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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Ciliary defects in healthy subjects, bronchiectasis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia.

To develop criteria to aid in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) we analyzed quantitatively the incidence and the range of ciliary ultrastructural abnormalities in healthy subjects and in patients with respiratory tract disease. The beat frequency and ultrastructure of nasal respiratory tract cilia, including ciliary orientation, were measured in 62 healthy subjects (31 nonsmokers, 20 exsmokers, and 11 smokers), ranging in age from 1 to 76 yr, and in 51 patients with respiratory tract disease. In healthy subjects, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) ranged between 9.6 and 15.3 Hz, the incidence of microtubule defects varied between 0 to 9%, the mean number of inner dynein arms per cilium ranged from 3.0 to 7.1, and the mean number of outer dynein arms per cilium ranged from 7.4 to 9.0. The deviation of cilia in healthy subjects varied between 8 and 29 degrees. By comparing the data for ciliary defects in healthy subjects with the data obtained from patients with respiratory disease, we identified two patient groups: patients with PCD (n = 31) and patients with respiratory tract disease not due to PCD. For comparison with the PCD patients, a group of 20 patients with bronchiectasis was selected and analyzed. Patients with PCD had significantly lower CBF (p < 0.001), significantly higher incidences of peripheral and central tubule defects (p < 0.01), and greater ciliary disorientation (p < 0.005). There was a strong correlation between CBF and the number of outer dynein arm numbers, but not with inner dynein arm numbers, suggesting that inner and outer dynein arms may play different functional roles in producing ciliary motility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence and specificity of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in sera from feedlot and range cattle.

The specificity of serum antibodies for the polypeptides of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was examined, using sera obtained from feedlot and range cattle. Test results in sera from feedlot cattle indicated a 60% rate of seroconversion and 95% seropositivity to BRSV, associated with lack of clinical signs indicative of respiratory tract disease. Exposure to other common respiratory tract viruses also was high (greater than or equal to 92% to bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and para-influenza virus type 3). Test results in sera from range cattle indicated BRSV seropositive rates of 28% in calves, 49% in yearling cattle, and 70% in mature cows; clinical signs of respiratory tract disease were not observed in these cattle. Antibodies to BRSV in sera from cattle in both environments reacted predominantly with polypeptides of molecular weight 80,000 through 85,000, 40,000, and 28,000. Reactivity to a glycoprotein of molecular weight between 43,000 and 44,000 and to several glycopolypeptides of smaller molecular weight increased in serum specimens obtained from feedlot cattle between time of entry into the feedlot and slaughter.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Patologie delle alte vie respiratorie del bambino in ambulatorio: un'esperienza italiana. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract in children in ambulatory care: an Italian experience].

BACKGROUND: Overuse of antibiotics for children is widespread and contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Moreover, non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often overprescribed despite of their renal and gastrointestinal side-effects. OBJECTIVES: To assess the behaviour and the factors influencing the prescribing practice of family pediatricians for the common upper respiratory diseases of pre-school children in an outpatient setting. METHODS: 125 family pediatricians, who provide primary care in an outpatient setting to young children in North-East of Italy (Veneto region), adhered to a survey consisting in a 40-item questionnaire about the factors that could influence their prescribing practice as regards otitis media (OM), pharyngitis (FGT) and broncopneumoniae (BPN) treatment of patients aged 0 to 5 years. Data were collected in November 2002. Descriptive analysis of data was performed using DELPHI TM7 professional Study Program. RESULTS: The child's age resulted an important factor, influencing the antibiotic prescription either in OM or in BPN. 86% of pediatricians emphasized the use of antipneumococcal vaccine, overall in children younger than 2 years with recurrent OM, while 71% adviced this vaccination in children younger than 5 years with relapsing BPN. The awareness of complications in OM and BPN often induced pediatricians to prescribe drugs. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic in OM, FGT and also BPN was amoxicillin for 7-10 days. According to the international guidelines, a small percentage (14%) of clinicians prescribe antibiotics for 5 days in OM, but most of them generally wait some hours to prescribe antibiotics. PenV was considered the most active drug in FGT and its disappearance from the market was considered negatively by italian pediatricians. Moreover, even if the rapid immunoenzymatic test for Group A beta-hemolyticus Streptococcus (GABHS) is considered sensitive, many pediatricians defined the throat culture the most accurate test to diagnose a GABHS pharyngitis. Paracetamol was frequently prescribed in these diseases, between 74% for OM and 53% for BPN. Among NSAIDs, niflumic acid and ibuprofen were the drugs most frequently prescribed in FGT and in OM respectively. About 30% of pediatricians refers that parents require drugs in the treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that antibotics are generally not over-prescribed by italian pediatricians, but often prescribed for a long time, likely because of fear of complications and uncertainty of the diagnosis, particularly in OM, being not always available the pneumotoscope. About NSAIDs, niflumic acid is frequently not evidence-based used in Italy. Frequently, side-effects associated with NSAIDs administration were reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Shipping fever pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle.

During each week of 1974, we surveyed, for illnesses and deaths, a continually changing population of yearling feedlot cattle that, for the year, totaled 407,000 animals. About 5.1% of the cattle sickened and, of these, 18.9% died. From the 3,943 fatalities, 1,988 necropsies were made. About 75% of the clinical diagnoses and 64% of the necropsy diagnoses were respiratory tract diseases; of the fatalities from respiratory tract diseases, 75% were attributed to shipping fever pneumonia. Nearly 72% of fatal cases of shipping fever pneumonia occurred during the first 45 days on feed. In the lungs of most cattle with shipping fever pneumonia, bronchiolitis, fibrinous exudate, colonies of microorganisms, lymphatic clots, intravascular clots, thromboses, and foci of necrosis were found. Pasteurella spp, Mycoplasma spp, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were isolated from pneumonic tissues. It was hypothesized that pathogenic Pasteurella spp and other microorganisms in nasal secretions transfer from the nasopharynx into the lungs by draining along the tracheal floor into ventral bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, and that pasteurella endotoxin, formed in infected lobules, thromboses and occludes lymphatics, capillaries, and veins and thereby causes ischemic necrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Transcriptional analysis of the response of poultry species to respiratory pathogens.

Respiratory tract diseases are the single most important cause of economic loss due to infections among poultry populations worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms of the host response to infections remain unknown. Here, we review the literature and describe the adoption of a conceptually simple approach to understand the genetic and biochemical responses of host cells during infection with respiratory pathogens, such as avian pneumovirus (APV). The strategy that we have adopted integrates the powerful techniques of cDNA subtraction hybridization and microarray analysis for global transcriptional profiling. The results of our investigations identify the specific transcriptional alterations in host-cell gene expression that result from an attempt by the host to combat and limit the spread of the pathogen or by the pathogen to enhance its own survival and ability to reproduce. Our studies suggest that a molecular description of host-pathogen interactions in terms of differential gene expression will provide key insights on the molecular basis of disease pathogenesis, pathogen virulence, and host immunity. In addition, the results suggest that the identification of genes and pathways with a role in host response to infection has considerable practical implications for the future design and development of effective immunomodulators and vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cytologic evaluation of the respiratory tract.

Evaluation of respiratory tract disease is a challenge for several reasons: no serum biochemical or hematologic tests that localize injury to the respiratory system are available, imaging techniques do not usually lead to etiologic diagnoses, and excisional biopsies are often very difficult to obtain from respiratory lesions. For these reasons, specific diagnosis of respiratory tract disease often resides in cytologic evaluation. This article reviews the various cytologic collection techniques that yield high-quality specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tract. Cytologic features of the normal respiratory tract as well as common respiratory disorders are described and illustrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Health conditions of a group of factory arc welders].

73 welders were examined, who weld in an assembly room of a machine factory, mainly by an electric arc. In anamneses 60% of persons under examination notified of coughing, expectorating, dyspnoea during work, and frequent acute rhinitis. Clinical symptoms of respiratory tract disease, resulting from welding, were found in 10% of welders. Simple bronchitis, resistant bronchitis with pulmonary emphysema, pleural adhesions were diagnosed. In one case fibronodular tuberculosis was found (1%). In 8% of workers, aged 40--50, a dynamic arterial hypertension and radiological symptoms of aortosclerosis were found. 5% welders had granulocytopenia. Disturbances of the examined systems occurred in factory welders with duration of employment above 10 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Virulence of the nine serovar reference strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum.

The virulence of the reference strains of the nine currently recognized Kume serovars of Haemophilus paragallinarum was investigated. The capacity of the H. paragallinarum strains to cause the typical clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associated with infectious coryza in unvaccinated, nasal-challenged chickens was assessed. Differences in virulence were assessed by means of a standardized scoring system for clinical signs. All nine strains were pathogenic to chickens, producing typical clinical signs of infectious coryza. The highest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-1 (1.72), while the lowest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-4 (0.32). Our results indicate that virulence differences exist among the serovars of H. paragallinarum.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Endotoxins in the workplace and in the environment].

Endotoxins, cell-wall fragments of gram-negative bacteria, are found in various work environments and first measurements have been made in general indoor environments. Endotoxins cause an inflammatory response of the respiratory tract. The response is mediated by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha and gives rise to general symptoms (fever, headache, malaise), respiratory symptoms (tightness of chest, dry cough), and lung function decrements. In the work environment endotoxins have been identified in all environments which produce similar symptoms. The qualitative results of experimental and epidemiological studies agree well. The related question whether endotoxins are the biologically active component of organic dust cannot yet be answered because of the gap between the concentration of lipopolysaccharides and of endotoxins necessary to induce the same quantitative effect. Different possible explanations are discussed. Endotoxins are also found in the general environment, especially indoors. Their health relevance needs to be assessed in more detail, especially in subjects with bronchial hyperreactivity.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2002

Clinical signs and mortality caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in turkey flocks.

Upper respiratory tract disease (manifesting itself in rhinitis, tracheitis and conjunctivitis) and mortality associated with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection were observed in four flocks of 2- to 3-week-old turkeys. In a 15- to 16-week-old turkey flock bilateral catarrhal-croupous pneumonia was found in the dead birds. In a further 5-week-old flock and in three 16- to 20-week-old turkey flocks mortality was preceded by nervous signs (motor disturbances, recumbency, abnormal carriage of the head) and was found to be associated with fibrinopurulent inflammation of the cranial bones and meningitis. The bacterium O. rhinotracheale was isolated from the affected organs in the different disease conditions. The isolated strains did not differ markedly in cultural, morphological and biochemical properties. This is the first report of a turkey disease manifesting itself in nervous signs associated with O. rhinotracheale infection.

Animals↗