoning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Is listening to Mozart the only way to enhance spatial reasoning?

Since 1993, controversy has surrounded the Mozart Effect that refers to enhanced spatial processing following listening to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos. Some researchers have replicated the effect while others have not. The present study represents an attempt to replicate and generalize the Mozart Effect and to examine the role of participants' expectations. Experimental groups were matched for musical experience and preference, and a Verbal and a Spatial Reasoning condition were used as control groups. Contrary to our hypotheses, the analyses showed that participants' expectations did not enhance performance on a spatial reasoning task. Further, enhanced spatial reasoning occurred following a variety of conditions, not just after listening to Mozart.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effects of moral reconation therapy upon moral reasoning, life purpose, and recidivism among drug and alcohol offenders.

40 incarcerated DWI offenders and 62 drug offenders who were treated with Moral Reconation Therapy were assessed with respect to levels of moral reasoning, their perceived purpose in life, and subsequent recidivism. Analysis showed that, as clients progress in the program, levels of moral reasoning and purpose in life increase significantly. Level of moral reasoning appears to increase with clients' completion of therapeutic steps. Preliminary recidivism data on 103 male and female inmate-clients who have participated in an aftercare program using the therapy appear encouraging.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Relationship of DUI recidivism to moral reasoning, sensation seeking, and MacAndrew alcoholism scores.

115 convicted male DUI offenders were treated with Moral Reconation Therapy during their incarceration. Postrelease recidivism status (arrests) was correlated with the pretest, posttest, and change scores on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale, Life-purpose scores, and Moral Reasoning scores. Analysis showed that recidivism correlated positively and significantly with the pretest scores on the MacAndrew scale and approached significance with both pre- and posttest scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale. Recidivism status correlated negatively and significantly with scores on the highest levels of moral reasoning (Scale 6 pretest and posttest and Principled Reasoning pretest).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The Reasons for Living Inventory: psychometric properties.

The test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, normative, and item analysis data of the Reasons for Living Inventory were investigated in a sample of 116 college students. The inventory has six subscales, each of which assesses a category of adaptive beliefs and expectations considered reasons for not committing suicide. The inventory was administered twice, with a 3-week interval between testings. Test-retest coefficients for the men, women, and total sample were moderate to high. The alpha coefficients and item-total correlations for the subscales and the total inventory provided strong support for internal consistency. 26 items were consistently endorsed by 30% or more of our total sample as "extremely important," while only four were suggested as "not at all important" reasons for not committing suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Obligation conditionals in a nonstandard conditional selection task: general versus specific reasoning strategies as a false dichotomy.

The paper reports a study comparing performance on obligation and causal conditionals in the explicit standard order conditional selection task. Analysis indicated that both general and specific reasoning strategies are used when a request is given to disprove obligation conditionals, contradicting the prevalent view that only one of the two kinds of strategy is used and confirming the 1993 suggestions of Evans and later ones by Evans and Over. The incidence of general reasoning strategies in this situation is reduced, compared to that for other kinds of conditional in a disproof task probably because a specific reasoning strategy is available that is easier to use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Using the theory of reasoned action to predict organizational misbehavior.

A review of literature on organizational behavior and management on predicting work behavior indicated that most reported studies emphasize positive work outcomes, e.g., attachment, performance, and satisfaction, while job related misbehaviors have received relatively less systematic research attention. Yet, forms of employee misconduct in organizations are pervasive and quite costly for both individuals and organizations. We selected two conceptual frameworks for the present investigation: Vardi and Wiener's model of organizational misbehavior and Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action. The latter views individual behavior as intentional, a function of rationally based attitudes toward the behavior, and internalized normative pressures concerning such behavior. The former model posits that different (normative and instrumental) internal forces lead to the intention to engage in job-related misbehavior. In this paper we report a scenario based quasi-experimental study especially designed to test the utility of the Theory of Reasoned Action in predicting employee intentions to engage in self-benefitting (Type S), organization-benefitting (Type O, or damaging (Type D) organizational misbehavior. Results support the Theory of Reasoned Action in predicting negative workplace behaviors. Both attitude and subjective norm are useful in explaining organizational misbehavior. We discuss some theoretical and methodological implications for the study of misbehavior intentions in organizations.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Productive longevity of first-cross cows produced in a five-breed diallel: I. Reasons for removal.

Data from 498 cows of 15 breed-types produced in a five-breed diallel (reciprocals pooled) including Angus, Brahman, Hereford, Holstein and Jersey were analyzed for differences in productive longevity, mean life span and reasons for removal from the herd over approximately 14 yr. The only culling related to production was of cows that did not give birth to at least one live calf every 24 mo. Otherwise, cows were only removed when they appeared to be incapable of weaning another live calf. The average age at removal, estimated from linear regression, was 3,470 d, with values ranging from 2,174 d (Jersey) to 4,087 d (Angus-Brahman). Longevity of crossbred cows was greater than that of purebred cows (P less than .001). Purebred cows usually had higher initial rates of removal than crossbred cows. Estimates of mean longevity from the nonlinear regression resembled the results of the linear regression analysis; mean life spans ranged from 6.2 yr (Jersey) to 14.6 yr (Angus-Brahman). The major reason for removal of Brahman and Brahman-cross cows was for reproductive reasons. Angus and Angus-cross cows were culled more frequently for structural unsoundness; Hereford cows had a higher incidence of cancer eye, calving difficulty and mammary problems; cows with 100% dairy breeding had exceptionally high susceptibility to diseases and mineral imbalance.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A programme for developing clinical reasoning skills in graduate physiotherapists.

This paper presents a clinical reasoning course for postgraduate physiotherapy students, conducted at the University of Sydney. The course was designed to foster the development of students' clinical reasoning skills and clinical knowledge. The rationale and nature of the course are discussed, along with evaluation findings. Results indicate that the course has succeeded in stimulating students' interest and enjoyment in clinical reasoning and promoting students' understanding of and competence in this complex ability.

Australia↗
PubMed1987

Symptomatic and non-symptomatic reasons for encounter in general practice.

A total of 10,278 consecutive doctor-patient contacts in general practice were classified as either caused by a symptom or complaint (symptomatic) or caused by other reasons (non-symptomatic) according to the Reason for Encounter Classification system (RFEC). Of all consultations and of all house-calls 61.5% and 91.7% respectively were classified as "symptomatic". Significant differences according to sex and type of problem were found between "symptomatic" and "non-symptomatic" consultations. Patients seeking advice for non-symptomatic reasons have other expectations and represent other challenges to the doctor than patients with symptoms and complaints. Knowledge of the distribution of "symptomatic" and "non-symptomatic" consultations is important for the understanding of the workload and utilization of general practice.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1997

Reasons for referral from general practice in Finland.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reasons for referral from general practice in Finland. DESIGN: Survey over one week of all referrals from general practice. SETTING: Central and northern Finland, comprising 72% of the area of the country and one-third of the population. PARTICIPANTS: 851 general practitioners (GPs) from public health centres. OUTCOME MEASURES: Referrals by speciality and reasons for referrals by ICD-9 and ICPC codes in terms of characteristics of patients, GPs, and practices. RESULTS: A higher proportion of male (39%) than female (33%) patients were referred to surgical speciality (p < 0.001). Ten per cent of the patients referred by female GPs were referred to gynaecology departments, compared with 5% of those referred by male GPs (p < 0.001). Otitis media in children and abdominal pain in adults were the commonest reasons for referral of both male and female patients. CONCLUSION: Our results will be useful in developing the training of GPs with respect to those health problems that most commonly lead to a referral to hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A factor analytic study of the relationship of experience seeking and trait anxiety to drug use and reasons for drug use.

The relationship of measures of sensation seeking and trait anxiety to drug use and reasons for drug use was studied among a sample of 92 detained or adjudicated adolescent males in a residential detention facility. Experience seeking was found to be related to drug use in general, and especially use of "hard" drugs. Anxiety tended to be related to drug avoidance, except in the case of marijuana and alcohol use. Reasons for drug use which related with experience seeking were excitement and thrill oriented, whereas reasons associated with anxiety were related to feelings of discomfort for this sample. In general, experience seeking was a stronger factor than trait anxiety in these findings. Implications for more action-oriented and less insight-oriented treatment are discussed in light of these results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Drinking reasons, drinking locations, and automobile accident involvement among collegians.

Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of five drinking reason factors to drinking locations and consumption variables within a random sample of drinking college students surveyed by telephone. Hypotheses relating self-reported accident involvement after drinking and two specific reason factors - Opposite Sex/Drunkenness and Pleasure - were tested. Both Pleasure and Opposite Sex/Drunkenness were directly related to quantity consumed and to drinking in several away-from-home locations. Opposite Sex/Drunkenness reasons and frequency of drinking in cars significantly contributed to identifying males who reported accident involvement following drinking.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

Reasons given by college students for drinking: a discriminant analysis investigation.

Based on self-reported levels of alcohol consumption, 473 college students (295 female and 178 male) were placed into at-risk or not-at-risk groups. Using reasons given for drinking as the independent variables, discriminant analysis procedures were conducted separately on the males and females to determine if a function could be found which would discriminate between the groups. For the female group, 11 of 22 reasons defined a discriminant function which accounted for 36% of the variance between the groups (p < .001). This function was also able to correctly classify 71% of the holdout sample. For the males, five of the 22 reasons defined a discriminant function which accounted for 36% of the variance between the groups (p < .001). This function was able to correctly classify 69% of the holdout sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Reasons for abstinence among Moslem, Druze, and Christian adolescents in Israel.

This article describes reasons for abstinence of 1,066 Israeli Arab (Moslem, Druze, and Christian) adolescents in the north of Israel in winter 1994. It analyzes the results by religious group, gender, and location. "Alcohol damages health" and "Do not like the taste/smell" are the most prevalent reasons for not drinking among Christians. "Alcohol damages health" and "Religion intolerant of alcohol use" are most important among Moslems and Druze. "Do not care for it" and "Have seen bad examples of what alcohol can do" are also prominent reasons among Arab respondents. Implications of results for prevention are included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Coping methods and reasons for not drinking.

Methods for coping with stress and reasons for not drinking were examined among abstinent alcoholics to determine whether change occurred with length of sobriety. Results showed that 1) alcoholics with briefer abstinence relied more heavily on coping methods, 2) alcoholics relied less on negative than positive coping methods regardless of length of sobriety, and 3) the number and types of reasons for not drinking did not vary with length of sobriety, rather, several positive reasons for not drinking continued as motivators. Concerning coping methods, the authors speculate that as alcoholics remain sober longer, coping methods become less important or automatic and less conscious.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

[A survey of the improvement of public transportation for the elderly. Reasons for giving up driving by retired automobile workers living in in Kanagawa Prefecture].

In order to improve the adequacy and safety of transportation for elderly people, the reasons for, and the after-effects of stopping driving by elderly people were analyzed. The subjects consisted of 500 car manufacturing retirees, aged 60 years old and over, living in Kanagawa prefecture. Of the 500 people questioned, 298 people (59.6%) responded. Of these 196 currently held licences. In this group, 149 still drove, 9 intended to stop driving soon, and 38 had already stopped. Of the 38 people who had already stopped driving, 7 quit before age 55. These people were omitted from analysis because factors other than aging possibly contributing to their stopping driving. We were interested in the 31 people older than 55 and the 9 people who intended to quit soon. The results were the following: I) The main reasons why they had stopped driving were the following: a) anxiety felt because of decreased driving ability and the feeling to need to walk in order to improve their health; b) the needlessness of driving because of availability of other means of transportation; II) The anxiety from decreased driving ability correlated with difficulty with narrow roads and imparied vision making it difficult to observed road signs; III) The reasons for stopping driving correlated with the effects: the needlessness of driving because of use of other means of transportation correlated with decreased frequency of going out for hobby and group activities. These results show that stopping driving also affects the social activities of the Japanese elderly. It was concluded that we should inform the elderly drivers of the effects of stopping driving as well as improving conditions on roads and comfort in automobiles.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of Canadian Holstein-Friesian sires on disposal reasons of their daughters.

Data were lactations of 82,971 Canadian Holstein-Friesian cows by 4,778 sires recorded from 1975 to 1978 and included final disposal codes. Progeny were required to have first lactation records and were grouped according to whether they had the opportunity to complete one, two, or three lactations. Henderson's Method I technique was used to estimate sire, herd, and error variances within opportunity group for culling for low production, sickness, and all undesirable causes. Variances were low, and many were negative. Heritabilities ranged from 0 to .13. Best linear unbiased prediction techniques were used to estimate sire proofs for disposal reasons. Sire proofs were not distributed normally. Sire proofs were correlated between opportunity groups within disposal reason. All correlations were positive and ranged from .21 to .82. Correlations were greatest between contiguous opportunity groups and lowest between proofs on early opportunity groups and proofs on cows that were close to maturity, indicating that first opportunity group proofs for disposal are not accurate predictors of longevity. Routine evaluation of sires on disposal reasons is not recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Transfer of conditional reasoning: effects of explanations and initial problem types.

Transfer of reasoning on Wason's (1966) selection task was explored in three experiments. Experiment 1 tested the effects of problem explanations and verbalization instructions on transfer from abstract or thematic problems to abstract problems. Explanations facilitated transfer only when the initial problems were abstract; verbalization did not produce transfer between problems. Experiment 2 explored the effects of problem similarity and explanations on transfer between problems. Although transfer occurred following explanations, no effect of similarity was found for thematic problems. In both of these experiments, the thematic effect (Wason & Shapiro, 1971) was observed. Experiment 3 examined the effects of explanations to abstract or thematic problems on transfer to subsequent abstract or thematic problems. Transfer of reasoning occurred from both initial problem types, particularly to problems of the same type; however, transfer occurred to a greater extent from abstract problems than from thematic problems. The results are discussed in terms of problem similarity and Cheng and Holyoak's (1985) pragmatic reasoning schema hypothesis.

Adult↗