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PubMed2000

Respiratory diseases of rodents and rabbits.

This article is written to provide differential diagnostic help for the practitioner who suspects respiratory disease in rodents or rabbits. The authors are laboratory animal veterinarians who work with rodents and rabbits on a herd health basis but also have considerable experience dealing with individual mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, and rabbits. The article presents descriptions of the presentation, pathology, treatment, and control of the primary respiratory pathogens of these species, along with an explanation of conditions that may confuse the diagnostic efforts. The article also mentions reported pathogens of secondary importance and provides extensive references.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Non-malignant respiratory diseases and lung cancer among Chinese workers exposed to silica.

The objective of this study was to explore whether a medical history for non-malignant respiratory disease contributes to an increased lung cancer risk among workers exposed to silica. We analyzed data from a nested case-control study in 29 dusty workplaces in China. The study population consisted of 316 lung cancer cases and 1356 controls matched to cases by facility type and decade of birth who were alive at the time of diagnosis of the index case and who were identified in a follow-up study of about 68,000 workers. Age at first exposure and cigarette smoking were accounted for in the analysis. Smoking was the main risk factor for both lung cancer and chronic bronchitis. Lung cancer risk showed a modest association with silicosis and with cumulative silica exposure, which did not vary by history of previous pulmonary tuberculosis. Among subjects without a medical history for chronic bronchitis or asthma, lung cancer risk was associated with silicosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 2.2), and it was increased in each quartile of cumulative silica exposure. However, risk was not elevated in the highest quartile (OR, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4). Among subjects with a medical history for chronic bronchitis or asthma, lung cancer risk was associated with neither silicosis (subjects with chronic bronchitis: OR, 0.6; subjects with asthma: OR, 0.4) nor with silica exposure. In this study population, we observed a modest association of both silicosis and cumulative exposure to silica with lung cancer among subjects who were not previously diagnosed with chronic bronchitis or asthma, but not among subjects who had a medical history for either disease. Risk of lung cancer associated with silicosis or cumulative exposure to silica did not vary by previous medical history of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Ascariasis, respiratory diseases and production indices in selected Prince Edward Island swine herds.

The levels of production, ascarid burden and respiratory disease were measured on 15 purposively selected swine herds, and the relationships between the various measures of ascarid burden were examined. On each farm 30 randomly selected pigs were weighed and rectal fecal samples were collected at approximately 11, 15, 19 and 22 weeks of age, and at slaughter. Fecal ascarid-egg counts and duration of infection were combined to calculate a composite measure of ascarid burden called "lifetime burden". At the abattoir the carcass weight and levels of anteroventral pneumonia, atrophic rhinitis, and liver lesions were recorded for each hog. The number of ascarids in the small intestines were counted. Study hogs were marketed at an average of 189 +/- 22 days. The average dressed carcass weight was 77.0 +/- 5.9 kg and the mean average daily gain was 0.519 +/- 0.071 kg/day. The percent of hogs with ascariasis varied widely among farms, no matter what measure of ascariasis was used; the percent with intestinal ascarids at slaughter ranged from 0% to 96%, the percent that shed ascarid eggs during their lifetime ranged from 0% to 100%, and the range for hogs with liver lesions ranged from 27% to 100%. Of the hogs slaughtered, 82% had milk spot lesions, 32% shed ascarid eggs during their lifetime and 35% had intestinal ascarids. The latter had an average of 12 intestinal ascarids. Anteroventral pneumonia occurred in 55% of the slaughtered hogs and 9% had atrophic rhinitis scores of five. The percent of hogs per farm with pneumonia ranged from 17% to 96%. The percent of hogs per farm with atrophic rhinitis scores of five ranged from 0% to 57%.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1978

Chlamydia psittaci infection of horses with respiratory disease.

Two strains of Chlamydia psittaci were isolated from the nasal tract of horses with acute respiratory disease. These 2 isolates (NS 121 and NS 172) were characterized as chlamydia on the basis of their morphology, tinctorial property, growth in chicken embryos, inability to grow on bacterial media and their possession of chlamydial common complement fixing group antigen. They were identified as C. psittaci on the basis of resistance to sodium sulphadiazine. The present strains were not pathogenic to mice and guinea pigs and non-toxigenic. They induced antibodies and caused latent infection in mice and guinea pigs. Acute and convalescent sera were avaliable from one of the horses and rising levels of specific antibody were demonstrated. No chlamydia were isolated from the materials of 14 aborted foals, 4 synovial fluids from horses with acute polyarthritis and nasal, tracheal and lung material from another 276 horses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection of adenoviruses (AdV) in culture-negative environmental samples by PCR during an AdV-associated respiratory disease outbreak.

Since 1954, adenoviruses (AdV) have been recognized as an important cause of acute respiratory disease (ARD) among U.S. military recruits. Until recently, routine oral vaccination for AdV serotypes 4 and 7 eliminated epidemic AdV-associated ARD in this population. Now that the manufacturer has ceased production, vaccination has ended and AdV epidemics have reappeared. As part of a prospective epidemiological study during the high-risk ARD season, serial samples were obtained from ventilation system filters and tested for AdV by culture and PCR. An outbreak occurred during this surveillance. Of 59 air filters, 26 (44%) were AdV positive only by PCR. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of AdV serotype 4, the implicated outbreak serotype. The number of AdV-related hospitalizations was directly correlated with the proportion of filters containing AdV; correlation coefficients were 0.86 (Pearson) and 0.90 (Spearman's rho). This is the first report describing a PCR method to detect airborne AdV during an ARD outbreak. It suggests that this technique can detect and quantify AdV-associated ARD exposure and may enable further definition of environmental effects on AdV-associated ARD spread.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1990

[Surveillance of acute respiratory diseases in the 1988/1989 season in Czechoslovakia].

The authors submit an analysis of results of surveillance of acute respiratory diseases during the 1988/1989 season in the CSSR. The influenza epidemic took place between the 4th and 11th calendar week with a peak in the 7th week. During the epidemic 19.7% of the population in the CSR contracted the disease. The influenza epidemic was preceded by a high incidence of infections caused by a respiratory syncytia virus. As to the aetiology, influenza viruses subtypes A/H1N1/, A/H3N2/ and type B participated practically equally in the epidemic. The authors discuss the observed changes in the influenza epidemiology in recent years in Czechoslovakia and neighbouring countries.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality of life and psychologic features of subjects with chronic respiratory diseases].

The aim of this study is to verify the psychological attitude and the quality of life in patients suffering from chronic respiratory insufficiency. Taking for granted that a bad quality of life is connected with the symptom of a depressed state (loss of appetite, quality of sleep, sexuality, psychomotor slowing down, loss of energy, weariness, reduced interest for the external world, feelings of self-devaluation, reduced working and concentration capacity, complainings of turning over type) we have taken as index of "normal quality of life" the lack of these attitudes correlating them to the clinical symptoms and/or the patient's functional troubles and verifying how much they can affect the psychological features and how much the deterioration of the quality of life. For this reason a questionnaire, taken from the MMPI test (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), restricted to the items related to the D scale (depression scale), has been given to one hundred COPD patients who had been examined previously from a clinical functional point of view. In the end, we have drawn our results both on the ground of the answers given by the patients to the single questions and on the grounds of the total score D (= depression index) and relating the previous data with the clinical-functional ones. Finally we have compareted these data with those ones connected with non selected population. So we have succeeded in outlining a psychophysical profile of the patient suffering from chronic respiratory diseases. Such a profile is marked by an objective element, that is pathology, and by a psychological element inserted into the organic one as there is an inter-dependence between pathology and psychological features. From the collected data, we have noted the behavioural spheres which are more upset are working capacities, sleep and mood and these features are directly proportional to the seriousness of the pathology. From a practical and therapeutic point of view, all this can be of great importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves--(1) Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological findings.

In 47 of 50 outbreaks of respiratory disease in indoor calves which had never been to grass there was clinical evidence of pneumonia in all animals examined. Calf housing was in most cases considered unsatisfactory. Virus activity was detected in 70 per cent of outbreaks investigated within a few days post onset of respiratory signs. Parainfluenza (PI) 3 and respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) were the viruses most frequently involved. In the majority of outbreaks Mycoplasma species and Pasteurella multocida were present in the upper respiratory tract of affected calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Presence of antibodies against adult T cell leukemia antigen in the patients with chronic respiratory diseases.

The presence of antibodies against adult T cell leukemia antigen (ATLA) was studied in 59 patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Of 13 patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis, 3, who developed adult T cell leukemia, had the anti-ATLA antibody and 8 had the related, anti-ATLA-like antibody. Of 13 cases of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, 8 had the anti-ATLA-like antibody. Except for only one case, these antibodies were not detected in 33 patients with bronchial asthma or sarcoidosis and 20 healthy adults examined. These results suggested that the test of these antibodies would be useful for the diagnosis of diffuse panbronchiolitis and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia which frequently develop lung cancers.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1984

Patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with severe respiratory disease.

Daily aortic contrast echo studies were carried out in 200 neonates with severe respiratory disease to determine the natural history of the ductus arteriosus during the first days of life and the effect of patency on subsequent morbidity and mortality. Decisions related to surgical or pharmacologic closure of a PDA were not based on the results of the contrast echo studies. The risk that intervention would be required was greater in infants weighing less than 1500 gm (P less than 0.005) and in patients in whom the ductus had not closed spontaneously by day 3 (P less than 0.001) regardless of birth weight. The clinical course in infants with a PDA on the third day of life revealed a lower survival rate (P less than 0.005), a greater requirement for prolonged respiratory support (P less than 0.005), and a higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P less than 0.005) in all birth weight categories. Ductal patency often was not associated with early clinical manifestations. No infant who had a negative echo study on the third day of life subsequently developed signs or symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus. We conclude that patency of the ductus arteriosus is a negative prognostic factor in the severely ill neonate with respiratory distress.

Aorta↗